6 research outputs found
Development of a quality grading system for the honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) tea industry
No full textThesis (PhDFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Honeybush tea, produced from Cyclopia species endemic to South Africa, has attained an international footprint within the global herbal tea sector. As demand is exceeding supply to a primarily export market, all production batches should meet optimum quality standards. The lack of standardised sensory quality criteria and assessment methods within the commercial sector has resulted in tea of variable sensory quality reaching the market. The trade of inconsistent and inferior quality products will be detrimental to the reputation of honeybush tea and consumer acceptance, and ultimately the honeybush industry. The need for a scientifically founded quality grading system to evaluate, differentiate and communicate the sensory quality of honeybush tea was addressed through four quality control elements, i.e. a sensory lexicon and wheel, sensory quality standard, quality scoring method, and rapid quality classification methods.
The previously developed honeybush aroma lexicon and wheel were revised, based on a newly established comprehensive sensory and physicochemical dataset. Data of samples of the main commercial Cyclopia species (C. intermedia, C. subternata and C. genistoides), processed on laboratory- and commercial-scale, were incorporated to represent the sensory space in terms of different qualities. Universal chemical-based reference standards were developed and validated to replace food-based reference standards in the aroma lexicon to facilitate standardised assessment of honeybush sensory quality.
The established sensory quality standard was founded on the comprehensive dataset and input from industry. Sensory quality parameters for the tea infusions and dried plant material were identified, and parameter specifications for ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’ and ‘poor’ quality classes were defined through expert focus groups. A user-friendly quality scoring method that incorporates a scorecard and colour reference card, was developed and validated for the assessment and classification of production batches based on obtained parameter and total score values and citation frequencies of specific attributes.
The validity of reference-based rapid methods, polarised sensory positioning (PSP) and polarised projective mapping (PPM), were investigated for their discrimination ability as time-efficient classification tools to distinguish between infusions of large samples sets of variable sensory quality within commercial and research context. The efficacy of the use of physical (p) poles (tea infusions) and novel theoretical (t) poles (descriptions), representative of the four sensory quality classes, as references, were compared within each method, using a trained panel. Product configurations similar to that of a classical sensory profiling method, descriptive sensory analysis, demonstrated the validity of the method variations for broad quality classification based on key sensory quality parameters. PPM-p indicated the highest discrimination ability between the quality classes. Recommended amendments to theoretical pole descriptions would improve feasibility for commercial application. The quality scoring method and PPM-t
were tested by a panel of industry representatives, and the need for industry assessor training in sensory quality parameters was emphasised. Implementation of the proposed integrated quality grading system will equip honeybush industry role-players in delivering a final product of consistent sensory quality within the honeybush value chain.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Heuningbostee, geproduseer van eg Suid-Afrikaanse Cyclopia spesies, het ‘n internasionale voetspoor in die kruietee-sektor bereik. Soos aanvraag die aanbod oorskry, is dit belangrik dat alle produksielotte aan optimum kwaliteitstandaarde voldoen. Die gebrek aan gestandardiseerde sensoriese kwaliteitskriteria en toetsmetodes het daartoe gelei dat tee van wisselende sensoriese kwaliteit die mark bereik. Die handel van produkte van wisselende en minderwaardige kwaliteit is skadelik vir die reputasie van heuningbostee en impakteer negatief op verbruikersvertroue en uiteindelik ook die heuningbosteebedryf. Die behoefte aan ‘n wetenskaplik-gegronde kwaliteitsgraderingsstelsel om die sensoriese kwaliteit van heuningbostee te evalueer, is aangespreek deur vier kwaliteitskontrole elemente te ontwikkel, naamlik ‘n sensoriese leksikon en wiel, ‘n sensoriese kwaliteitstandaard, ‘n kwaliteitsgraderingsmetode, en ‘n vinnige kwaliteits-klassifikasiemetode.
