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Effect of ipratropium bromide and/or sodium cromoglycatepretreatment on water-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma
No full textThe mechanisms underlying water-induced bronchoconstriction are still not fully understood. Cholinergic reflexes and mast cell mediator release are currently believed to play an important pathogenetic role.
In order to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these mechanisms, we studied the effect of ipratropium bromide (80 μg), a muscarinic antagonist, and sodium cromoglycate (20 mg), an inhibitor of mast cell mediator release, administered alone and in combination, in the prevention of bronchospasm induced by ultrasonic mist of distilled water (UMDW). Fifteen patients with documented atopic asthma
and hyperresponsiveness to distilled water were selected for this randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Airway responses to pharmachological agents and bronchial challenge were measured by change in specific airways conductance (sGaw).
Sodium cromoglycate had no effect on bronchial calibre, whilst ipratropium bromide and the combination of the two drugs produced a significant bronchodilation 30, 60 and 90 min after treatments. The maximal increase in sGaw (mean %±SD) was observed at 90 min: 63±28% and 58±22% after ipratropium bromide and the combined drugs respectively. UMDW (2, 4, 8, 16 ml water) caused a -36±19%, -42±19%,
-49±18%, -56±15% mean %±SD fall in sGaw after placebo. Pretreatment with sodium cromoglycate abolished the bronchoconstriction to 2 ml (fall sGaw -5±23% NS) and
significantly reduced the effect of 4 (-15±22%), 8 (-21±20%) and 16 ml (-24±18%) water. Ipratropium bromide caused a weaker but significant attenuation; fall in sGaw was -15±15%, -18±19%, -30±21% and -41±27% with 2, 4, 8 and 16 ml water respectively. Treatment with both drugs prevented UMDW bronchoconstriction; a decrease in sGaw greater than 10% was observed in four subjects only.
These results suggest that water-induced bronchoconstriction is determined by more than one mechanism
T-Cell Subsets in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) of Patients with Pulmonary Granulomatosis
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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