13 research outputs found
Selecting better attributes in third-party hotel reservation Web sites: A comparative analysis
Get PDFInternet has been viewed by many travel organizations as an innovative and competitive marketing tool in offering travel-related information and online transaction opportunities (Doolin et al., 2002). But, Internet also has proportionate opportunities to appear new intermediaries in the new hotel value chain (Connolly et al., 1998). A substantial portion of online room reservations continues to be accounted by the third-party Web sites (Law and Cheung, 2006). Hotels have been actively involved in multi-channel distribution in order to sell products and services more efficiently using a combination of traditional and electronic channels. It is important for organizations to rely on the channels that best match the organizational goals (O’Connor and Frew, 2004).The methodology for the experiment follows Statistical Design of Experiments (SDE). SDE is a statistical technique useful for developing, improving and optimizing processes and also has important applications in research into customer psychology and behaviour (Rosenbaum 1999). However, SDE is not a new tool in marketing; pioneering works such as those by Holland and Cravens (1973), Chevalier (1975) and more recently those of Starkey, Aughton and Brewin (1997), Almquist y Wyner (2001) have used full factorials and fractional factorial designs. In this work we use a fractional factorial design in four four-size blocks design and we have not find any reference that use this kind of design in Marketing
INNOVATIONS ACTIVENESS IN THE SMES SECTOR IN BULGARIA AND SPAIN: EMPIRICAL STUDY
Get PDFInnovations are one of the most influential factors on the economic growth and this is the reason why governments nowadays have significant concern about it. Researchers and academics from many countries study the innovations activeness and the type of innovations in various industry sectors but comparing the big scope of academic research on international level, there is insufficient research on the topic of innovativeness in Bulgaria. And as SMEs present a significant part of the regional and national economies including in Bulgaria, this empirical survey in Bulgaria and Spain is based on samples of SMEs from different sectors in both countries. In order to guarantee comparativeness the same questioning instrument was employed and the analysis revealed many similarities in the attitude to innovations and the type of innovations in small and medium sized companies in both countries. According to the survey results, the SMEs in Bulgaria focus more on innovations in the promotional policy egg. the marketing communications in contrast with the small and medium-sized companies in Spain where the stress in innovations is more on changes in distribution channels and in the pricing strategies. The comparative analysis with the Spanish companies points out that concerning the innovations in “design and packaging of goods” and “usage of new methods for goods and services promotion” the behaviour of the Bulgarian and Spanish companies is similar. At the end of the paper are drawn some conclusions about the innovations activeness of the SMEs in both countries and the similar problems.Innovations are one of the most influential factors on the economic growth and this is the reason why governments nowadays have significant concern about it. Researchers and academics from many countries study the innovations activeness and the type of innovations in various industry sectors but comparing the big scope of academic research on international level, there is insufficient research on the topic of innovativeness in Bulgaria. And as SMEs present a significant part of the regional and national economies including in Bulgaria, this empirical survey in Bulgaria and Spain is based on samples of SMEs from different sectors in both countries. In order to guarantee comparativeness the same questioning instrument was employed and the analysis revealed many similarities in the attitude to innovations and the type of innovations in small and medium sized companies in both countries. According to the survey results, the SMEs in Bulgaria focus more on innovations in the promotional policy egg. the marketing communications in contrast with the small and medium-sized companies in Spain where the stress in innovations is more on changes in distribution channels and in the pricing strategies. The comparative analysis with the Spanish companies points out that concerning the innovations in “design and packaging of goods” and “usage of new methods for goods and services promotion” the behaviour of the Bulgarian and Spanish companies is similar. At the end of the paper are drawn some conclusions about the innovations activeness of the SMEs in both countries and the similar problems
