16 research outputs found
ANALISIS STRUKTURAL DAN NILAI MORAL DALAM NOVEL SURAT KECIL UNTUK TUHAN THE STORY OF LIFE KARYA AGNES DAVONAR KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA
No full textRasis, Fadhli. 2018. Structural Analysis and Moral Values in the novel Small Letter to God: The Story of Life. Skripsi (S1) Indonesian Literature. Faculty of Cultural Sciences Diponegoro University of Semarang. Supervisor Drs. Moh. Muzakka, M. Hum. and Laura Andri RM, S.S, M.A.
The problem in this novel research is the lack of tolerance and caring of the people, especially the metropolitan residents of street children, making the evil parties and irresponsible to exploit them, and cause them to experience a tragic fate. The problem is to be solve, the writer use social methods with the theory of moral and structural values. Based on the main problem, the writer is interested to study the story from social aspect by using structural theory and moral value theory based on the theory of Frans Magnis Suseno.
The writer uses structural theory to describe the novel builder, such as: character and characterization, plot, and background. The writer also uses moral values based on the theory of Frans Magnis Suseno, to explain the moral value through the behavior of the characters. This study aims to reveal the moral aspects that arise from each character in order to be able to know the moral message the author wishes to convey to the reader, and to describe the structural theory associated with the analysis of intrinsic elements as a picture and learning life in society.
The results of the analysis based on structural theory of the novel Small Letter to God The Story of Life consists of two main characters namely Anton and Angel and seven additional characters, so the number of characters in the novel there are Nine figures. The flow used in this research is the flow of progress and flashback, but the most dominant used is the progressive groove. The background used in this study is the place, time, and social background. The most dominant place setting out in the story is on the flyover precisely in Jakarta. The timeline contained in this novel is not detailed in detail, it only explains the morning, afternoon, evening and night only, while the social setting in this novel describes the life of an orphaned sister who has to live the life in the city of Jakarta.
The result of moral value analysis based on Frans Magnis Suseno's theory of the novel Small Letter to God The Story of Life has moral value that can be obtained and taken as a life study in socializing in social life. First, a sense of responsibility, second, independence in action, third, courage, honest, humble, and authentic
Keywords: sociology, structural, moral, novel, toleranc
PERANCANGAN MEDIA KOMUNIKASI VISUAL ANTI RASIS UNTUK AREMANIA
No full textABSTRAK Sam, Achmad, Nur, Rofi’. 2015. Perancangan Media Komunikasi Visual Anti Rasis Untuk Aremania. Skripsi, Desain Komunikasi Visual, Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing (1) Dr. Hariyanto, M.Hum. ; Pembimbing (2) Drs. Didiek Rahmanadji, M.Pd Kata kunci : Perancangan, Media Komunikasi Visual, Anti Rasis. Kegiatan membuat Media Komunikasi Visual, merupakan langkah awal untuk melakukan sebuah sosialisasi yang dilakukan Arema untuk menanggulangi rasisme yang dilakukan Aremania, adanya media ini digunakan sebagai media sosialisasi yang dilakukan. Media komunikasi visual ini tidak sekedar menjadi bahan sosialisasi saja melainkan sebuah strategi dalam memperkenalkan sosialisasi yang dilakukan Arema. AREMANIA adalah salah satu contoh suporter terbaik di Indonesia dengan berbagai kreatifitasnya yang sangat memukau banyak pihak, masih ada saja beberapa oknum Aremania yang melakukan tindakan rasis di stadion maupun di jalanan umum, hal itu sangat merugikan Arema dan masyarakat umum. Oleh karena itu Arema akan melakukan segala upaya agar tindakan rasis Aremania tidak terjadi lagi, Arema menyadari diperlukan sebuah media komunikasi visual sebagai bentuk sosialisasi terhadap Arema. Sehingga disaat yang bersamaan penulisa berkesempatan merancang Media Komunikasi Visual Anti Rasis untuk Aremania. Model perancangan prosedural yang bersifat deskriptif, adalah model yang digunakan untuk merancangan media ini, pola dasar perancangan Sadjiman Ebdi Sanyoto, yang telah dimodifikasi penulis, disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi lapangan. Teknik pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan identifikasi data