117 research outputs found
Object oriented representation of design decisions
No full textDuring the course of a design project numerous design decisions are made, usually with little attention paid to documenting them or keeping track of them. Systematic documentation and representation of design decisions can not only be invaluable in learning from past design experiences, but can also be good tools in teaching architectural design. By using abstraction and analogy to analyze a design precedent, a problem/sub-problem hierarchy can be built where similarities and differences between the precedent problem and the target problem, goals, constraints and solutions are identified for each level of the hierarchy. Each one of these can be represented as objects in an object oriented programming environment, allowing the construction of a hierarchic structure. This model was incorporated into a computer assisted learning system called `DesignRep'which was created by using Toolbook - (Asymetrix) object oriented development environment.
The Effects of Instructional Interventions on the Academic Achievement of Students with Mathematical Learning Difficulties
No full textMatematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrenciler bilişsel anlamda hiç öğrenememekten ziyade yavaş ve farklı öğrenen öğrencilerden oluşmaktadır. Öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrencilerin bireysel farklılıkları nedeniyle bu öğrencileri desteklemek amacıyla öğretimsel müdahaleler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, matematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrenciler için oluşturulan öğretimsel müdahalelerin öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına etkisini inceleyen farklı türden birincil çalışmaları sentezleyerek, güncel ve ayrıntılı bir analiz çalışması yapmaktır.
Yöntem: Matematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrenciler için oluşturulan öğretimsel müdahalelerin öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına etkisinin incelendiği farklı türden birincil çalışmalar meta analiz yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmalara ait etki büyüklük değerleri, heterojenlik testi, yayın yanlılığı ve ara değişken analizlerine ilişkin bilgiler, CMA (Comprehensive Meta Analysis) istatistik programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Yapılan meta analiz çalışmasıyla matematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrenciler için hazırlanan müdahale programlarının öğrencilerin akademik başarı seviyelerinde geniş bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Hedge g = 0.764, %95 CI = 0.494 - 1.033). Ayrıca yapılan ara değişken analizlerinde etki büyüklük değerlerinin çalışma değişkenlerinden müdahale türü ve tanılama ölçütlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı; öğrenme alanına, uygulama süresi ve öğretim düzeyine göre ise bir anlamlılık ifade etmediği belirlenmiştir.
Tartışma: Araştırmaya dâhil edilen çalışmalardan elde edilen genel etki büyüklüğü (0.764), öğretimsel müdahalelerin matematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrencilerin matematik performansı üzerinde genel anlamda olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Matematik öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan öğrencilerin desteklenmesi amacıyla farklı öğretimsel müdahalelerin geliştirildiği görülmektedir. Geliştirilen öğretimsel müdahaleler, öğrencilere matematik öğretim sürecinde destek olmakla beraber matematik öğrenme güçlüğü üzerine farkındalık oluşturmaya devam etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, daha fazla öğretimsel müdahale çalışmasına ihtiyaç olduğu ifade edilebilir.Trdizi
Simulation modeling of human behavior in buildings
No full textA simulation model (BGRAF) capable of representing the emergency egress behavior of people in fires was developed at the University of Michigan. The software, written in Fortran, can be used to test different hypothesis about human behavior in fires. The cognitive effects of the physical environment were also incorporated into the decision making process simulated in this model. The graphic output animates the actions of the simulated people on a building plan on the screen. Tabular output is also provided. A building data base created by CAEADS computer-aided design software developed at the University of Michigan with partial funding from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is accessed by BGRAF during the input phase. The use of a CAD data base to model the physical environment was critical in creating an accurate model, since the actions of the simulated persons hinged upon the limitations of the physical environment. © 1992, Sage Publications. All rights reserved
The Effects of Fatigue and Pain on Daily Life Activities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
No full textThe Computer Model "BGRAF": a Cognitive Approach to Emergency Egress Simulation
No full textDuring the past decade, fire safety researchers have come to the understanding that human factors in fires play an important role in controlling the spread of fire, and in decreasing the number of fire casualties in buildings. With the current developments in computer technology, computer modelling of human behaviour in fires emerged as an effective method of research. Such computer modelling techniques offered the advantage of being able to experiment with hypothetical fires in buildings without Note endangering human life. Consequently, a study to develop a computer model that will simulate the emergency egress behaviour of people in fires was undertaken. Changes in the information processing capacity of the individual as a result of time pressure and stress was considered as part of the emergency egress decision process. Theories from environmental psychology identified a range of cognitive factors, such as visual access in buildings, architectural differentiation, signage and plan configuration that affect way finding and route selection in buildings. These factors needed to be incorporated into emergency egress models. The model was based on the integrated building data base of the CAD system developed at the University of Michigan, Architecture and Planning Lab., which provided a comprehensive building definition, and allowed both graphic and tabular output. Two actual fire incidences were simulated as part of the validation study. These studies have stressed the importance of the cognitive aspects of the physical environment as a factor in emergency egress. A goal structure that represented the total decision process during fires was incorporated into the model. This structure allowed the inputting and testing of a variety of goal structures by using actions as model blocks. The objectives of the model developed in this study can best be summarized as to study and eventually to predict the route selection and exiting behaviour in fires, with the purpose of using such information in making building design and code development decisions, and in suggesting action sequences that will best support the safety of the occupants of a building under different emergency conditions.