A MIQE-Compliant Real-Time PCR Assay for Aspergillus Detection
No full textPMCID: PMC3393739This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Selecting better attributes in third-party hotel reservation Web sites: A comparative analysis
No full textInternet has been viewed by many travel organizations as an innovative and competitive marketing tool in offering travel-related information and online transaction opportunities (Doolin et al., 2002). But, Internet also has proportionate opportunities to appear new intermediaries in the new hotel value chain (Connolly et al., 1998). A substantial portion of online room reservations continues to be accounted by the third-party Web sites (Law and Cheung, 2006). Hotels have been actively involved in multi-channel distribution in order to sell products and services more efficiently using a combination of traditional and electronic channels. It is important for organizations to rely on the channels that best match the organizational goals (O’Connor and Frew, 2004).The methodology for the experiment follows Statistical Design of Experiments (SDE). SDE is a statistical technique useful for developing, improving and optimizing processes and also has important applications in research into customer psychology and behaviour (Rosenbaum 1999). However, SDE is not a new tool in marketing; pioneering works such as those by Holland and Cravens (1973), Chevalier (1975) and more recently those of Starkey, Aughton and Brewin (1997), Almquist y Wyner (2001) have used full factorials and fractional factorial designs. In this work we use a fractional factorial design in four four-size blocks design and we have not find any reference that use this kind of design in Marketing.Keywords: Distribution channel, Attributes, Statistical Design of Experiments (SDE
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and duration of symptoms before hospital admission on the mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.Purpose: Assess the impact of viral load estimated by cycle threshold (Ct) of reverse transcription real time-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and the days from symptoms onset on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID19. Methods: Retrospective observational study of 782 patients with a positive rRT-PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab was performed within the first 24 h from admission. Demographic data, clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters were collected. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with mortality at 60 days. Results: Ct was divided into three groups and the mortality rate decreased from 27.3 to 20.7% and 9.8% for Ct values of ≤ 20, 21–25 and > 25, respectively (P = 0.0001). The multivariate analysis identified as predictors of mortality, a Ct value 25. Days from symptoms onset is a variable associated with mortality as well (DSOA) ≤ 6 (OR 1.86, CI 95% 1.00–3.46), among other factors. Patients requiring hospital admission within 6 DSOA with a Ct value ≤ 25 had the highest mortality rate (28%). Conclusions: The inclusion of Ct values and DSOA in the characterization of study populations could be a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy of antivirals.“This work has been financed by funds for research ad hoc COVID-19 from citizens and organizations patronage to Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica ”. Hospital Clinic of Barcelona COVID-19 Research Group: Infectious Diseases’ Research Group: Blanco JL, Mallolas J, Martínez E, Martínez M, Miró JM, Moreno A, Del Rio A, Solá M, Torres M, Ugarte A, Cozar-Lladó A, Linares L and all the staff members. Medical Intensive Care Unit: Tellez A, Fernandez S, Nicolas JM and all the staff members. Department of International Health: Campubri D, de Alba MT, Fernandez M, Ferrer E, Grau B, Marti H, Muelas M, Pinazo MJ, Rodriguez N, Roldan M, Subira C, Vera I, Williams N, Almuedo-Riera A and all the staff members. Department of Internal Medicine: Aldea A, Camafort M, Calvo J, Capdevila A, Cardellach F, Carbonell I, Coloma E, Foncillas A, Estruch R, Feliu M, Fernández-Solá J, Fuertes I, Gabara C, Grafia I, Ladino A, López-Alfaro