‘n Bestaande heuningbos aromaleksikon en -wiel is hersien deur dit op ‘n nuwe, omvattende sensoriese en fisies-chemiese datastel te baseer. Die omvattende datastel wat monsters van die primêre kommersiële Cyclopia spesies (C. intermedia, C. subternata en C. genistoides), geprosseseer op laboratorium- en kommersiële skaal, is gebruik om ‘n spektrum van verskillende sensoriese kwaliteite te verteenwoordig. Universele chemiese verwysingsstandaarde is ontwikkel om voedselgebaseerde verwysingsstandaarde te vervang om sodoende die gestandardiseerde assessering van die sensoriese kwaliteit van heuningbos te fasiliteer.
Die vasgestelde sensoriese kwaliteitsklasse van heuningbostee is gegrond op die gemelde omvattende datatstel, asook insette van die bedryf. Sensoriese kwaliteitsparameters is vir tee-infusies en droë blare geïdentifiseer en parameterspesifikasies is deur middel van fokusgroepe vir die ‘hoë’, ‘gematigde’, ‘lae’ en ‘swak’ kwaliteitsklasse gedefinieer. ‘n Gebruikersvriendelike kwaliteitsgraderingmetode wat ‘n tellingkaart en kleurverwysingskaart insluit, is ontwikkel vir die assessering en klassifikasie van produksielotte heuningbostee, gebaseer op die parameters en totale tellingwaardes van spesifieke eienskappe.
Die geldigheid van verwysingsgebaseerde vinnige sensoriese metodes, naamlik gepolariseerde sensoriese posisionering (GSP) en gepolariseerde projektiewe kartering (GPK), is ondersoek vir hul onderskeidingsvermoeë om groot getalle monsters van wisselende sensoriese kwaliteit effektief te klassifiseer. Die effektiwiteit van die gebruik van fisiese (f) pole (tee infusies) en nuwe teoretiese (t) pole (verbale beskrywings) as verwysingsstandaarde, elk verteenwoordigend van ‘n sensoriese kwaliteitsklas, is vergelyk binne elke metode met behulp van ‘n opgeleide sensoriese paneel. Produkkonfigurasies soortgelyk aan dié van ‘n klassieke sensoriese profileringsmetode, kwantitatiewe beskrywende analise, het beide vinnige metodes se geldigheid vir die oorsigtelike kwaliteitskategorisering, gedemonstreer. GPK-f het die hoogste onderskeidingsvermoë tussen kwaliteitsklasse aangedui. Aanbevole wysigings tot die teoretiese
poolbeskrywings sal die uitvoerbaarheid vir kommersiële toepassing verbeter. Die kwaliteitsgraderingsmetode en GPK-t is deur ‘n paneel van verteenwordigers uit die bedryf getoets en die behoefte aan assessoropleiding is beklemtoon. Die implimentering van die voorgestelde geïntegreerde kwaliteitsgraderingstelsel sal rolspelers van die heuningbosbedryf toerus om ‘n finale produk van konsekwente sensoriese kwaliteit binne die heuningboswaardeketting te lewer.Doctora
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No full textIb. Dallj
Falo
Alto nsaas
a. dss oalr
4*
nwwspapar
supporting
to.
Ilosi ass4,»
OsasSS In Santa Clara county.
iailg fain Alto Sftmra
The cause of Pre*
net* will be be»t ad^aisosJ
nominating Theodore
vrit to lead tbe
party and Woodrow
to lead the Democratic
VOLUME 39
EIGHT PAGES
PALO ALTO, CAL., SATURDAY. MAY n- 1912
EIGHT PAGES
WIRE FENCING
DO YOU KNOW THAT NOTHING ADDS MORE TO TUB NEAT
AND COMFORTABLE APPEARANCE OP YOTJB HOME THAN
HANDSOMK. WELL-KEPT FENCES? We liave many patterns to
•elect from, and they are all tair to erect and very moderate la
price. It doea not pay to be annoyed with dog-* or chickens
when you can boy yonr feavclng so cheaply at the
Palo Alto Hardware Co.
PBONK OS. .tight la th. Cssstar at tor Casr.
The Problem
of house planning and building- may be best
»solved by consulting us.
