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Imposing regulation on advanced algorithms
No full textThis book discusses the necessity and perhaps urgency for the regulation of algorithms on which new technologies rely; technologies that have the potential to re-shape human societies. From commerce and farming to medical care and education, it is difficult to find any aspect of our lives that will not be affected by these emerging technologies. At the same time, artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, cognitive computing, blockchain, virtual reality and augmented reality, belong to the fields most likely to affect law and, in particular, administrative law. The book examines universally applicable patterns in administrative decisions and judicial rulings. First, similarities and divergence in behavior among the different cases are identified by analyzing parameters ranging from geographical location and administrative decisions to judicial reasoning and legal basis. As it turns out, in several of the cases presented, sources of general law, such as competition or labor law, are invoked as a legal basis, due to the lack of current specialized legislation. This book also investigates the role and significance of national and indeed supranational regulatory bodies for advanced algorithms and considers ENISA, an EU agency that focuses on network and information security, as an interesting candidate for a European regulator of advanced algorithms. Lastly, it discusses the involvement of representative institutions in algorithmic regulation
MOCVD of high-K ceramic thin films for the Gbit DRAM technology
No full textThe next generation of DRAM memories demands the miniaturization of the storage capacitor . The road to smaller capacitors still able to maintain a sufficient amount of charge in terms of an error free logic state recognition leads to high-k materials. (Ba,Sr)Ti03 is the most promising of these new materials, since it offers a high relative permittivity combined with low leakage. Deposition of BST via MOCVD is considered to be the method of choice for thin films in view of DRAM application, in order to achieve homogenous growth and sufficient step coverage in high aspect ratio trenches. This thesis is concemed with the MOCVD growth of BST thin films using a prototype tool for oxide deposition and the systematical understanding of the film properties as a function of their composition and of the growth parameters. The scope of this thesis is twofold. From the engineering point of view an existing MOCVD tool, the AIXTRON Planetary Reactor® 2600G3 that has been developed for the growth of 111-V semiconductors, is optimized for the deposition of ceramic oxides. Both reactor and deposition processes are modified to achieve an optimal temperature and process homogeneity. Many changes an the vital components of the system like the liquid delivery system (LDS-300B) from ATMI, the precursor and the gas transfer lines are performed. Design of experiment methods (DOE) are applied early in many cases to narrow the process window and reduce the multidimensional parameter space to a manageable minimum and allow precise statements about the behavior of the reactor. The scientific part of this thesis considers the systematic investigation of the properties of the (Ba,Sr)Ti03 material system in form of thin films ranging from few nm up to 120nm. Many of the structural and especially the electrical properties interesting for application are focused and a variety of analyzing techniques are applied . Within the scope of this work, an advanced XRF analytic procedure is developed, in order to achieve a precision <_1% in thickness and stoichiometry measurements . The investigations cover all important material aspects of BST and especially its integration in the existing CMOS process. Finally, a central point in the discussion is the interrelation between the microstructure of the films and the obtained electrical propertie
Inter-parliamentary cooperation and its administrators
No full textParliamentary administrators have to cope with a complex and ever-changing procedural framework, as well as with conflicting demands from the policy side. Nevertheless, their role in inter-parliamentary cooperation is rather under-researched. This article focuses on the actors of Administrative Parliamentary Networks and introduces two entirely new entities: European Programmes; and networks of Parliamentary Budget Offices, which seem to have escaped scholar’s attention. Administrative duties and roles are discussed in the context of inter-parliamentary cooperation and a new role is attributed to parliamentary administrators, that of the researcher. Existing findings from previous studies are put under a new light and analysed with the support of empirical data
Imposing Regulation on Advanced Algorithms