R, López-Soto A, Masanés F, Matas A, Navarro M, Marco-Hernández J, Miguel L, Milisenda JC, Moreno P, Naval J, Nicolás D, Oberoi H, Padrosa J, Prieto-González S, Pellicé M, Ribot J, Rodríguez-Núnez O, Sacanella E, Seguí F, Sierra C, Tomé A, Torres M, Ventosa H, Zamora-Martínez C, and all the staff members. Department of Microbiology: Almela M, Alvarez M, Bosch J, Costa J, Cuesta G, Fidalgo B, Gonzàlez J, Marco F, Narvaez S, Pitart C, Rubio E, Vergara A, Valls ME, Zboromyrska Y Casals C, Mosquera M and all the staff members. Department of Pharmacy: López E, Tuset M and all the staff members. “This work has been financed by funds for research ad hoc COVID-19 from citizens and organizations patronage to Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica”.Peer reviewe
Clinical Presentation and Outcome of COVID-19 in a Latin American Versus Spanish Population: Matched Case-Control Study
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Introduction: Increased mortality has been reported in the Latin American population. The objective is to compare the clinical characteristics and outcome of Latin American and Spanish populations in a cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic. Methods: We retrospectively analysed all the Latin American patients (born in South or Central America) hospitalized in our centre from February 2020 to February 2021 and compared them with an age- and gender-matched group of Spanish subjects. Variables included were demographics, co-morbidities, clinical and analytical parameters at admission and treatment received. The primary outcomes were ICU admission and mortality at 60 days. A conditional regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent baseline predictors of both outcomes. Results: From the 3216 patients in the whole cohort, 216 pairs of case-controls (Latin American and Spanish patients, respectively) with same age and gender were analysed. COPD was more frequent in the Spanish group, while HIV was more prevalent in the Latin American group. Other co-morbidities showed no significant difference. Both groups presented with similar numbers of days from symptom onset, but the Latin American population had a higher respiratory rate (21 vs. 20 bpm, P = 0.041), CRP (9.13 vs. 6.22 mg/dl, P = 0.001), ferritin (571 vs. 383 ng/ml, P = 0.012) and procalcitonin (0.10 vs. 0.07 ng/ml, P = 0.020) at admission and lower cycle threshold of PCR (27 vs. 28.8, P = 0.045). While ICU admission and IVM were higher in the Latin American group (17.1% vs. 13% and 9.7% vs. 5.1%, respectively), this was not statistically significant. Latin American patients received remdesivir and anti-inflammatory therapies more often, and no difference in the 60-day mortality rate was found (3.2% for both groups). Conclusion: Latin American patients with COVID-19 have more severe disease than Spanish patients, requiring ICU admission, antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies more frequently. However, the mortality rate was similar in both groups.This work was financed by ad hoc patronage funds for research on COVID-19 from donations from citizens and organizations to the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain. No funding or sponsorship was received for the publication of this article. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published. Rodrigo Alonso and Ana M. Camon both were responsible for reviewing the data, and they prepared the database including the matching analysis as well as a first draft of the article. Celia Cardozo, Laia Albiach, Daiana Agüero, M. Angeles Marcos, Juan Ambrosioni, Marta Bodro, Mariana Chumbita, Lorena de la Mora, Nicole Garcia-Pouton, Gerard Dueñas, Marta Hernandez-Meneses, Alexy Inciarte, Genoveva Cuesta, Fernanda Meira, and Laura Morata made significant contributions to the manuscript. Pedro Puerta-Accalde, Sabina Herrera, and Gemma Sanjuan performed the statistical analysis and made significant contributions to the final manuscript. Montse Tuset, Pedro Castro, Sergio Prieto-Gonzalez, Josep Mensa, and José Antonio Martínez collaborated on the design of the study and critically reviewed the article. J.M. Nicolas, A. Del Rio, Jordi Vila, Felipe Garcia, Carolina Garcia-Vidal, and Alex Soriano were responsible for the design of the study and made significant contributions to the final version of the article. Alex Soriano, as the corresponding author, answered the reviewers' questions. Hospital Clinic of Barcelona COVID-19 Research Group: Infectious Diseases’ Research Group : J. L. Blanco, J. Mallolas, E. Martínez, M. Martínez, J. M. Miró, A. Moreno, M. Solá, A. Ugarte, Ana Gonzalez-Cordón, Montse Laguno, Lorna Leal, John Rojas, Berta Torres, and all the staff members. Medical Intensive Care Unit : S. Fernandez, A. Tellez, F. Fuentes, E. Sancho, M. Ayala. Department of International Health : D. Campubri, M. T. de Alba, M. Fernandez, E. Ferrer, B. Grau, H. Marti, M. Muelas, M. J. Pinazo, N. Rodriguez, M. Roldan, C. Subira, I. Vera, N. Williams, A. Almuedo-Riera, J. Muñoz, and all the staff members. Department of Internal Medicine : A. Aldea, M. Camafort, J. Calvo, A. Capdevila, F. Cardellach, I. Carbonell, E. Coloma, A. Foncillas, R. Estruch, M. Feliu, J. Fernández-Solá, I. Fuertes, C. Gabara, I. Grafia, A. Ladino, R. López-Alfaro, A. López-Soto, I. Macaya, F. Masanés, A. Matas, M. Navarro, J. Marco-Hernández, L. Miguel, J. C. Milisenda, P. Moreno, J. Naval, D. Nicolás, H. Oberoi, J. Padrosa, S. Prieto-González, M. Pellicé, J. Ribot, O. Rodríguez-Núnez, E. Sacanella, F. Seguí, C. Sierra, A. Tomé, M. Torres, H. Ventosa, C. Zamora-Martínez, and all the staff members. Department of Microbiology : M. Almela, M. Alvarez, J. Bosch, J. Costa, G. Cuesta, B. Fidalgo, J. Gonzàlez, F. Marco, S. Narvaez, C. Pitart, E. Rubio, A. Vergara, M. E. Valls, Y. Zboromyrska and all the staff members. Department of Farmacy : E. López, and all the staff members. Carol García-Vidal has received honoraria for talks on behalf of Gilead Science, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Jannsen, and Lilly, as well as a grant from Gilead Science and MSD. Laura Morata has received honoraria for talks on behalf of Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pfizer and Angelini. Pedro Puerta-Alcalde has received honoraria for talks on behalf of Gilead Science and MSD. Montse Tuset has received grants from Janssen, Gilead, ViiV and Merck Sharp and Dohme. Josep Mensa has received honoraria for talks on behalf of Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pfizer, Novartis and Angelini. Álex Soriano has received honoraria for talks on behalf of Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead, Menarini and Angelini as well as grant support from Pfizer and Gilead. Rodrigo Alonso, Ana M Camón, Celia Cardozo, Laia Albiach, Daiana Agüero, M Ángeles Marcos, Juan Ambrosioni, Marta Bodro, Mariana Chumbita, Lorena de la Mora, Nicole García-Pouton, Gerard Dueñas, Marta Hernández-Meneses, Alexy Inciarte, Genoveva Cuesta, Fernanda Meira, Sabina Herrera, Pedro Castro, Sergio Prieto-González, Jose Antonio Martínez, Gemma Sanjuan, Josep María Nicolás, Ana del Río, Jordi Vila and Felipe García have nothing to disclose. The Institutional Ethics Committee of Hospital Clinic of Barcelona approved the study and, due to the nature of the retrospective data review, waived the need for informed consent from individual patients (HCB/2020/0273). The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, and its later amendments. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Peer reviewe
Role of flow cytometry immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
Get PDFPURPOSE:
To explore the contribution of flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) in detecting leptomeningeal disease in patients with solid tumors.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 78 patients who received a diagnosis of epithelial-cell solid tumors and had clinical data suggestive of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) were studied. A novel FCI protocol was used to identify cells expressing the epithelial cell antigen EpCAM and their DNA content. Accompanying inflammatory cells were also described. FCI results (positive or negative for malignancy) were compared with those from CSF cytology and with the diagnosis established by the clinicians: patients with LC (n = 49), without LC (n = 26), and undetermined (n = 3).
RESULTS:
FCI described a wide range of EpCAM-positive cells with a hyperdiploid DNA content in the CSF of patients with LC. Compared with cytology, FCI showed higher sensitivity (75.5 vs 65.3) and negative predictive value (67.6 vs 60.5), and similar specificity (96.1 vs 100) and positive predictive value (97.4 vs 100). Concordance between cytology and FCI was high (Kp = 0.83), although misdiagnosis of LC did not show differences between evaluating the CSF with 1 or 2 techniques (P = .06). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses showed that lymphocytes and monocytes had a different distribution between patients with and without LC.
