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Dalla partecipazione all’identità. L’evoluzione della tutela internazionale dei diritti culturali.
No full textIl volume presenta i risultati di una ricerca volta a ricostruire l’interpretazione di alcuni dei più importanti organi di tutela dei diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite riguardo ai diritti culturali. In occasione dell’elaborazione del diritto di partecipare alla vita culturale, sancito dalla Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo e dal successivo Patto Internazionale per i diritti economici, sociali e culturali, si fece riferimento a una concezione ‘materialistica’ di cultura, secondo cui questa sarebbe riconducibile esclusivamente alle espressioni più nobili ed elevate dell’attività artistica e intellettuale dell’uomo (arte, letteratura, musica). A fronte di questa limitata definizione, la dottrina giuridica ha sviluppato un’intensa riflessione giungendo a elaborare una nozione particolarmente estensiva di diritti culturali che si fonda su una concezione ‘antropologica’, secondo cui la cultura ricomprende tutte le attività che caratterizzano il modo di vivere di una persona o di un gruppo e che risultano strettamente connesse alla loro identità. Attraverso un’analisi della prassi di alcuni degli organi di tutela dei diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite, il testo cerca di evidenziare che, sulla scorta della riflessione dottrinale, tali organi – e in particolare il Comitato per i diritti economici, sociali e culturali – sono giunti ad accogliere una nozione antropologica di cultura e a interpretare i diritti culturali come l’insieme dei diritti che permettono alla persona di costruire ed esprimere la propria identità e, dunque, di riconoscersi ed essere riconosciuta nella sua dignità
Considerazioni sui Rapporti degli Special Rapporteurs per la libertà di religione delle Nazioni Unite
Full text linkThis article briefly examines the recent Reports of the UN Special Rapporteurs on freedom of religious or belief. It especially intends to highlight that the Special Rapporteurs, despite not
going as far as qualifying freedom of religion as a cultural right, stress some features of this freedom
highlighting its cultural character. One of the most significant aspects is the role that freedom
to manifest religion can play to build an interreligious society. In this context school can have
a fundamental place promoting various situations of formal and informal interreligious communication
Gli accomodamenti ragionevoli in materia di libertà religiosa tra giurisprudenza della Corte europea e della Corte canadese
No full textAfter analysing the features of the duty to reasonable accommodation, applied by the Supreme
Court of Canada in relation to religion practises, the article aims to underline that the reasonable
accommodation supposes an inclusive notion of State neutrality. This notion, while imposing to State authorities an attitude of impartiality towards religious convictions, does not imply the complete exclusion of religion from the public sphere. The second part of the article focuses on the jurisprudence elaborated by the European Court of Human Rights with regard to the manifestation of religious identity in the workplace. While recognising the principle of non discrimination, the Court
seems really hesitant to identify a duty to accommodate in relation to religion practises. According
to the thesis argued in the article, this trend is strictly linked with the principles elaborated by the
Court on the State neutrality and on the religious pluralism of the public sphere. With special regard
to the wearing of religious symbols the Court has been admitting some significant restrictions to the
manifestation of religious identity in the public area
The Dogan et al. v. Turkey: a missed opportunity to recognise positive obligations as regards the freedom of religion
Full text linkIn the Doğan et al. v. Turkey case (judgment of 26 April 2016, no. 62649/10), the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights decided on an application made by several Turkish citizens belonging to the Alevi faith. They complained not to be able to enjoy the same guarantees granted to citizens of the Sunni branch of Islam because national authorities do not acknowledge the cultural features of their faith. The Court found a breach of Art. 9 of the European Convention of Human Rights, alone and in conjunction with Art. 14. However, the decision is not immune from criticism in the part concerning the violation of the freedom of religion. Although the applicants made specific reference to positive obligations stemming from freedom of religion, the Court did not deal with this aspect, and displayed a degree of caution when defining the content of substantive positive obligations stemming from the right to freedom of religion. After summarizing the Court’s reasoning, this paper will analyse the case-law on positive obligations concerning the freedom of religion and will show its main problematic features