No full textIntroduction, Definitions and Scope -- Evolution of Advanced Algorithms,- Administrative and Judicial Decisions on Advanced Algorithms -- Development of Regulatory Bodies -- Conclusions and OutlookThis book discusses the necessity and perhaps urgency for the regulation of algorithms on which new technologies rely; technologies that have the potential to re-shape human societies. From commerce and farming to medical care and education, it is difficult to find any aspect of our lives that will not be affected by these emerging technologies. At the same time, artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, cognitive computing, blockchain, virtual reality and augmented reality, belong to the fields most likely to affect law and, in particular, administrative law. The book examines universally applicable patterns in administrative decisions and judicial rulings. First, similarities and divergence in behavior among the different cases are identified by analyzing parameters ranging from geographical location and administrative decisions to judicial reasoning and legal basis. As it turns out, in several of the cases presented, sources of general law, such as competition or labor law, are invoked as a legal basis, due to the lack of current specialized legislation. This book also investigates the role and significance of national and indeed supranational regulatory bodies for advanced algorithms and considers ENISA, an EU agency that focuses on network and information security, as an interesting candidate for a European regulator of advanced algorithms. Lastly, it discusses the involvement of representative institutions in algorithmic regulatio
Estructurando un laboratorio de interoperabilidad legal desde cero
No full textRevista científica de la Escuela de Gobierno de la Universidad AustralEl texto está en inglésEste artículo determina qué se necesita para crear un innovador laboratorio de interoperabilidad legal desde cero en el ámbito de la Escuela Nacional de Administración Pública y Gobierno Local de Atenas. Su alcance y objetivos son analizados críticamente; y sus módulos, debidamente ponderados. El método de aprendizaje basado en problemas se ha aplicado a un entorno educativo de aprendizaje a distancia sincrónico y asincrónico. En particular, en el contexto del laboratorio, se destaca el uso de LEOS (Legislation Editing Open Software), una herramienta de informática jurídica que se ha desarrollado como solución ISA2 en la Unión Europea. Además, se presenta la relación del laboratorio con los cursos abiertos de interoperabilidad existentes y, un poco más amplio, con el marco europeo de interoperabilidad. Asimismo, se evalúa la herramienta para uso potencial como herramienta de creación por parte de la administración pública helénica. Tanto el laboratorio como el curso han sido evaluados exhaustivamente; y sus resultados, presentados y discutidos con el fin de elaborar nuevos planes para el diseño de cursos y laboratorios de interoperabilidad adicionales
The Hellenic Parliament’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Balancing Act between Necessity and Realism
Full text linkBecause of their particular nature, representative institutions around the globe are usually well equipped, both legally and capacity-wise, to adequately respond to political crises; this is what political evolution has taught them. Responses to political crises have been developed and take the form of formal or informal rules of procedure that lie at the disposal of the Speaker or other parliamentary functionaries. On the contrary, battling a health crisis does not immediately belong to the issues a parliament under normal circumstances deals with. Hence, the scattered responses by the world’s parliaments, as pointed out by recent studies, come as no surprise. This article showcases the Hellenic Parliament, which constitutes a classic example of a legislature combating the pandemic situation through a gradual and multidimensional response. Its relevant actions are displayed and analysed vis à vis the average global response. As the pandemic seems far from being over, the article attempts a series of future projections on how to deal with it in the long run
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Οργανομεταλλική επίστρωση κεραμικών υμενίων υψηλής διηλεκτρικής σταθεράς για την τεχνολογία δυναμικής μνήμης τάξης μεγέθους Gbit
No full textThe next generation of DRAM memories demands the miniaturization of the storage capacitor. The road to smaller capacitors still able to maintain a sufficient amount of charge in terms of an error free logic state recognition leads to high-k materials.
(Ba,Sr)TiO3 is the most promising of these new materials, since it offers a high relative permittivity combined with low leakage. Deposition of BST via MOCVD is considered to be the method of choice for thin films in view of DRAM application, in order to achieve homogenous growth and sufficient step coverage in high aspect ratio trenches. This thesis is concerned with the MOCVD growth of BST thin films using a prototype tool for oxide deposition and the systematical understanding of the film properties as a function of their composition and of the growth parameters. The scope of this thesis is twofold. From the engineering point of view an existing MOCVD tool, the AIXTRON Planetary Reactor® 2600G3 that has been developed for the growth of III-V semiconductors, is optimized for the deposition of ceramic oxides. Both reactor and deposition processes are modified to achieve an optimal temperature and process homogeneity. Many changes on the vital components of the system like the liquid delivery system (LDS-300B) from ATMI, the precursor and the gas transfer lines are performed.