CONCLUSION:
FCI seems to be a promising new tool for improving the diagnostic examination of patients with suspicion of LC. Detection of epithelial cells with a higher DNA content is highly specific of LC, but evaluation of the nonepithelial cell compartment of the CSF might also be useful for supporting this diagnosis
La cueva de Can Sadurni (Begues, Barcelona): el episodio funerario del Neolitico antiguo cardial pleno. Estado actual de la cuestion
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Les matériaux du syro-palestinien pour une étude théorique des documents
No full textThe thesis, after a very brief introduction intended to situate geographically and historicallythe Syrian-Palestinian communities geographically and historicallythe methodical examination of their written documents: the first is thewritten documents: the first is the inscription of Evron (415 a.d.), the last is thethe Horologion of Black (1187 a.d.). These communities can be tracedduring this period in the western Galilee, in Trans-Jordanaround Jerusalem and at the monastery of St. Catherine of Sinai. Theyare the ancestors of the Melkite world, some of whose liturgical texts are alreadyknown in Syro-Palestinian in the 10th and 11th centuries. This dialect, to be classifiedgroup of western Aramaic, is known exclusively from Christian textsChristian texts exclusively;it is written with characters borrowed fromSyriac (hence its name: "Christo-Palestinian" or "Syro-Palestiniandepending on the author). In the "recent" period (from the tenth century onwards), it underwentan important influence of Greek and Arabic. Rather poorly known (the(the Lexicon and the grammar of F. Schulthess are incomplete and based oneditions), it was too often studied from the SyriacSyriac; the thesis aims at studying all the documents currently available, byavailable, publishing new inscriptions and unpublished manuscripts, and to study theto study for itself the writing of Syro-Palestinian.The work is thus divided into three parts.The first part is a complete corpus of inscriptions. SomeSome reflections present the main problems of epigraphy: problems ofThe complete list of doctoral degrees awarded during the year 1979-1980 can be found on p. 27.1979- 1980 can be found on p. 27-28.The complete list of doctoral dissertations defended during the year 1979-1980 can be found on p. 27-28.reproduction is seen as an integral part of the act of reading and interpretation,problems of the comprehension of an inscription in its archaeological frameworkcarefully inventoried archaeological framework, problems of the reading whichis, methodologically, a to-and-fro between the deciphering of the letters and theletters and the knowledge of the lexicon.The inscriptions studied are of various natures: engraved onstone: Khirbet es-Samra' (38 inscriptions, 15 of which are unpublished), Stone ofJarash, Stone of the Palestinian Museum, Plate of 'Abud, graffiti from WadiHajjaj (discovered in 1978); on mosaics: Umm er-Ru'us, Shelomi(discovered in 1977), Kabri (discovered in 1978), 'Evron (unpublished), El-Quwaismeh; on ostrakon: Jarash; in ink or paint on hardhard support: Laure de St Firmin, Plaster of Khirbet Mird (unpublished),Tel Yunis sherd.Each inscription is studied from the linguistic point of view; it isdetailed, by comparison with the surrounding Semitic languages.surrounding Semitic languages (Nabataean, Palmyrene, Syriac,Hatrean,Thamudean, Safaitic, Arabic, South Arabian dialects).Inscriptions previously reported as Syro-Palestinian are explicitly excludedare explicitly excluded from the corpus: Deir Makr Stones, Tel Masos Graffitiof Tel Masos, mosaic of Jericho, Byzantine lamps (which are Syriac), inscriptions ofSyriac), inscriptions of Deir Dubban, mosaic of Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (which are kufic). The mosaic of Khirbet el-Kerak and theshard of Siyagha are illegible.The second part is a methodical catalog of the manuscripts. Itremains incomplete, given the difficulty of consulting the manuscripts ofLeningrad, Saint Catherine of Sinai, Istanbul (?) and Philadelphia.It is built on a model called "diagram of material description".description diagram". This method of description makes it possible, on the one hand, to makethe one hand, to make hypotheses about the relationship between the folios that are now dispersed, and on the otheron the other hand, to identify characteristics common to the production areas.It also shows that the two groups of manuscriptsdistinguished by their writing ("ancient" manuscripts, prior to the xc c,recent" manuscripts from the 10th to the 12th