Office Design: An Exploration of Worker Satisfaction and Their Perceptions of Effective Workspaces
No full textabstract: ABSTRACT Recent studies indicate that top-performing companies have higher-performing work environments than average companies. They receive higher scores for worker satisfaction with their overall physical work environment as well as higher effectiveness ratings for their workspaces (Gensler, 2008; Harter et al., 2003). While these studies indicate a relationship between effective office design and satisfaction they have not explored which specific space types may contribute to workers' overall satisfaction with their physical work environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between workers' overall satisfaction with their physical work environments and their perception of the effectiveness of spaces designed for Conceptual Age work including learning, focusing, collaborating, and socializing tasks. This research is designed to identify which workspace types are related to workers' satisfaction with their overall work environment and which are perceived to be most and least effective. To accomplish this two primary and four secondary research questions were developed for this study. The first primary question considers overall workers' satisfaction with their overall physical work environments (offices, workstations, hallways, common areas, reception, waiting areas, etc.) related to the effective use of work mode workspaces (learning, focusing, collaborating, socializing). The second primary research question was developed to identify which of the four work mode space types had the greatest and least relationship to workers' satisfaction with the overall physical work environment. Secondary research questions were developed to address workers' perceptions of effectiveness of each space type. This research project used data from a previous study collected from 2007 to 2012. Responses were from all staff levels of US office-based office workers and resulted in a blind sample of approximately 48,000 respondents. The data for this study were developed from SPSS data reports that included descriptive data and Pearson correlations. Findings were developed from those statistics using coefficient of determination.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Design 201
A Diagnostic Tool for Assessing Lighting in Buildings: Investigating Luminance Contrast Relationships Through High-Dynamic-Range Image Based Analysis
No full textabstract: This study examines the applicability of high dynamic range (HDR) imagery as a diagnostic tool for studying lighting quality in interior environments. It originates from the limitations in lighting quality assessments, particularly from the problematic nature of measuring luminance contrast--a significant lighting quality definer. In this research, HDR imaging method is studied systematically and in detail via extensive camera calibration tests considering the effect of lens and light source geometry (i.e. vignetting, point spread and modulation transfer functions), in-camera variables (i.e. spectral response, sensor sensitivity, metering mode,), and environmental variables (i.e. ambient light level, surface color and reflectance, light source spectral power distribution) on the accuracy of HDR-image-derived luminance data. The calibration test findings are used to create camera setup and calibration guidelines for future research, especially to help minimize errors in image extracted lighting data. The findings are also utilized to demonstrate the viability of the tool in a real world setting--an office environment combining vertical and horizontal tasks. Via the quasi-experimental setup, the relationship between line of sight and perceived luminance contrast ratios are studied using HDR images. Future research can benefit from the calibration guidelines to minimize HDR-based luminance estimation errors. The proposed tool can be used and tested in different contexts and tasks with varying user groups for revising the former luminance-contrast guidelines as well as surface reflectance recommendations.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Architecture 201
The Impact of Differences in Ethnicity on Women's Perceptions of Physical Assets of a Community
No full textabstract: This study is an initial step in exploring how urban design typologies can help inform community asset research to broaden the definition of physical assets. Asset based community development research identifies specific types of physical assets such as streets, structures, housing or vacant lots. This research argues that a comprehensive look at physical assets is needed, taking into consideration urban typologies such as paths, landmarks, views and districts as well as the spatial relationships that influence their significance. Community asset literature and conditions specific to the Sunnyslope community in Phoenix, Arizona suggest that differences in ethnicity such as spatial segregation, and socio-economic status exist. However, the literature does not address how these differences in ethnicity might influence residents' perceptions of physical assets. This study explores the questions - How do perceptions of physical assets vary among women of different ethnicities? What, if any, are the reasons behind these ethnic differences in perception? The research applied a survey instrument with open-ended and close-ended questions, and a map to mark frequently used routes. Assets identified by recoding open-ended responses were statistically analyzed for frequencies. The most frequently mentioned assets were analyzed by GIS for spatial relationships. Women of White and Latino ethnicities frequently chose individual buildings and locations as physical assets over paths, views, districts and landmarks. White women identified urban typologies as physical assets. In contrast, Latino women identified no significant urban typologies as assets. The inclusion of urban typologies confirmed and expanded upon physical assets previously identified by other asset-based studies on the community of Sunnyslope. Notable differences in ethnicity were found in the perception of physical assets of economic significance, assets for use and assets of visual appeal. Besides ethnicity, age and proximity to assets also influenced asset perception of White and Latino women. Community organizations need to take into consideration the ethnic differences in perception of physical assets, in the context of culture, spatial segregation and differing family structures. The inclusion of urban typologies helped highlight the differences in ethnicities for physical assets of visual appeal, and the use of leisure and recreation facilities.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Environmental Design and Planning 201
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