1,721,052 research outputs found
Between Scylla and Charybdis? Irish Republicans between the British Empire and the Early French Republic, 1792–1794
No full textInternational audienceIn 1792 foreigners flocked to France to participate in the new republican regime, redefining the nation as the conduct of popular sovereignty. A number of American, British, and Irish foreigners formed a club in Paris, the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man (Société des Amis des Droits de l'Homme), among whom Irish republicans were a key component. Eager to “revolutionize” Britain and Ireland, they contributed to the rise in tensions and, ultimately, to the outbreak of war between France and Britain. The author argues that these Irish, because of their colonial experience, were a crucial factor in the redefinition of and opposition between British imperial and French republican models of nation and citizenship. Their defense of a cosmopolitan citizenship ideal was violently rejected in Britain and was severely tested by the “Terror” in France.En 1792, de nombreux étrangers vinrent en France pour participer à l’élaboration du nouveau régime républicain, redéfinissant la nation comme le vecteur de la souveraineté populaire. Plusieurs Américains, Anglais, Irlandais et Ecossais formèrent un club à Paris, la Société des amis des droits de l'homme (SADH), parmi lesquels les Irlandais furent une composante clé. Désireux de « révolutionner » la Grande-Bretagne et l'Irlande, ils contribuèrent à la montée des tensions et à l’éclatement du conflit entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Cet article cherche à démontrer que ces Irlandais, du fait de leur expérience coloniale, jouèrent un rôle central dans la redéfinition et l'opposition entre le modèle impérial britannique et le modèle français républicain de la nation et de la citoyenneté. Leur défense d'un idéal cosmopolite de citoyenneté suscita un violent rejet en Grande-Bretagne et fut mise à rude épreuve pendant la « Terreur » en France
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A “Banquet Fraternal” at Hamburg in 1798: The Irish Connection and the Birth of the Modern Conspiracy Theory
No full textAge of RevolutionsThis article is part of a collaboration with the Commission internationale d’histoire de la Révolution française (CIHRF) following the August 2022 meeting of the International Committee of Historical Sciences at Poznań, Poland. The Commission convened a panel on “revolutionary nationalism in a global perspective” together with the Japanese and Korean National Committees and the Network of Global and World History Associations
Les « deux textes fondateurs du mouvement de la classe ouvrière anglaise » : E. P. Thompson et l’enthousiasme ou les origines religieuses de la Révolution atlantique
No full textInternational audienceDans son maître-ouvrage, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), dont le programme est de montrer comment un groupe social entre dans la modernité politique en développant une conscience de classe, E. P. Thompson ouvre son propos par un premier, très bref chapitre (« Members Unlimited »), dans lequel il pose le constat de la provocation ultime que représente la London Corresponding Society face aux pouvoirs établis dans l’Angleterre de 1792 en prétendant que le « nombre de ses membres soit illimité », c’est-à-dire en (re)donnant la politique à tous. Puis, arrive un deuxième chapitre, « Christian and Appolyon », consacré aux Dissenters, et à leurs multiples « sectes » dont les mouvements chiliastiques. Pour Thompson, ce sont là les deux clés qui permettent ce que François Hartog appellerait un changement de régime d’historicité. Le lien entre les deux est l’enthousiasme, devenu souterrain, quiétiste, mais pas moins vivace, depuis la Restauration monarchique. Il était incarné, entre autres, dans un livre de 1678, The Pilgrim’s Progress. Thompson écrit que The Pilgrim’s Progress constitue avec Rights of Man de Thomas Paine (1791 et 1792), les « deux textes fondateurs du mouvement de la classe ouvrière anglaise ».C’est en suivant cette piste, très peu commentée et même remarquée dans l’historiographie française, dans le chaudron bouillonnant du Londres des années 1790 qu’il est possible de déceler ce changement et comment il s’est opéré par un rapprochement entre sphères protestantes et sphère catholique, notamment par le biais des Irlandais (pointant ainsi que cette classe ouvrière n’était rien moins qu’« anglaise »), et dans une dynamique de moralisation par la foule révolutionnaire
The Defenders’ Republic of the United States of France and Ireland: an Atlantic Heterotopia
No full textInternational audienceIn their oaths and catechisms, the Defenders, a secret society in late 18th-century Ireland, swore allegiance to the “United States of France and Ireland”, casting their struggle in a resolutely Atlantic framework. Despite this evidence, the prevalent (revisionist) historiography has depicted the Defenders as backward-looking, parochial in their outlook, sectarian, and unable to understand the references they were wielding (contrary to their allies from 1795-6, the United Irishmen, presented as heirs of the Enlightenment). This dismissal echoes the anti-Catholic prejudices the Defenders have suffered from the Protestant liberal historiography of the 19th century, which itself was drawn from the damnatio memoriae they had endured in the wake of the “Rebellion” of 1798.Recognizing that the Defenders were the heirs of a long chain of popular protest, it is necessary to rescue their agency from the enormous condescension of posterity and to uncover the meaning of their political language. They belie the idea that only revolutions which were non- or even anti-Catholic could succeed. From the interstices of colonized Ireland, and of the Atlantic world, in port-cities, in taverns and fairs, in revolutionary banquets and onboard ships, the Defenders wove a powerful language of emancipation, equality, and freedom, mixing Catholic, Masonic, revolutionary, and republican references. They dreamed of the “United States of France and Ireland”, an Atlantic heterotopia (Michel Foucault) which could have been
The early Irish Republicanism as a Radicalism?: Questioning the political categories used in historiography
No full textInternational audienceThe prevalent (revisionist) historiography on the 1798 rising has produced a narrative of a violent episode, ending in bloodshed, one in which the enlightened, secular and reformist agenda of the United Irishmen was corrupted by the sectarian impulses, parochial vision, and narrow nationalism of the Defenders. The history of the early Irish republicanism, written in the context of the ‘Troubles’ in the 1970s and 1980s and (des)informed by the different memorial strata since the seminal event of 1798, back projected on the 1790s a vision of republicanism synonymous with sectarian extremism. Recent research, however, demonstrated the need for a reconsideration of this interpretation. Recontextualising the Irish republicanism of the 1790s, by replacing it within its larger – Atlantic and transnational – contexts, allows to bring forward another narrative. In this paper, I will focus on several individual trajectories: Theobald Wolfe Tone, Nicholas Madgett, William Jackson, William Duckett, and Lawrence O’Connor. Three Catholics, two Protestants – all of them decided to devote their life (and for two of them in the literal sense of the word) to the ‘cause’ for an independent Irish republic within the larger ideal or battlefield of the Atlantic Republic. Favouring a micro-sociological and cultural approach allows to showcase the different steps in the process of commitment, permitting in turn a reappraisal of their supposed ‘radicalisation’ to question this concept as an expression of our own modern dismay in the face of political commitment
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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