DUDFIELD LUMBER CO
Lumber and Millwork
Fore& Ave. and Alma Street
. sWHP"1*
am «: mill .
WHEN WE MEASURE YOU
tou may be sore that we do so ac-
earately and tbe trait or trousers
w* make yon from these meaanre-
saants will fit you perfectly. Hare
us make your next salt and see
how much longer It will wear and
look well. We only employ expert
enttera and fitter* and guarantee
satisfaction.
B. P. Lusted
The Tailor
Miss benore Lee, who will leave
next Wednesday for ber home lo
Minneapolis after a visit of three
years with her undo, It. H. Lie,
wbb sin- complimented, guest at a
luncheon Riven Monday bv Mrs.
George Morel! at tier home on
K.lngsley nvenue, thc other guests
being Mi-::. Elizabeth Thompson,
Miss Marjorle May, Mrs. Hutchinson and .Mrs. Lloyd M. Place. Miss
Let- returned the first of the week
from a week's visit In San Francisco with Mrs. Burke Corbet. Mis*
Lee will be Joined 00 ber trip cost
by Miss Rath Kelsey, who visited
here for some time last year.
Beware Chimney Fires
Have your
m ' Chimney swept
by the little man. All work
guaranteed. No dirt or dost.
W. Huey. P.O..Bon 32,
Frazer & Co.
Special Waist Sale
We have lust placed on sale
an exceptional lot of
Ladies Tailored Waists
Never Before Shown, at the
Extraordinary Low Price of.
3.00
For One Week Only
Every ilmperative Needs of
SATURDAY ! F J V1
and
SUNDAY I
Ice cream Bricks
to take Home
25c and 50c
Will make any two or three flavor*; you wish if phoned In advance.
Are you looking for purity aad goodness? NONE FINER than
oWfityUght Plant
CITY ELMTHHTAN TELLS WHY MONHS SHOTLP BK VOTED TO |
BBCVRE M-.rESSAl.Y IMPROVEMENTS TO KEEP t P WITH
THE GROWTH OP PALO ALTO.
WIFE TALKS FOR
LA FOLLETTE
BUY
10 Acres
Orange or
Olive Land
in
Porterville
Lindsay District
13.63amonth
Until May 10, see
F. K. Saunders
at 189 Bryant St.
or Phone Palo Alto 651
and he will call
By A. V. vol ENiS.
There- are many reanons wby we
should have a llreyroof building for
the municipal water and power
plant. How many of us actually
know the situation nf this municipal plant? For the benefit of those
who have not had occasion to get
out there °n a stormy wet day, let
me suggest that we do need a substantial weather-(iroof building. On
a calm summer day the present paper-covered single sheathing aeema
sufficient, as it is out of general
view, anyway. Dut on a winter day
11 Is no uncommon sight to see a
couple of men tacking on mora paper where the wind has peeled It
off. Without the .taper covering
one could nctunlly see through the
building. Then again, water will
be fcund leaking through the paper
roor on to the leather belts below.
Of course, as fast as possible tbe
roof la patched, as it opens up.
These conditions are becoming
worse from year to year, although
the plant has lust pasted through
a fortunately mild winter.
Investigate nnd bo convinced, and
for the love of our municipal protection and pride do yoor duty on
election day.
We need a new up-to-date electric
generating set For argument's
sake let us assume there Is no present demand for additional power.
Vet, as the Increasing power demand is only it .secondary connld-
•jraliou -Jn tbls rase, we may drop
such an assumption, from a serV-
ous physical standpoint there ls no
doubt In the minds of irione entrusted with lhe operation of the plant
Hint n reliable reserve unit Is a
practical necessity. From the common-sense view of a f-ncccseful cor-
porntlon or business man It Is absurd lo waddle along In nn old rut
with out-of-date apparatus when an
Addition or substitution of a modem machine would so materially
Ict-Brn our rost of production aa to
far more than pay for Ibe investment. Docs anyone doubt that
there has been wide steps of Improvement In the electrical field
within the last two or three years?
And yet tbe '•"'* remains that our
MIKADO & CO.
