2,496 research outputs found
not available
No full textEste texto tem por objetivo estudar aproximações de lógicas, um procedimento que tem interesse tanto filosófico quanto computacional. No primeiro capítulo, é apresentado o conceito geral de aproximações. Nos três capítulos seguintes, diferentes abordagens encontradas na literatura são discutidas. Primeiro, o procedimento de Cadoli-Schaerf, que foi um dos primeiros e ainda é um dos mais importantes métodos de aproximações de lógicas, tendo servido de base para os outros dois aqui analisados. Cadoli e Schaerf trabalham com sentenças no formato normal clausal e normal negativo. O trabalho de Cadoli-Schaerf apresenta procedimentos de aproximações para lógicas proposicionais clássicas, formaliza esses procedimentos em uma lógica modal do conhecimento e os estende para modais. O segundo procedimento, de Fabio Massacci, estende Cadoli-Schaerf para sentenças proposicionais quaisquer e para sentenças modais, todas assinaladas, além disso, apresenta uma teoria da prova a partir de tableaux semânticos, também utilizando sentenças assinaladas. O terceiro procedimento, devido a Finger e Wassermann, generaliza Cadoli-Schaerf para sentenças proposicionais quaisquer não-assinaladas, empregando sentenças assinaladas apenas nos tableaux de prova. Nos dois capítulos que se seguem, é apresentada uma extensão de Finger-Wasermann para lógicas modais - c0m semântica e teoria da prova - e formaliza-se esse procedimento em uma lógica modal do conhecimento. Na conclusão, analisam-se os resultados obtidos e discutem-se possíveis direções para trabalhos futuros.not availabl
Market access advances and retreats : the Uruguay Round and beyond
No full textIn the Uruguay Round negotiations, trade distorting agricultural policies were taken up substantively for the first time in any round of multi-lateral trade negotiations. Voluntary export restraints outside the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) were in fact eliminated. Developing countries became equal partners with developed countries. Their tariff cuts covered as large a share of imports as those of the developed countries and were deeper. Because developing country tariffs were higher to start with, their cuts will save importers more (perdollar of imports covered) than will cuts by developed countries. Tariff bindings for most developing countries, although often above applied rates, were extended to 90 percent or more of imports. Few countries agreed to give foreigners unlimited market access in services, or full national treatment in more than a few service activities. But developed countries agreed to some liberalization of cross-border provision for 70 percent of service activities (compared with 25 percent in developing countries). Less positively, although trade restrictions on agricultural products were converted to tariffs, border protection was reduced less on agricultural than on industrial products, and there was little agreement on reducing trade-affecting subsidies. The textiles and clothing agreement binds developed countries to eliminate all MFA-sanctioned restriction but allows them to largely put off doing so until 2005. Concessions to which developing countries agreed are due now. Reciprocal concessions of particular interest are due in the future (elimination of the MFA) or yet to be negotiated (liberalization of agricultural trade). Also disquieting, since the Uruguay Round, developing countries have undertaken anti-dumping cases at a rate (per dollar of imports) three times higher than that for the United States--mostly against other developing countries.Economic Theory&Research,Rules of Origin,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Globalization and Financial Integration,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Rules of Origin,Export Competitiveness,World Trade Organization
Marcelo dascal and the literal meaning debates
No full textWhat role does literal meaning play in people’s understanding of indirect and figurative language? Scholars from many disciplines have debated this issue forseveral decades. This chapter describes these debates, especially focusing on the arguments between the author and Marcelo Dascal. I suggest that Dascal’s defense of “moderate literalism” may have some validity, contrary to some of my earlier arguments against this point of view. The chapter acknowledges the strong contribution that Marcelo Dascal has made to interdisciplinary discussions on language and thought
Cut-based abduction
No full textIn this paper we explore a generalization of traditional abduction which as simultaneously perform two different tasks: (i) given an unprovable sequent Gamma proves G, find a sentence II such that Gamma, II proves G is provable (hypothesis generation); (ii) given a provable sequent Gamma proves G, find a sentence II such that Gamma proves II and the proof of Gamma, II proves G is simpler than the proof of Gamma proves G (lemma generation). We argue that the two tasks should not be distinguished, and present a general procedure for finding suitable hypotheses or lemmas. When the original sequent is provable, the abduced formula can be seen as a cut formula with respect to Gentzen's sequent calculus, so the abduction method is cut-based. Our method is based on the tablean-like system KE and we argue for its advantages over existing adduction methods based on traditional Smullyan-style Tableaux
not available