century) are also distinguished by theirmaterial characteristics.The third part proposes the construction of a theory of writingstudied in an immanent way, called grammatology. This method,parallel to that of phonology, defines the graphemes and the study ofdifferential qualities; it leads to the recognition of a systemsystem specific to a given writing.The obligation to give an exact account of the deciphering of inscriptions suggests that theinscriptions suggests that the method of analysis of the graphic signs whichconstitute the writing can follow consciously the way which is that,unconscious, of the act of reading: that consists in discerning signswhich have no legibility if they are taken in isolation, but which are discrimin-in a set organized by precise laws, the discrimination taking place by thediscrimination takes place by the play of the differential qualities in limited number.....La thèse, après une très succincte introduction destinée à situergéographiquement et historiquement les communautés syro-palestiniennes, s'attache • à l'examen méthodique de leurs documentsécrits : le premier est l'inscription de Evron (415 a.d.), le dernier estl'Horologion de Black (1187 a.d.). Ces communautés sont repérablesau cours de cette période en Galilée occidentale, en TransJordanie,autour de Jérusalem et au monastère Sainte Catherine du Sinaï. Ellessont les ancêtres du monde melkite dont certains textes liturgiques sontdéjà connus en syro-palestinien aux xe et xie s. Ce dialecte, à classerdans le groupe des araméens de l'ouest, est connu par des texteschrétiens exclusivement ; il s'écrit à l'aide de caractères empruntés ausyriaque (d'où son nom : « christo-palestinien » ou « syro-palestinien »selon les auteurs). Il subira, à la période « récente » (à partir du xe s.),une importante influence du grec et de l'arabe. Assez mal connu (leLexique et la grammaire de F. Schulthess sont incomplets et basés surdes éditions souvent fautives), il fut trop souvent étudié à partir dusyriaque ; la thèse vise à étudier tous les documents actuellementdisponibles, en publiant les nouvelles inscriptions et des manuscrits inédits età étudier pour elle-même l'écriture du syro-palestinien.L'ouvrage comporte donc trois parties.La première partie est un corpus complet des inscriptions. Quelquesréflexions présentent les problèmes principaux de l'épigraphie : problè-La liste complète des doctorats de 3e cycle soutenus au cours de l'année1979- 1980 se trouve p. 27-28.524mes techniques de reproduction des documents où la reproduction estvue comme partie intégrante de l'acte de lecture et d'interprétation,problèmes de la compréhension d'une inscription dans son cadrearchéologique soigneusement inventorié, problèmes de la lecture quiest, méthodologiquement un va-et-vient entre le déchiffrement deslettres et la connaissance du lexique.Les inscriptions étudiées sont de diverses natures : gravées surpierre : Khirbet es-Samra' (38 inscriptions dont 15 inédites), Pierre deJarash, Pierre du Musée Palestinien, Plaque de 'Abud, graffite du WadiHajjaj (découvert en 1978) ; sur mosaïques : Umm er-Ru'us, Shelomi(découverte en 1977), Kabri (découverte en 1978), 'Evron (inédite), El-Quwaismeh ; sur ostrakon : Jarash ; à l'encre ou à la peinture sursupport dur : Laure de St Firmin, Plâtre de Khirbet Mird (inédit),tesson de Tel Yunis.Chaque inscription est étudiée du point de vue linguistique ; c'estsurtout l'onomastique qui est détaillée, par comparaison avec leslangues sémitiques environnantes (Nabatéen, Palmyrénien, Syriaque,Hatréen, Thamudéen, Safaïtique, Arabe, dialectes sud-arabiques).Des inscriptions jusque-là signalées comme étant syro-palestiniennessont exclues explicitement du corpus : Pierres de Deir Makr, Graffitesde Tel Masos, mosaïque de Jéricho, lampes byzantines (qui sontsyriaques), inscriptions de Deir Dubban, mosaïque de Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (qui sont coufiques). La mosaïque de Khirbet el-Kerak et letesson de Siyagha sont illisibles.La deuxième partie est un catalogue méthodique des manuscrits. Ilreste incomplet, vu la difficulté de consulter les manuscrits deLeningrad, de Sainte Catherine du Sinaï, d'Istanbul (?) et de Philadelphie.Il est bâti sur un modèle appelé « diagramme de descriptionmatérielle ». Cette méthode de description permet, d'une part, de faire deshypothèses quant à l'apparentement des folios aujourd'hui dispersés, d'autrepart de cerner des caractéristiques communes à des aires de production.Elle met aussi en évidence que les deux groupes de manuscritsdistingués par leur écriture (manuscrits « anciens », antérieurs au xc