159 research outputs found
Tenofovir alafenamide in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: design, development, and place in therapy
No full textEiichi Ogawa,1 Norihiro Furusyo,1 Mindie H Nguyen2 1Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Abstract: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), a novel prodrug of tenofovir (TFV), has been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. TAF has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of HBV replication at a low dose, with high intracellular concentration and more than 90% lower systemic TFV concentration than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). In two randomized, double-blind, multinational, Phase 3, non-inferiority trials for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and -negative patients (primary analysis: 48 weeks), TAF 25 mg orally once-daily was not inferior to TDF 300 mg in achieving an HBV DNA level <29 IU/mL at week 48. No amino-acid substitutions associated with viral breakthrough were detected by deep sequencing, and no resistance to TAF was found through week 96. In addition, no difference in the frequency of HBeAg or hepatitis B surface antigen loss was observed. However, TAF was associated with a significantly higher ALT normalization rate than was TDF, based on the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases criteria (male: ALT ≤30 U/L and female: ALT ≤19 U/L). An analysis of renal safety showed that patients treated with TAF had a significantly lower decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate level than did patients treated with TDF. Similarly, the declines of hip and spine bone mineral density were significantly less in the TAF group. These trends of efficacy and renal/bone safety continued through week 96. Longer term follow-up and real-world data will be required to determine if the differences in viral/biochemical response and renal/bone safety seen with TAF in comparison with TDF are clinically relevant. Keywords: hepatitis B virus, treatment, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, adverse effect
Analysis for metabolic abnormalities associated with antiretroviral therapy in Japanese patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection
No full textEffects of gender and menopause on the cholesterol and triglyceride particle number of lipoprotein subclasses as separated by high performance liquid chromatography
No full textTenofovir alafenamide in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: design, development, and place in therapy
No full textInterferon Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: From Basic Biology to Clinical Application
No full textReply to: “Lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with transient virologic response to peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy: Is it really the effect of the therapy?”
No full textSłodka kulturka. Nurt „kawaii” w kulturze japońskiej
No full textThe author analyses the cute / sweet trend of kawaii in present-day Japanese culture. She presents its birth in the teen girl subculture of perfect consumers, its evolution and characteristic features based on such characters as Hello Kitty and Godzilla/Minilla. She argues that the sweetness of the kawaii heroes is derived from the war trauma of Japanese culture in which there was no room for the “incredible” dead. She argues, in line with Norihiro Kato, that whatever is threatening — i.e. the “incredibleness” — has been “kawaiised” / minaturised. She also shows the birth of historic awareness in Japanese neo pop art, which turns cuties into a post-colonial tool of criticism.The author analyses the cute / sweet trend of kawaii in present-day Japanese culture. She presents its birth in the teen girl subculture of perfect consumers, its evolution and characteristic features based on such characters as Hello Kitty and Godzilla/Minilla. She argues that the sweetness of the kawaii heroes is derived from the war trauma of Japanese culture in which there was no room for the “incredible” dead. She argues, in line with Norihiro Kato, that whatever is threatening — i.e. the “incredibleness” — has been “kawaiised” / minaturised. She also shows the birth of historic awareness in Japanese neo pop art, which turns cuties into a post-colonial tool of criticism
The Noetherian Properties of the Rings of Differential Operators on Central 2-Arrangements
No full textWhereas Holm proved that the ring of differential operators on a generic hyperplane arrangement is finitely generated as an algebra, the problem of its Noetherian properties is still open. In this article, after proving that the ring of differential operators on a central arrangement is right Noetherian if and only if it is left Noetherian, we prove that the ring of differential operators on a central 2-arrangement is Noetherian. In addition, we prove that its graded ring associated to the order filtration is not Noetherian when the number of the consistuent hyperplanes is greater than 1
A halictid bee with sympatric solitary and eusocial nests offers evidence for Hamilton's rule
No full textThe validity of Hamilton's rule has been confirmed among cooperative breeders where helping behaviour is transient; however, Hamilton's rule has not been validated among eusocial insects where helpers commit for life. Here we conducted a direct test of Hamilton's rule using field populations of Lasioglossum baleicum bees with sympatric solitary and eusocial nests. Our results show the following: 1. The indirect fitness of sterile first-brood workers is higher than the direct fitness of solitary first-brood females. 2. Spring foundresses achieve a large direct fitness by having helpers. 3. These fitness benefits are attributed to markedly higher larval survival rates in multiple-female nests. 4. Intruding into an unrelated nest yields a moderate degree of direct fitness, but coexistence with unrelated females also increase overall brood survival. We discuss reasons why various types of cooperation are maintained in L. baleicum with relation to that how a multiple-female nesting improves larval survival
Overexpression of the PPAR‑γ protein in primary Ta/T1 non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma
No full text香川県立保健医療大学博士（臨床検査学）application/pdfPeroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ(PPAR‑γ) is a well‑known nuclear receptor that is activated in the nucleus to regulate several transcription factors. Its expression patterns have been examined in various types of cancer. The present study investigated the expression patterns of PPAR‑γ in non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma. The expression rates of PPAR‑γ, p53 and Ki‑67 were compared to determine whether PPAR‑γ may be considered as an immunobiomarker for bladder cancer. The intensity and extent of PPAR‑γ expression were evaluated in 79 cases of non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma (30 cases of papillary carcinoma low‑grade, 30 cases of high‑grade and 19 cases of carcinoma in situ) and 30 non‑malignant cases. The nuclear overexpression of PPAR‑γ was frequently observed in non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma (63/79 cases) but was rarely detected in non‑malignant cases (2/30 cases). The histological proliferation types of non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma revealed that PPAR‑γ was more frequently overexpressed in papillary carcinoma (54/60 cases) than in carcinoma in situ (9/19 cases). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PPAR‑γ was more useful as an immunobiomarker than p53 or Ki‑67 (diagnostic odds ratios; 55.13, 16.82 and 11.13, respectively). In summary, this study demonstrated that the expression patterns of PPAR‑γ were associated with histological proliferation type and that PPAR‑γ was expressed in the nuclei of papillary carcinoma cells. These findings suggested that immunohistochemical staining for PPAR‑γ may be used to comprehensively detect non‑muscle‑invasive urothelial carcinoma
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