lapangan. Media yang dihasilkan dalam perancangan ini antara lain perancangan website, poster berseri, dan beberapa media pendukung. Ide besar konsep perancangan ini adalah “rasisme adalah tindakan yang tidak mendidik bagi Aremania yang masih berusia dini, dan tidak semua kendaraan plat L adalah bonekmania”. Dengan Konsep tata desain modern dan simple, teknik berbasis vektor dan fotografi. Hasil dari perancangan ini adalah terciptanya media komunikasi visual yang representatif yang diharapkan mampu menjadi sarana komunikasi visual untuk mendukung upaya Arema dalam memerangi rasime yang terjadi di kalangan Aremania, dan memberi kesan bahwa Aremania itu adalah suporter terbaik anti rasis dan cinta damai. i ABSTRACT Sam, Achmad, Nur, Rofi’. 2015. Perancangan Media Komunikasi Visual Anti Rasis Untuk Aremania. Skripsi, Desain Komunikasi Visual, Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing (1) Dr. Hariyanto, M.Hum. ; Pembimbing (2) Drs. Didiek Rahmanadji, M.Pd Keywords : Design, Visual Communication Media, Contra Racist. Making activity Media Visual Communication, is the first step to conduct a socialization Arema to combat racism Aremania, the media is used as a medium of socialization. Visual communication media is not just a matter of socialization alone but a strategy in introducing the socialization Arema. Aremania is one example of the best fans in Indonesia with a wide range of creativity that is very intriguing many parties, there are still some persons who commit racist acts Aremania at the stadium as well as on public roads, it is very detrimental Arema and the general public. Therefore Arema will make every effort that the racist acts Aremania not happen again, Arema realized needed a visual communication media as a form of socialization against Arema. So that at the same time the writer's opportunity to design the Visual Communication Media Anti Racist to Aremania. Procedural design model that is descriptive, is the model used for this media merancangan, the basic pattern design Sadjiman Ebdi Sanyoto, which has been modified author, tailored to the needs and field conditions. Data processing techniques used are observation, interviews, documentation and identification of field data. Media generated in this design include website design, radiant posters, and some media support. Big idea of this design concept is "racism is action that is educational for Aremania still early age, and not all vehicle license plate L is Bonekmania". With the concept of modern design and simple layout, vector-based techniques and fotography. Results of this design is the creation of visual communications media representative are expected to be a means of visual communication to support efforts in the fight against Racism Arema that occurred among Aremania, and gave the impression that Aremania it is the best anti-racist supporters and peaceful. i
Racial oppression towards women in Margot Lee Shetterly’s Hidden Figures
No full textINDONESIA:
Rasisme yang terjadi di amerika bahkan masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Hal ini ditandai dengan banyak yang mengangkat isu tersebut kedalam sebuah karya. Penelitian ini membahas tentang sebuah novel karya sastra Margot Lee Shetterly yang berjudul Hidden Figures. Penulis menganalisis tentang rasis penindasan yang terjadi kepada karakter perempuan yang ada didalam novel. Lalu Penelitian ini juga membahas bagaimana perjuangan mereka menghadapi penindasan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kritik sastra karena menganalisis karya sastra. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan objektif karena dalam kritik sastra objektif, analisis didasarkan pada bukti-bukti yang ditemukan dalam teks sastra itu sendiri. Ini mencakup pemeriksaan langsung terhadap kutipan-kutipan, gaya bahasa, struktur naratif, dan elemen-elemen lain yang membentuk makna dan pesan dalam karya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penulis menemukan bentuk rasis penindasan berupa difference dan power. Perbedaan sering terjadi dinovel ini karena menyangkut rasis yang terjadi kepada karakter. Power terjadi karena orang berkulit hitam dianggap minoritas dan tidak memiliki kekuasaan untuk melakukan apapun seperti membuat keputusan. Lalu penulis juga menyimpulkan perjuangan mereka yang terbagi menjadi perjuangan individu dan perjuangan kelompok. Perjuangan individu maupun perjuangan kelompok dilakukan agar mereka tidak mendapatkan lagi penindasan ditempat kerja maupun dilingkup sosial.
