786 research outputs found
The logic of transitive and dense frames : from the step-frame analysis to full cut-elimination
No full textWe introduce the system K4De. It is obtained by weakening the reflexivity axiom to the density axiom in the standard axiom set for S4. We analyze K4De both from the semantic and the proof theoretic side, giving in particular a cut-free system of rules for it
Austrian mints as emissional centres for Bukovyna (1774-1853)
No full textСтаттю присвячено австрійській монетній продукції, що
поступала з 1774 р. на Буковину з основних монетних дворів Австрії (Відень, Кремніца, Карлсбург, Прага, Надьбаня,
Гюнцбург, Галь). Надходження монетної продукції координувалося Надвірною палатою, що була законодавчим та
регулюючим органом, та Головним монетним відомством,
яке займалося технологічним контролем якості продукції.
Завдяки координованій співпраці цих відомств, спрямованої на організацію монетних дворів, монархія забезпечувалася необхідним обсягом продукції, кількість якої була
в основному вирахувана автором на архівних матеріалах
для кожного періоду. Крім того, автор визначив (на основі опрацювання 7000 монет, знайдених на Буковині), орієнтовні обсяги монетної продукції, що поступали на Буковину з цих монетних дворів за періоди правління Марії
Терезії, Йосифа ІІ, Леопольда ІІ, Франца І, Фердинанда І
та Франца Йосифа І.This article deals with organization of money circulation of Austrian
monarchy on the territory of Bucovina annexed by Austria in 1774. It
was based on coordinated work of Court Chamber, Main Coin Office
and mints. This well coordinated system regulated the types, quality and
quantities of coins for the whole monarchy calculated by the author on
the basis of archive materials. Besides, the author described typical mints
preferable for every reign and defined their quantities in Bukovyna
A proof of topological completeness for S4 in (0, 1)
No full textAbstractThe completeness of the modal logic S4 for all topological spaces as well as for the real line R, the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn and the segment (0, 1) etc. (with □ interpreted as interior) was proved by McKinsey and Tarski in 1944. Several simplified proofs contain gaps. A new proof presented here combines the ideas published later by G. Mints and M. Aiello, J. van Benthem, G. Bezhanishvili with a further simplification. The proof strategy is to embed a finite rooted Kripke structure K for S4 into a subspace of the Cantor space which in turn encodes (0, 1). This provides an open and continuous map from (0, 1) onto the topological space corresponding to K. The completeness follows as S4 is complete with respect to the class of all finite rooted Kripke structures
Austrian mints as emissional centres for Bukovyna (1774-1853)
No full textСтаттю присвячено австрійській монетній продукції, що
поступала з 1774 р. на Буковину з основних монетних дворів Австрії (Відень, Кремніца, Карлсбург, Прага, Надьбаня,
Гюнцбург, Галь). Надходження монетної продукції координувалося Надвірною палатою, що була законодавчим та
регулюючим органом, та Головним монетним відомством,
яке займалося технологічним контролем якості продукції.
Завдяки координованій співпраці цих відомств, спрямованої на організацію монетних дворів, монархія забезпечувалася необхідним обсягом продукції, кількість якої була
в основному вирахувана автором на архівних матеріалах
для кожного періоду. Крім того, автор визначив (на основі опрацювання 7000 монет, знайдених на Буковині), орієнтовні обсяги монетної продукції, що поступали на Буковину з цих монетних дворів за періоди правління Марії
Терезії, Йосифа ІІ, Леопольда ІІ, Франца І, Фердинанда І
та Франца Йосифа І.This article deals with organization of money circulation of Austrian
monarchy on the territory of Bucovina annexed by Austria in 1774. It
was based on coordinated work of Court Chamber, Main Coin Office
and mints. This well coordinated system regulated the types, quality and
quantities of coins for the whole monarchy calculated by the author on
the basis of archive materials. Besides, the author described typical mints
preferable for every reign and defined their quantities in Bukovyna
Economic rebound versus imperial monopoly: Metal provenance of Early Medieval coins (9th–11th centuries) from some Italian and French mints
No full textThis paper represents the first systematic Pb isotope investigation of Italian Medieval coins and aims to provide new parameters for a general historical interpretation of coin production and circulation in Medieval Europe. We collected more than one hundred specimens, minted in a period between 9th - 14th centuries AD and coming mostly from archaeological sites of Tuscany. Here we report the results on the oldest group of (44) coins, dated between the end of the 9th and 11th centuries. All coins where previously characterized with handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis and lead isotope composition (PbIC) was performed using an MC-ICP-Mass Spectrometer. The Carolingian coins have PbIC compatible with Melle silver district; the few Carolingian coins possibly minted in Italy (Venice and Milan) are also compatible with ore districts such as Melle and Harz Mountains. Coins in the names of Italian rulers (9th-10th century) from Lucca, Pavia and other uncertain mints show PbIC compatible with Melle, Black Forest and the Harz Mountains as well. A quite similar pattern applies to coins in the names of Otto I-III and Conrad II (10th-11th century) from Lucca and Pavia mints, although they show a better overlap with the Harz Mountains. The vast majority of early medieval coins issued by the Italian mints investigated in the present paper show isotope compositions that do not match with silver (lead-copper) mines from the Colline Metallifere district of southern Tuscany, notwithstanding their exploitation in the considered period is suggested by many settlements located near mining sites