PHOHa, BsrTX
Palo Alto Lumber Co.
Lumber, Millwork
Buildine Materials, Lime
J. C. ROBE, SON, Manager.
Location soatb ol Soatbera l-aelflc Freight Depot.
New Styles
We are showing new custom
models in men's shoes. Fine
Russia leathers made in
straight lace and button
latest municipal purchase of electric generators was back In 1907.
Tbe other fellow can generate electricity al n quarter to a third of our
present roBt of production by keeping abreast of the times.
Therefore, on May COib next let
ut come out strong for the bonds to.
purchase an up-to-date generating
set and thereby avoid what might,
otherwise prove to our eternal!
shame and disgrace.
We want a pressure oil line lo
convey the fuel oil from the railroad tracks to our power plant.
tbls proposition would be a blg-
paylng Investment, to say nothing
of tbe relief of not having the constant teaming over our Btreets of
this oil, and the consequent spilling
or leaking of same. One can only
appreciate the Importance or the
saving possible by this bond Issue
by personally Investigating tbe present method of handling and keeping track of tbe various transfers
of fuel oil stock.
We need a two-thirds vote of the
total ballots rnst on election day to
carry any one of thc various bond
(Contlnneo. ■•■» pag>. *-.•
| WII.SON MEET INC1 CALLED I
In view of the primary alec* J
tii-n nest Tut-ttday the UVxxJ-
row Wilson •-.itiiwt.a'*.* of
Palo Alto and WcJnlty wtD
gather tonight ,f KmimLi.,'«
furaltnn- "tore, apposite ilie
Masonic Trniple oti I'nTvrn-Jty
avenue nt 7:4.1 o'clock. Wliile
it f« '-iij.-K.-i-ii iiiat the Democrat* nt tliit. vicinity wlU vote
fr W,I-i'ii mo to one, it may
I-- pomfltlr i" nimjiii',- a few
additional voters of the BO*
perlor virtue*, of the greet
progrvitaive governor a» a can*
slidetr for the* prefJdential
nomination of hi*, parly. The
meeting uill be Interratlng,
and1 nil men and women who
eipuTt to voti> for Wilson are
invited to tie prrernt. Then-
wlll he heals for nil.
UVEUEMT POUTIOAX MEETING."
OP CAMPAIGN IN HELD IN
MASONIC TEMPLE.
■ItiMrw-t.-it Stand* for Party, ta»
Eollette for people.." Sajs Pro-
gr.tv.lve'M Hripmate.
The brown room In the Maaonl*
Tcmple wtin crowded this morning*
when Un. Hobert M. La Follette of
Wisconsin spoke, in favor of ber -
j husband's candidacy for the preeft-
, deney. The meeting was tbe most
enthusiastic partisan gathering of
the present campaign ln Palo Alto.
! Mrs. Thompson of Washington. D-
('.. a classmate of Senator 1-a Fol-
ilette. spoke first on the qaallfiesv-
l HonB of the candidates for tbe presidential nomination.
'*The next four years are likely te
be critical ones,'' aald Mrs. Thompson. "There arc many problems
that cannot be put off longer. The
tariff and the monopoly questions
are hard pressing for settletnenL
Tbey must be settled, and It ta
easiest to settle (hem right In tbe
first place. It Is essential that tbe
president should settle affairs tn
the Interests of all the people. The
people should know tbe records of
each candidate, for It is Impossible
to delegate responsibility.
"Tbe essential points to be deter-1
mined In the choice of each candf-
dalc nre: First, the record of
each; nccond, tbe promise for the
future; third, the likelihood of carrying out these promises and th*
conviction upon wblch the. polities
nre based-"
Mrs Thompson then discussed th*
various reform* whirl, have '
(Coatlntiee «•*. eene I
1
ltOOKKYEI,T MEETING
TONIGHT.
Come out to th>- .Masonic
Temple tonight at 8 o'clock J
and hear Miss Helen Todd *
*-i"'.ik at the nooseTWt meeting. There will be (teverml J
short qieeches by others. Plans
will be made for the work of
primary .-l.-cin.n day next
; TncmSay. The public la cor-
j Cosily Invited. Protease* It.