ENGLISH:
Racism that occurs in America is even still happening today. This is marked by many who raise the issue in a work. This research discusses a novel by Margot Lee Shetterly entitled Hidden Figures. The author analyzes the racism of oppression that occurs to female characters in the novel. Then this research also discusses how they struggle to face oppression. This research is literary criticism research because it analyzes literary works. The author uses an objective approach because in objective literary, the analysis is based on the evidence found in the literary text itself. This includes a direct examination of the quotations, language style, narrative structure, and other elements that make up the meaning and message in the work. The result of this study is that the author finds racist forms of oppression in the form of difference and power. Differences often occur in this novel because it concerns racism that happens to the characters. Power occurs because black people are considered a minority and do not have the power to do anything such as making decisions. Then the author also concludes their struggle which is divided into individual struggle and group struggle. Individual and group struggles are carried out so that they do not get any more oppression in the workplace or the social sphere.
ARABIC :
العنصرية التي تحدث في أمريكا لا تزال تحدث حتى اليوم. وهذا ما يميز الكثيرين الذين يثيرون هذه القضية في العمل. يناقش هذا البحث رواية للكاتبة مارجوت لي شيترلي بعنوان شخصيات مخفية. تحلل الكاتبة عنصرية الاضطهاد الذي يحدث للشخصيات النسائية في الرواية. ثم يناقش هذا البحث أيضًا كيف يكافحون لمواجهة القمع. يعتبر هذا البحث من أبحاث النقد الأدبي لأنه يقوم بتحليل الأعمال الأدبية. تستخدم هذه الدراسة أساليب البحث الوصفي النوعي للحصول على فهم عميق للظواهر التي تشمل المعنى والسياق والإدراك التي تحدث في هذه الرواية. يستخدم المؤلف المنهج الموضوعي لأنه في الأدب الموضوعي يعتمد التحليل على الأدلة الموجودة في النص الأدبي نفسه. يتضمن ذلك فحصًا مباشرًا للاقتباسات وأسلوب اللغة وبنية السرد والعناصر الأخرى التي تشكل المعنى والرسالة في العمل. ونتيجة هذه الدراسة هي أن المؤلف يجد أشكالا عنصرية من القمع تتمثل في الاختلاف والقوة. كثيرا ما تحدث الاختلافات في هذه الرواية لأن الأمر يتعلق بالعنصرية التي تحدث للشخصيات. تحدث السلطة لأن السود يعتبرون أقلية وليس لديهم القدرة على فعل أي شيء مثل اتخاذ القرارات. ثم يختتم المؤلف أيضًا صراعهم الذي ينقسم إلى صراع فردي ونضال جماعي. يتم إجراء النضالات الفردية والجماعية حتى لا يتعرضوا لمزيد من القمع في مكان العمل أو المجال الاجتماعي
Mewujudkan generasi literat nelalui perpustakaan perguruan tinggi (Tantangan UIN Imam Bonjol Padang Menghadapi HOAX)
No full textHoax is a news or statement that has invalid information or fake that does not have a certainty that is deliberately spread out to make the situation becomes excited and cause fear. HOAX maked many reactions in society, debates among peers, even family conflicts, even RASIS with disagreed parties. This paper is a literature review, will further discuss how the role of the library as one of the information institutions and become a language partner in this case is UIN Imam Bonjol Padang embodies the students who become literary generation. UIN Imam Bonjol Padang Library can implement the following activities: Smooth information, user education, library instruction, bibliographic instruction, information competence, information skills, and information skill development. Then the student is also expected to have knowledge of hitches or HOAX news through the following stages: Consider the source, Read beyond the headline, Check the author, What is the support ?, check the date, is this some kind of joke ?, check your bias, and Consult with experts. 
Nonlinear filtering for state delayed systems with Markovian switching
No full textCopyright [2003] IEEE. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it.This paper deals with the filtering problem for a general class of nonlinear time-delay systems with Markovian jumping parameters. The nonlinear time-delay stochastic systems may switch from one to the others according to the behavior of a Markov chain. The purpose of the problem addressed is to design a nonlinear full-order filter such that the dynamics of the estimation error is guaranteed to be stochastically exponentially stable in the mean square. Both filter analysis and synthesis problems are investigated. Sufficient conditions are established for the existence of the desired exponential filters, which are expressed in terms of the solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The explicit expression of the desired filters is also provided. A simulation example is given to illustrate the design procedures and performances of the proposed method
Penerapan Kebijakan Immigration Restriction Act di Australia (1901-1973)
No full textAbstrakAustralia merupakan salah satu negara dengan beragam latar belakang dan kebudayaan masyarakatnya. Dalam lembaran sejarah, Australia tercatat pernah menerapkan kebijakan rasis yang dinamakan Immigration Restriction Act tahun 1901-1973. Kebijakan tersebut memberi dampak yang besar terhadap proses kesadaran jati diri Australia sehingga bisa seperti sekarang. Australia menjadi tampilan bentuk negara yang terlahir karena jalinan proses keterbukaan dalam keberagaman. Berdasarkan itu, penulis mengkaji riwayat kebijakan Immigration Restriction Act (1901-1973). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian sejarah dengan analisis sumber secara deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan berupa arsip atau dokumen resmi yang didukung dengan sumber buku, jurnal dan artikel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bawah penerapan Immigration Restriction Act banyak ditentang sehingga berpengaruh terhadap dikeluarkannya kebijakan mulkulturalisme, sebagai solusi dari permasalahan imigrasi dan keberagaman di Australia.Kata Kunci: Australia, Imigrasi, PembatasanAbstractAustralia is a country with diverse backgrounds and people's cultures. In the pages of history, Australia is recorded to have implemented a racist policy called the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901-1973. This policy has had a major impact on the process of Australian identity awareness so that it can become what it is today. Australia is a display of the form of a country that was born because of the interwoven process of openness in diversity. Based on that, the author reviews the history of the Immigration Restriction Act (1901-1973) policy. The research method used is historical research with descriptive qualitative source analysis. Sources of data are used in the form of archives or official documents supported by sources of books, journals, and articles. The results showed that the implementation of the Immigration Restriction Act was widely opposed so it influenced the issuance of multiculturalism policies, as a solution to the problems of immigration and diversity in Australia.Keywords:Â Australia, Immigration, RestrictionÂ
REPRESENTASI KOMUNITAS ASIA DI PRANCIS PADA GERAKAN ANTI RASISME JE NE SUIS PAS UN VIRUS DALAM MEDIA DARING LE FIGARO
No full textPenelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk memaparkan representasi yang
dibangun oleh penulis artikel berita Le Figaro dalam wacana ini terhadap
komunitas asia di Prancis dengan struktur-struktur menurut Teun Van Dijk.
Penelitian kualititatif deskriptif ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan memperoleh
struktur-struktur wacana kritis perspektif Teun A van Dijk dalam media daring Le
Figaro dengan kajian analisis wacana krtitis. Sumber data yang digunakan
merupapakn artikel berita yang dipublikasikan oleh Margaux d’Adhémar dari
media daring Le Figaro pada bulan Januari 2020. Adapaun objek dari penelitian ini
adalah kata , frasa, klausa, dan kalimat yang terdapat dalam artikel. Teknik
pengumpulan data penelitian ini berasa dari penelitian studi dokumentasi. Teknik
analisis data yang digunakan merupakan model kajian analisis wacana kritis van
Dijk yang mencakup tiga struktur, yaitu dimensi teks, kognisi sosial, dan konteks
sosial.
Jika dianalisa secara umum, penulis berita ingin menyampaikan pesan
mengenai permasalahan sosial yang menimpa sebagian komunitas asia di Prancis
pasca munculnya kasus Covid-19 di Prancis. Permasalahan tersebut merupakan
tindakan rasis yang terjadi kepada komunitas asia di Prancis. Sehingga kejadian ini
melatarbelakangi munculnya gerakan anti-rasisme “Je Ne Suis Pas Un Virus”.