Sacra Moneta : Mints and divinity: purity, miracles and powers
No full textMints were a vital and almost sacred body in the State administration: the place of transformation of metal into coins. The paper explores the link between justice, coins and divine power including reflections on St Augustine’s metaphor of man as ‘nummus Dei’ and thus product of a God-moneyer. The status of the mint within the State is illustrated by various medieval examples (emperors, kings, and the republics of Florence and Venice). Finally, the author describes sacred events and miracles within mints as reported by vaious accounts. The English kings in the 14th century consecrated gold florins of Florence on the altar of the Good Friday Mass before using that gold to produce the miraculous ‘cramp rings’. The Duke of Milan Francis II Sforza had new gold coins struck and some of these were stained with the blood of St John the Baptist (two of these are still kept in the Milan Duoomo today). Good and bad government practices leave good or bad signs on the coins: the stories told here show how coins, especially when they were of pure gold or silver, were not trivial objects but they had a complex personality and biography
Economic rebound versus imperial monopoly: Metal provenance of Early Medieval coins (9th–11th centuries) from some Italian and French mints
No full textThis paper represents the first systematic Pb isotope investigation of Italian Medieval coins and aims to provide new parameters for a general historical interpretation of coin production and circulation in Medieval Europe. We collected more than one hundred specimens, minted in a period between 9th − 14th centuries AD and coming mostly from archaeological sites of Tuscany. Here we report the results on the oldest group of (44) coins, dated between the end of the 9th and 11th centuries. All coins where previously characterized with handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis and lead isotope composition (PbIC) was performed using an MC-ICP-Mass Spectrometer. The Carolingian coins have PbIC compatible with Melle silver district; the few Carolingian coins possibly minted in Italy (Venice and Milan) are also compatible with ore districts such as Melle and Harz Mountains. Coins in the names of Italian rulers (9th-10th century) from Lucca, Pavia and other uncertain mints show PbIC compatible with Melle, Black Forest and the Harz Mountains as well. A quite similar pattern applies to coins in the names of Otto I-III and Conrad II (10th-11th century) from Lucca and Pavia mints, although they show a better overlap with the Harz Mountains. The vast majority of early medieval coins issued by the Italian mints investigated in the present paper show isotope compositions that do not match with silver (lead-copper) mines from the Colline Metallifere district of southern Tuscany, notwithstanding their exploitation in the considered period is suggested by many settlements located near mining sites
Introducing Three New Fruit-Scented Mints to Farmlands: Insights on Drug Yield, Essential-Oil Quality, and Antioxidant Properties
No full textMint species are one of the most traded medicinal plants with a wide array of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. Here, a field experiment based on completely randomized block design (RCBD) aimed to compare drug yield, antioxidant properties, and essential-oil (EO) quality of three newly introduced mints (i.e., ginger mint, pineapple mint, and grapefruit mint) with a chiefly cultivated one (i.e., peppermint). The results manifested that dry-weight yield and EO yield of grapefruit mint (310 g/m(2) and 5.18 g/m(2), respectively) was approximately 2 times more than that of others. The highest EO content (i.e., 3.12%, v/w)) was obtained from the ginger mint; however, there were no significant differences among the other three mints. The highest total flavonoids content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were found in pineapple and grapefruit mint. Methanolic extract of ginger mint yielded the highest total polyphenol content, whereas the ethanolic extract of pineapple mint showed the highest total polyphenol content. According to mean comparisons, the EO of ginger mint exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (EC(50) value = 2.23 µL/mL), while EO of peppermint showed the lowest antioxidant activity (EC(50) value = 48.23 µL/mL). Gas chromatography analysis identified four EO types among these mints: (i) grapefruit mint EO rich in linalool (51.7%) and linalyl acetate (28.38%); (ii) ginger mint EO rich in linalool (59.16%); (iii) pineapple mint EO rich in piperitone oxide (77.65%); and (iv) peppermint EO rich in menthol (35.65%). The findings of the present study provide new insights into the cultivation of preferable mints possessing desired characteristics for food and drug industries
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