L’evoluzione del diritto di partecipare alla vita culturale e del concetto di diritti culturali nel diritto internazionale
No full textThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Co¬venant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provide some articles protecting cultural rights. Nevertheless at the time of their adoption this category of rights was extremely underdeveloped compared to others human rights. Over the years the concept of cultural rights has known a significant evolu¬tion due to studies of some important scholars, such as the members of the Fribourg Group. The interpretation of the right to take part in cultural life, recognized in Article 15, para. 1(a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is emblematic. During its Travaux préparatoires culture was approached from a materialistic and narrow vi¬sion which was focused on art, literature, music. From the 90’s the Interna¬tional Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights started adopting an anthropologic concept of culture emphasising the link between culture and human identity. The General Comment 21 of the Committee completely adopted this perspective opening some new important ways for the protect¬tion of cultural rights. In this occasion the right to cultural identity and others cultural rights, broadly understood, are identified as components of the right to take part to cultural life
Considerazioni sui Rapporti degli Special Rapporteurs per la libertà di religione delle Nazioni Unite
No full textIn questo lavoro si analizzano brevemente i recenti Rapporti presentati dagli Special Rapporteurs per la libertà di religione o di convinzione delle Nazioni Unite. In particolare si intende rilevare che gli Special Rapporteurs, nonostante non giungano a qualificare la libertà di religione come un diritto culturale, pongono l’accento su alcune caratteristiche di tale libertà che ne mettono in evidenza il carattere culturale. Uno degli aspetti maggiormente significativi in tal senso è rappresentato dal ruolo che la libertà di manifestare la propria religione può avere per la costruzione di una società interreligiosa. A questo proposito la scuola può svolgere un ruolo fondamentale grazie alla sua capacità di promuovere delle occasioni, formali e informali, di dialogo interreligioso.This article briefly examines the recent Reports of the UN Special Rapporteurs on freedom of religious or belief. It especially intends to highlight that the Special Rapporteurs, despite not going as far as qualifying freedom of religion as a cultural right, stress some features of this freedom highlighting its cultural character. One of the most significant aspects is the role that freedom to manifest religion can play to build an interreligious society. In this context school can have a fundamental place promoting various situations of formal and informal interreligious communication
The Dogan et al. v. Turkey: a missed opportunity to recognise positive obligations as regards the freedom of religion
No full textIn the Doğan et al. v. Turkey case (judgment of 26 April 2016, no. 62649/10), the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights decided on an application made by several Turkish citizens belonging to the Alevi faith. They complained not to be able to enjoy the same guarantees granted to citizens of the Sunni branch of Islam because national authorities do not acknowledge the cultural features of their faith. The Court found a breach of Art. 9 of the European Convention of Human Rights, alone and in conjunction with Art. 14. However, the decision is not immune from criticism in the part concerning the violation of the freedom of religion. Although the applicants made specific reference to positive obligations stemming from freedom of religion, the Court did not deal with this aspect, and displayed a degree of caution when defining the content of substantive positive obligations stemming from the right to freedom of religion. After summarizing the Court’s reasoning, this paper will analyse the case-law on positive obligations concerning the freedom of religion and will show its main problematic features
L’evoluzione del diritto di partecipare alla vita culturale e del concetto di diritti culturali nel diritto internazionale
No full textLa gestione della diversità religiosa: l’esperienza canadese degli accomodamenti ragionevoli
No full textIl contributo ha l’obiettivo di descrivere brevemente l’istituto dell’obbligo di accomodamento ragionevole, elaborato dalla giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema Canadese. Tale principio permettendo, in particolari condizioni, di derogare al contenuto della norma qualora questa ponga dei limiti alla manifestazione dell’identità religiosa del singolo, si rivela uno strumento particolarmente efficace per risolvere le questioni connesse alla gestione della diversità culturale all’interno delle società interculturali
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