Melalui strategi wacana model Teun A van Dijk, penelitian ini menemuan
bahwa, informasi dalam setiap kalimat yang terdapat dalam teks berhubungan
dengan kalimat informasi selanjutnya. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa teks
artikel berita ini merupakan salah satu representasi dari keadaan sosial komunitas
asia di Prancis yang mengalami tindakan rasis.
*****
This research aims to explain the representation built by the author of Le
Figaro news article in this discourse towards the Asian community in France with
structures according to Teun Van Dijk. This descriptive qualitative research was
conducted to find out and obtain the structures of critical discourse from the
perspective of Teun A van Dijk in the online media Le Figaro with the study of
critical discourse analysis. The data sources used are news articles published by
Margaux d'Adhémar from Le Figaro online media in January 2020. The objects of
this research are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences contained in the article. The
data collection technique of this research comes from documentation study
research. The data analysis technique used is van Dijk's critical discourse analysis
study model which includes three structures, namely the text dimension, social
cognition, and social context.
If analysed in general, the news writer wants to convey a message about the
social problems that befall some Asian communities in France after the emergence
of the Covid-19 case in France. These problems are racist acts that occur to the
Asian community in France. So that this incident is the background for the
emergence of the anti-racism movement "Je Ne Suis Pas Un Virus".
Through the discourse strategy model of Teun A van Dijk, this research
found that the information in each sentence contained in the text is related to the
next information sentence. This study also found that the text of this news article is
one of the representations of the social conditions of the Asian community in France
who experience racist acts
IDENTITY NEGOTIATION OF PAKISTANI-AMERICAN MUSLIMS IN AYAD AKHTAR'S HOMELAND ELEGIES
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki bagaimana generasi pertama dan kedua Muslim Pakistan-Amerika menegosiasikan identitas ganda mereka dalam Homeland Elegies karya Ayad Akhtar. Mulai saat ini, nama Ayad Akhtar akan mengacu pada karakter dalam novel, bukan penulisnya, kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep poskolonial milik Bhabha mengenai mimikri, ambivalensi, hibriditas serta teori orientalisme milik Said dan teori budaya milik William. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis untuk menganalisis proses, alasan, dan bentuk Ayad dan orang tuanya dalam menegosiasikan identitas ganda mereka sebagai Muslim Pakistan-Amerika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negosiasi identitas tokoh utama dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor penting yaitu keluarga, lingkungan sosial, dan nilai-nilai Islam yang diajarkan oleh keluarganya. Akibatnya, generasi pertama dan kedua terus-menerus menegosiasikan identitas mereka untuk bersosialisasi dengan baik di dunia yang terus berubah. Ayad dan orang tuanya melalui berbagai proses negosiasi identitas. Negosiasi identitas imigran generasi pertama ditunjukkan melalui perbedaan tindakan dan juga pendapat Ayad terhadap budaya Pakistan, Amerika, dan Islam. Ayad lebih kritis terhadap budaya tersebut dan negosiasinya terbukti lebih ekstrem bagi seorang Muslim, seperti mengenakan salib dan berpartisipasi dalam seks bebas. Proses pada imigran generasi kedua berbeda dengan generasi pertama, Sikander dalam bentuk mimikri obsesif ketika ia mencoba untuk meniru segala sesuatu yang Amerika dan juga percaya pada nilai-nilai fanatik atau rasis. Bentuk Fatima kontras karena dia lebih tahan dengan budayanya sendiri, Fatima menyangkal hampir semua hal Amerika dan memilih untuk hanya mengikuti budaya Pakistan-Muslim. Terlepas dari bentuk negosiasi identitas yang sangat berbeda antara Sikander dan Fatima, kedua karakter tersebut diperlihatkan lebih menyukai budaya tanah air mereka. Pada akhirnya, Ayad menemukan identitas Amerikanya, Sikander mendapatkan kembali identitas Pakistannya, dan Fatima mempertahankan identitas Pakistan-Muslimnya.
**********
This study aims to investigate the negotiation of the first and second generation of Pakistani-American Muslim’s multiple identities in Homeland Elegies written by Ayad Akhtar the author. From this point on, the name Ayad Akhtar will be referring to the character in the novel instead of the author unless stated otherwise. This study is deploying Bhabha’s postcolonial concepts of mimicry, ambivalence, hybridity also Said’s orientalism theory and William’s culture theory. This study applied descriptive analytical method to analyse the process, reason, and form of Ayad and his parents in negotiating their multiple identities as Pakistani-American Muslim. The finding showed that the main characters identity negotiation had been influenced by several important factors which were family, social environment, and Islamic values taught by their family. As a result, the first and second generations were continuously negotiating their identities in order to properly socialize in a changing world. Ayad and his parents went through various processes of identity negotiation. The first-generation immigrant identity negotiation is shown through the difference of action and also opinion Ayad has towards Pakistani, American, and Islamic culture. Ayad is more critical towards those and his negotiation are shown to be more extreme for a Muslim, such as wearing a cross and participating in casual sex. The process in second-generation immigrant is different compared to first generation, Sikander is in the form obsessive mimicry as he tried to mimic everything American and also believed in bigoted or racist values. Fatima’s form is contrast as she was more resilient with her own cultures, Fatima denied almost everything American and chose to only follow Pakistani-Muslim cultures. Despite the wildly different forms of identity negotiation between Sikander and Fatima, both characters are shown to prefer their homeland cultures. In the end, Ayad discovered his American identity, Sikander regained his Pakistani identity, and Fatima kept her Pakistani-Muslim identity
Apie (ne)viliojantį (už)kalbėjimą
No full textŽvelgdama į pototalitarinę, pokomunistinę Lietuvos visuomenę ir nostalgijos sovietiniams laikams apraiškas, šio straipsnio autorė kvestionuoja socrealizmo tekstus, konstravusios bei juos vartojusios sovietinės sąmonės stereotipus. Tai darydama, ji remiasi reprezentaciniu sovietmečio literatūros kūriniu – Justino Marcinkevičiaus dramine trilogija. Šis tekstas perskaitomas tuo aspektu, kurį nurodė Vytautas Kavolis, pastebėjęs, kad šio rašytojo kūryboje aptinkame Lietuvoje tikriausiai populiariausią 1955–1970 metais sąmoningumo struktūros išraišką. Tad užuot gilinusis į trilogijos meninę vertę, autorė mėgina nustatyti, ar tikrai ir kaip joje atsispindi būdingi sovietinės mąstysenos stereotipai. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad antibažnytiškumas, religinis sinkretizmas, moralinė dviveidystė, tiesos ir melo neskyrimas, aiškių pasaulėžiūrinių įsitikinimų neturėjimas – tai būdingi mazgan susipynę sovietinės sąmonės struktūriniai komponentai, kurie aptinkami draminėje trilogijoje. Apibendrinus tyrimą, teigiama: sovietinių mąstymo stereotipų ir ideologemų prisotinta sąmonė ir šiandien ją atpažins kaip savą ir suprantamą. Nuo sovietmečio psichologiškai labiau nutolusiai sąmonei dramų turinį dėl jose veikiančių ideologemų suprasti nėra lengva. Skirtingos vertybinės, dorovinės, religinės ir kitos mąstymo normos netotalitarinę mąstyseną esmiškai skiria nuo totalitarinės. Gal tik tada, kai laikas išgydys pragaištingus sovietizacijos padarinius mentaliteto plotmėje, rasis adekvati socrealizmo tekstų recepcija. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Draminė trilogija; Fikcija; Ideologija; Istorinė tiesa; Istorinė tikrovė; Justinas Marcinkevičius; Religija; Socialistinis realizmas; Sovietmečio literatūra; Totalitarinis mąstymas; Drama trilogy; Dramatic trilogy; Fiction; Historical reality; History; Ideology; Justinas Marcinkevičius; Literature of soviet period; Religion; Socialistic realism; Totalitarian thinkingIn view of the post-totalitarian, post-communist Lithuanian society and the manifestations of nostalgia for Soviet times, the author of this article questions the texts of social realism and stereotypes of the Soviet consciousness that have been developed and used. In doing so, she relies on the representative literary work of the Soviet era - the dramatic trilogy of Justinas Marcinkevičius. This text is