, I* Green will have charge of
, thc meeting.
Novelty Theater
TUB FAMILY rtBSOriT— nBST OP THE LATEST
TONIGHT ONLY
For the G>mmonwealth
Tbls dramatic picture depicts how trc cheap product of prison
labor forced the honest but poor competitor to Idleness a big
topic of great Interest.
NO ADVANCE. Saturday Ntght FlrM show 7:10.
SUNDAY AND MONDAY—asTB BELLE OF NB WOKI.EAXK.
sf National Bank
Don't forget that account
you promised to start before
the 10th of May.
Commercial and Savings
The Santa Fe Lumber Company
Located Opposite
Mayfield Depot
Telephone Your Wants to Palo Alto 268
Thy kingdom come a study of Roman Catholic education in Richmondshire from the reformation to 1904
No full textSince the second Vatican Council, religious congregations have been urged to seek their initial char ism. This study primarily concerns the charism expressed in the motto of the Assumption Sisters, 'Thy Kingdom Come', as pursued in their educational apostolate, particularly in the Richmond area. Founded and guided by members of the Mennaisien school, whose thinking was based on an interpretation of Augustine of Hippo's 'City of God', their outlook was both ultramontane and liberal. The Congregation operated within an eschatological optic, to be worked out according to each local situation. The aim was to 'Restore all things in Christ’. The starting point of the study is the idea of conflict and opposition in the Gospels and in Augustine's work. There follows an outline of the Church's educational role, a general picture of pre-Reformation schools in the area, and a brief account of recusant educational effort from 1548. The ideals of the Jesuits and their work, both internationally and locally, are seen to rest on similar foundations to those of the Assumption sisters. The body of the thesis commences with the growth of liberal Catholicism in Europe, England and America. The American Louisa Caton, later Duchess of Leeds, influenced by the educational and political activities of her family, invited the Assuirption sisters to work in England in 1849. Their background and their educational philosophy and practice occupy the major section 'The transformation of society'. The final part 'From principles to practice', is more domestic in scope, and deals mainly with the educational works undertaken by the sisters in Richmond from 1850 to 1904, in conjunction with the local Jesuit clergy. The concluding section returns to the ideal of Jesus Christ, liberator and King of the world, seen as the one in whom the universe will be 'restored' through the work of education
Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR) : a multicentre, prospective observational study
No full textBackground: Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients' preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings: Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22 803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21 694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj −4·4%, 95% CI −5·5 to −3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj −2·6%, 95% CI −3·9 to −1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; −1·9%, −3·2 to −0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj −0·3%, 95% CI −2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; −0·4%, −3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation: We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Funding: European Society of Anaesthesiology
Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study
No full textBackground Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications.Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged >= 18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients' preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARR(adj)). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT01865513.Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22 803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7.6%] of 21 694); ORadj 1.86, 95% CI 1.53-2.26; ARR(adj) -4.4%, 95% CI -5.5 to -3.2). Only 2.3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1.31, 95% CI 1.15-1.49; ARR(adj) -2.6%, 95% CI -3.9 to -1.4) and the administration of reversal agents (1.23, 1.07-1.41; -1.9%, -3.2 to -0.7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1.03, 95% CI 0.85-1 center dot 25; ARR(adj) -0.3%, 95% CI -2.4 to 1.5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or more (1.03, 0.82-1.31; -0.4%, -3.5 to 2.2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes.Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications
Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study
No full textBackground Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general
anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use
of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications.
Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in
28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital
procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge
were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination
within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative
pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were
adjusted for surgical factors and patients’ preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and
adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513.
Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular
blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who
had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj –4·4%, 95% CI
–5·5 to –3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised
without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49;
ARRadj –2·6%, 95% CI –3·9 to –1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; –1·9%, –3·2 to –0·7)
were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex
instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj –0·3%, 95% CI –2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at
a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; –0·4%, –3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes.
Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an
increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of
neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications
