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Il ruolo dei Sofisti nell’elaborazione della Teoria delle Idee platonica
No full textIl pensiero dei Sofisti assume un carattere “rivoluzionario”, in quanto si contrappone alle indagini e alle metodologie dei precedenti filosofi naturalisti, il cui punto più alto è stato raggiunto dalla Scuola Eleatica. Quest’ultima, pur avendo fatto compiere alla filosofia un notevole salto teorico, nel tentativo di fondare una visione assoluta del reale, era giunta con Zenone e Melisso a negare la stessa realtà fenomenica – caratterizzata dalla molteplicità e dal divenire – che l’indagine naturalistica voleva inizialmente spiegare. Preso atto di questo fallimento, i Sofisti spostano il focus della loro ricerca dalla physis all’essere umano.
Ponendosi in questa nuova prospettiva, essi hanno potuto offrire alla successiva filosofia platonica contributi essenziali, su diversi livelli, per la elaborazione dialettica della Teoria delle Idee
Entre nomos y physis: La multiformidad del discurso del sofista
No full textSophists deal with the problem of relationship between nomos and physis in terms not only of opposition between, but also of intertwinement. On the one side, the discussion leads to an exaltation of the physis, with opposite effects: in some sophists (Hippias and Antiphon) nature warrants the equality among human beings, while, in other sophists (Callicles and Thrasymachus), nature becomes the basis for legitimizing the dominance of the strongest over the weakest. In this context, the nomos is considered an invention of the weakest to inhibit the strongest. On the other side, we find sophists (like Gorgias) that affirm the need to decide to follow the nomos or the physis on the basis of situation, that is to avoid unilateral positions, or sophists (like Anonymous of Iamblichus) that assume a “conciliatory” perspective between nomos and physis. Socrates completes the variety of this debate. In Criton, Socrates applies a manifold movement to the nomos, divine and human, thus deserving respect and, at the same time, modifiable.Los sofistas tratan el problema de la relación nomos-physis en términos no sólo de oposición, sino también de entrelazamiento. Por un lado, la discusión se resuelve en una exaltación de la physis que produce efectos opuestos: en algunos sofistas (Hipias y Antifonte), garantiza la igualdad entre los seres humanos, mientras que en otros (Callicles y Trasímaco), se convierte en la base de legitimación del dominio de los fuertes sobre los débiles. En este sentido, el nomos se considera como una invención de los más débiles, para inhibir a los más fuertes. Por el otro lado, se encuentran sofistas (como Gorgias) que afirman la necesidad de decidir, en función de la circunstancia, seguir el nomos o la physis, evitando posiciones unilaterales. Incluso hay sofistas (como el Anónimo de Jámblico) que asumen una perspectiva “conciliadora” entre nomos y physis. Completa esta variedad de posiciones Sócrates, quien en el Critón aplica un movimiento multiforme al mismo nomos, divino y humano, y por tanto digno de respeto y, al mismo tiempo, modificable
“Scienza non è altro che percezione” (Tht. 151e2-3): sul ruolo della percezione nel processo conoscitivo
No full textIn the first part of the Theaetetus, Plato engages with the Protagorean position by interpreting the maxim “man is the measure” from a sensory perspective. The aim of the dialogue is to explore and define what constitutes knowledge, which is initially equated with perception. This contribution provides an analytical examination of the discussion among Socrates, Theodorus and Theaetetus (two mathematicians who represent Protagoras’ idea). Plato reinterprets the sophist’s thought and presents several specific criticisms, aiming to demonstrate the impossibility and danger of considering each individual’s perception as a valid basis for knowledge. At the same time, however, the philosopher acknowledges the sophist’s contribution, using it to better define the role of perception in knowledge. When considered alongside the assertions in the Seventh Letter, this discussion proves useful for clarifying a central aspect of Plato’s complex epistemological perspective.Nella prima parte del Teeteto, Platone si confronta con la posizione protagorea, interpretando la massima dell’homo mensura su base sensoriale. Lo scopo del dialogo è quello di ricercare e definire in che cosa consista la scienza, che in un primo momento viene identificata con la percezione. Il presente contributo propone un esame analitico della discussione che in questo dialogo Socrate conduce con Teodoro e Teeteto, due matematici che veicolano il pensiero di Protagora. Viene quindi messa in evidenza l’operazione teoretica attraverso cui Platone, reinterpretando il pensiero del sofista, gli rivolge diverse critiche puntuali, con l’intento di mostrare l’impossibilità e la pericolosità di considerare la percezione individuale di ogni singolo essere umano una base conoscitiva. Nello stesso tempo, il filosofo valorizza anche il contributo offerto dal sofista in funzione di una migliore caratterizzazione del ruolo della percezione nella conoscenza. Tale discussione, se considerata anche in relazione a quanto affermato nella Lettera Settima, si rivela dunque utile per chiarire un momento centrale dell’articolata visione gnoseologica di Platone
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Dio onora talvolta l'opportunità dell'inganno" (Dissoi Logoi 3.12). L'intreccio tra kairos e inganno in dialogo con Gorgia e Platone
Get PDFThis essay explores the semantic richness and practical applications of two concepts: kairos and deceit, through a meticulous analysis of their various manifestations. Regarding the notion of deceit, we will delve into the concepts of falsehood, error and fascination. As for the concept of kairos, we will emphasize its connection to the ideas of opportunity and appropriateness in both practices and behaviours. This research primarily focuses on Sophistic and Platonic texts, which provide valuable material for reflection. These texts enable us to clarify the meaning and theoretical utility of each concept under examination and to explore their intriguing and interconnected relationship. The interplay between kairos and deceit manifests in diverse realms such as ethics, rhetoric and art, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of praxis at every level of consideration
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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