read in the aspect pointed out by Vytautas Kavolis, who has noticed that in different works of this particular writer we find the expression of the consciousness structure that was probably the most popular in Lithuania in 1955-1970. Instead of looking at the artistic value of the trilogy, the author attempts to determine whether and to what extent are the typical stereotypes of the Soviet mindset reflected in it. The article states that being anti-church, religious syncretism, moral duplicity, not understanding the difference between truth and lie and the absence of clear world-views, beliefs are all typical interconnected structural components of the Soviet consciousness that are found in the dramatic trilogy. When summarizing the research, it is stated: consciousness full of stereotypes and ideologues of the Soviet thinking will recognize it as familiar and understandable even today. For the consciousness that is psychologically more distant from the Soviet era it is not easy to understand the content of the dramas because of the ideologues working in them. Different values, moral, religious and other norms essentially differ the non-totalitarian way of thinking from the totalitarian way of thinking. Perhaps only when the time cures the disastrous effects that sovietisation had on the mental plane, will the adequate reception of texts of social realism be found
Note sur la traduction latine du Kitāb al-Manṣūrī de Rhazès
No full textIn Arabie as well as in Latin, Rasis' Kitab al-Mansüñ — a short medical encyclopaedia in ten books — was among the texts most often transcribed and quoted during the Middle Ages. Until now the Latin translation has been unanimously ascribed to Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187), on the basis of the internal references given in the manuscripts and of the Vita written by his socii after his death. Actually, the manuscript tradition reveals two versions, one of them being a revision of the other. The examination of the copies kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and a precise collation, focused on books IX and X, of manuscripts latin 6906 and leitin 7046 have shown that Gerard of Cremona merely revised a previous translation, of which he was probably not the author. While remaining very faithful to the Arabic original, the first translator proves to be less literal than Gerard of Cremona usually is, less constant in his choices of technical terms and less inclined to use transliterations. In his revision, which is based on renewed consultation with one or several Arabic manuscripts, Gerard of Cremona restores some omissions, corrects some mistranslations and replaces some technical terms, in his concern for being more faithful to the original at a philological level. Whereas numerous manuscripts contain the first version, Renaissance editors generally chose its revision.Tant en arabe qu'en latin, le Kitâb al-Mansuri de Rhazès — petite encyclopédie médicale en dix livres — fut parmi les textes le plus souvent transcrits et cités au Moyen Âge. La traduction latine est unanimement attribuée par les historiens à Gérard de Crémone (mort en 1187), sur la foi d'une part des mentions données par les manuscrits, d'autre part de la Vita rédigée par ses socii après sa mort. En réalité, la tradition manuscrite fait apparaître deux états du texte, l'un constituant la révision de l'autre. En nous fondant sur les exemplaires conservés à la Bibliothèque nationale de France — plus spécialement sur les manuscrits latin 6906 et latin 7046 — et en centrant notre étude sur les livres IX et X, nous montrons que Gérard de Crémone s'est contenté de réviser une traduction antérieure dont il n'était probablement pas l'auteur. Tout en restant très fidèle à l'original, le premier traducteur s'avère moins littéral que ne l'est habituellement Gérard de Crémone, moins constant dans le choix des termes techniques et moins porté à user de translittérations. Dans sa révision, qui se fonde sur un nouveau recours à un ou plusieurs manuscrits arabes, Gérard de Crémone rétablit des omissions, corrige des erreurs et change quelques termes techniques dans un souci de fidélité philologique à l'égard de l'original. Si de nombreux manuscrits rendent compte de la première version, les éditeurs de la Renaissance choisirent généralement sa révision.Jacquart Danielle. Note sur la traduction latine du Kitāb al-Manṣūrī de Rhazès. In: Revue d'histoire des textes, bulletin n°24 (1994), 1994. pp. 359-374