No full textAtualmente não se conhece nenhum método de prova para a lógica proposicional clássica que tenha tempo polinomial. Os métodos de tabela-verdade e o de tableux analíticos são imediatamente implementáveis em uma máquina, mas já foi provado [D¦A90] que nenhum dos dois é mais eficiente que o outro no caso geral. Por outro lado, o sistema de tableux KE de D¦Agostino é essencialmente mais eficiente que ambos. Uma outra abordagem para resolver o problema da validade de fórmulas é o raciocínio por aproximações. Cadoli e Schaerf [SC95] propuseram um método de raciocínio por aproximações com respostas aproximadas que: a) dão informações semanticamente claras sobre o problema a cada passo de aproximação, b) cada resposta aproximada é mais fácil de computar que a resposta do problema original, e c) podem ser melhoradas, e eventualmente convergem para a resposta correta. No entanto este método está restrito ao formato clausal e não fornece uma heurística de aproximação. Finger e Wassermann [FW01] propuseram um método que generaliza o raciocínio por aproximações de Cadoli e Schaerf, eliminando a restrição a cláusulas e introduzindo a heurística de aproximação. Eles entendem a semântica da lógica S3 usada no método de Cadoli e Schaerf para a lógica proposicional, e propõem o método de tableux KE-S3 para essa lógica - baseado nos tableux KE de D¦Agostino. O objetivo deste trabalho é implementar o método de Tableux Analíticos, o método de Tableux de KE de D¦Agostino e o método de Tableux KE-S3 e fazer um teste comparativo dos métodosnot availabl
Marcelo Cohen’s Work : Between Fantastic Sociology and Fictional Geography
No full textCette thèse étudie les notions de géographie imaginaire et de sociologie fantastique dans l’œuvre de Marcelo Cohen (Buenos Aires, 1951). Le corpus de travail comprend l’ensemble de la production de fiction narrative de l’auteur (contes, nouvelles et romans en une vingtaine d’ouvrages) entre son premier recueil de récits, Lo que queda (1972), et son roman Balada (2011). La thèse est organisée en trois parties : la première (« Marcelo Cohen et son œuvre. Perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques ») propose une présentation de l’auteur et de son œuvre et un bilan théorique et pratique des notions de géographie imaginaire et de sociologie fantastique ; la deuxième (« Écrire l’espace ») analyse la construction de l’espace dans le corpus choisi dans une double démarche chronologique et figurative ; la troisième (« Littérature et société ») se penche sur les manifestations des dimensions idéologiques, sociales et politiques, et sur les relations entre l’individu et la société dans les ouvrages de Marcelo Cohen. Le travail s’achève par une réflexion globale sur la poétique et l’esthétique de l’auteur argentin.This thesis considers such concepts as fictional Geography and fantastic Sociology in Marcelo Cohen’s work (Buenos Aires, 1951).The body of this research includes all the narrative fiction by this author (some twenty tales, short stories and novels in total), between his first collection of stories, Lo que queda (1972), and his novel Balada (2011).Our thesis develops three domains : the first one (« Marcelo Cohen and his work, a theoretical and methodological outlook ») introduces the author and his work, along with a theoretical and practical evaluation of such concepts as fictional Geography and fantastic Sociology ; the second one (« Space in writing ») analyzes the make of space in the selected books, in a dual approach : both chronological and representational ; the last one (« Literature and society ») addresses the expressions of ideological, sociological and political dimensions, plus the relationship between a particular person and his/her society in Marcelo Cohen’s works. This research ends with a global consideration of poetry and estheticism in the work of our Argentinean author
Urgent Writings. On science, education and justice. Reflections on the neoliberal advance
No full textBook review: "Escritos Urgentes. On science, education and justice. Reflexiones ante el avance neoliberal". Author: Grupo CyTA Year 2017. Editorial: Punto de Encuentro. Origin: Argentina By Marcelo Rui
Marcelo Cohen. Las fundaciones de la ciencia ficción
No full textThe present work analyzes the forms that Science fiction takes in Marcelo Cohen´s narrative. By outlining certain characteristics of the genre, it is considered the ways how these are reformulated according to the Romantic epistemological paradigm that the author picks up, blending it with concepts of quantum and chaos theories, to postulate a model of Realism. Within this context, the initial analysis of the author´s self-fashioning and essays is useful to think the proposal of a singular ontology in his fictions
A special safeguard mechanism for agricultural imports and the management of reform
No full textThe record of traditional safeguard provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization provides useful information about how a special agricultural safeguard might be made effective. The success of existing safeguard or flexibility provisions to sustain long-run liberalization programs stems from their requiring objective, transparent, and participatory decisions on the application of the import restrictions they allow. The proposed special agricultural safeguard expands by arithmetic formula the bounds within which a Member may impose a new import restriction. Analysis reported here suggests that the formulas provide a poor guide for policy, indicating that they would frequently prescribe action that is not needed and fail to prescribe action when it would be appropriate. Analysis of the existing agricultural safeguard, to which the special agricultural safeguard is similar, indicates that it has functioned not as an allowance for occasional response to unusual situations but as an expansion of the limits Members have accepted through tariff bindings. To be useful, the special agricultural safeguard should do more than provide formulas for import restrictions. It should provide for objective and participatory processes that would bring forward relevant information and guide an objective and balanced accounting of the interests at play.Trade Policy,Free Trade,Debt Markets,Markets and Market Access,Trade Law
- …