Design of Experiment methods (DOE) were applied early in many cases to narrow the process window and reduce the multidimensional parameter space to a manageable minimum and allow precise statements about the behavior of the reactor. The scientific part of this thesis considers the systematic investigation of the properties of the (Ba,Sr)TiO3 material system in form of thin films ranging from few nm up to 120nm. Many of the structural and especially the electrical properties interesting for application were focused and a variety of analyzing techniques were applied. Within the scope of this work, an advanced XRF analytic procedure was developed, in order to achieve a precision ≤1% in thickness and stoichiometry measurements. The investigations cover all important material aspects of BST and especially its integration in the existing CMOS process. Finally, a central point in the discussion was the interrelation between the microstructure of the films and the obtained electrical properties.Η επόμενη γενιά μνήμης DRAM απαιτεί τη σμίκρυνση του πυκνωτή αποθήκευσης ηλεκτρικού φορτίου. Ο δρόμος προς μικρότερους πυκνωτές, οι οποίοι είναι σε θέση να διατηρήσουν ικανοποιητικό ηλεκτρικό φορτίο για την αναγνώριση της λογικής κατάστασης, οδηγεί σε υλικά υψηλής διηλεκτρικής σταθεράς.
Το (Ba,Sr)TiO3, ή αλλιώς BST, είναι το πιο ελπιδοφόρο από αυτά τα νέα υλικά, δεδομένου ότι προσφέρει υψηλή διηλεκτρική σταθερά σε συνδυασμό με χαμηλή διαρροή φορτίου. H εναπόθεση BST μέσω οργανομεταλλικής επίστρωσης (MOCVD) θεωρείται ως η βέλτιστη μέθοδος για την παραγωγή λεπτών υμενίων (φιλμ) του υλικού, εν όψει της χρήσης του σε μνήμες DRAM, προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί ομοιογενής κάλυψη των τρισδιάστατων δομών που τις χαρακτηρίζουν. Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με την ανάπτυξη των λεπτών υμενίων BST χρησιμοποιώντας ένα πρωτότυπο εργαλείο MOCVD για την εναπόθεση του οξειδίου και την συστηματική κατανόηση των ιδιοτήτων του, ως συνάρτηση της σύνθεσής του και των παραμέτρων της δημιουργίας του. Ο σκοπός της διατριβής είναι διττός.
Από την κατασκευαστική μεριά, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα υφιστάμενο μηχάνημα MOCVD, με πλανητικό αντιδραστήρα AIXTRON 2600G3® που είχε αρχικά αναπτυχθεί για επιστρώσεις ημιαγωγών ΙΙΙ-V. Ο αντιδραστήρας αυτός βελτιστοποιήθηκε για την εναπόθεση των κεραμικών οξειδίων. Οι μετατροπές στον αντιδραστήρα και στους παράγοντες της εναπόθεση έγιναν έτσι, ώστε να επιτευχθεί η βέλτιστη θερμική ομοιογένεια, η οποία διασφαλίζει την ομαλή εξέλιξη της διαδικασίας εναπόθεσης του υλικού σε πλάκες (wafer) πυριτίου έξι (6) ιντσών.
Έγιναν πολλές τροποποιήσεις στα ζωτικά στοιχεία του συστήματος, όπως το σύστημα μεταφοράς υγρών (LDS-300B) της εταιρίας ATMI και τις γραμμές μεταφοράς των αερίων. Εξειδικευμένες μέθοδοι σχεδιασμού πειραμάτων εφαρμόστηκαν σε πολλές περιπτώσεις, με σκοπό να περιορίσουν το πολυδιάστατο παράθυρο λειτουργίας της συσκευής, που να επιτρέπει την ακριβή εξέταση της συμπεριφοράς του αντιδραστήρα.
Το επιστημονικό μέρος της εργασίας καλύπτει τη συστηματική διερεύνηση των ιδιοτήτων του συστήματος (Ba,Sr)TiO3 που βρίσκεται με τη μορφή λεπτών υμενίων πάχους από μερικά νανόμετρα (nm) έως 120nm. Μια μεγάλη ποικιλία από δομικές, συστατικές και ηλεκτρικές αναλύσεις χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για το χαρακτηρισμό των δειγμάτων. Εντός της παρούσας εργασίας, αναπτύχθηκε μια προηγμένη διαδικασία ανάλυσης XRF, προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί μια ακρίβεια ≤ 1% στις μετρήσεις πάχους και στοιχειομετρίας. Οι έρευνες καλύπτουν όλες τις σημαντικές πτυχές του ηλεκτροκεραμικού υλικού BST, και κυρίως την δυνατότητα χρήσης του σε ολοκληρωμένα κυκλώματα CMOS. Ένα κεντρικό σημείο της ανάλυσης αφορά την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ της μικροδομής των δειγμάτων και τις ηλεκτρικές ιδιότητές τους
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