s.,manuscrits « récents du xe au xne) se distinguent également par leurscaractéristiques matérielles.La troisième partie propose la construction d'une théorie de l'écritureétudiée de façon immanente, appelée grammatologie. Cette méthode,parallèle à celle de la phonologie, définit les graphèmes et l'étude desqualités différentielles ; elle aboutit à la reconnaissance d'un systèmegraphémique propre à une écriture donnée.L'obligation de rendre compte avec exactitude du déchiffrement desinscriptions suggère que la méthode d'analyse des signes graphiques quiconstituent l'écriture peut suivre consciemment la voie qui est celle,inconsciente, de l'acte de lecture : cela consiste à discerner des signesqui n'ont pas de lisibilité s'ils sont pris isolément, mais qui sont discri-minables dans un ensemble organisé par des lois précises, ladiscrimination s'opérant par le jeu des qualités différentielles en nombre limité.On peut donc formaliser les caractéristiques propres à une écriture ;on démontre alors que l'alphabet syro-palestinien possède sa structurepropre et n'est pas syriaque. La thèse avance que l'alphabet syro-palestinien s'est constitué à partir de l'alphabet syriaque, mais enformant un nouveau système ; il serait dû à des populations d'originesyriaque qui se sont adaptées en s'installant en Palestine et en adoptantle dialecte local.Le système de l'écriture fonctionne selon des lois synchroniques :l'alphabet (ensemble des graphèmes) est construit à partir de 5micrographèmes seulement ; les qualités différentielles sont au nombre de 5.Leur étude permet de mettre en évidence un classement de formes quifournissent des critères de classement diachronique. En effet, en suivantla méthode d'analyse des qualités différentielles, on met en évidence queles graphèmes se répartissent en classes définissables par l'agencementdes micro-graphèmes ; c'est la variation de ces micro-graphèmes quifournit des repères diachroniques. La méthode permet donc de proposerdes critères pour une paléographie. Dans l'état actuel de la recherche,on peut voir au moins quatre étapes, quatre points temporels dechangement : : 415 a.d. (à >Evron), début du vie s. (au Sinaï), époque du ms.des 40 martyrs (vii s.?), fin du ix« -début du x« s. (apparition del'écriture « récente » qui restera pratiquement la même jusqu'au xiie) ;on peut soupçonner une cinquième étape à intercaler entre le viivet le ixes.En annexe, la thèse offre un ensemble de textes inédits ou corrigés,une table des manuscrits, un fichier exhaustif des péricopes bibliques etdes textes non bibliques.Deux volumes de planches complètent et illustrent le texte ; lepremier comporte les fac-similés de toutes les inscriptions du corpusdes inscriptions, le second comprend une sélection de fac-similés desmanuscrits. Tous les fac-similés sont à l'échelle grandeur nature, saufindication contraire explicite (quelques cas seulement : pour lesmosaïques, qui sont évidemment trop grandes et sont fournies à l'échelle 1/2,et pour la plaque de Abud, à l'échelle 1/4). Un dossier photo peut êtreconsulté chez l'auteur, ainsi que le fichier des textes, qui n'a pu êtrereproduit
Les matériaux du syro-palestinien pour une étude théorique des documents
No full textThe thesis, after a very brief introduction intended to situate geographically and historicallythe Syrian-Palestinian communities geographically and historicallythe methodical examination of their written documents: the first is thewritten documents: the first is the inscription of Evron (415 a.d.), the last is thethe Horologion of Black (1187 a.d.). These communities can be tracedduring this period in the western Galilee, in Trans-Jordanaround Jerusalem and at the monastery of St. Catherine of Sinai. Theyare the ancestors of the Melkite world, some of whose liturgical texts are alreadyknown in Syro-Palestinian in the 10th and 11th centuries. This dialect, to be classifiedgroup of western Aramaic, is known exclusively from Christian textsChristian texts exclusively;it is written with characters borrowed fromSyriac (hence its name: "Christo-Palestinian" or "Syro-Palestiniandepending on the author). In the "recent" period (from the tenth century onwards), it underwentan important influence of Greek and Arabic. Rather poorly known (the(the Lexicon and the grammar of F. Schulthess are incomplete and based oneditions), it was too often studied from the SyriacSyriac; the thesis aims at studying all the documents currently available, byavailable, publishing new inscriptions and unpublished manuscripts, and to study theto study for itself the writing of Syro-Palestinian.The work is thus divided into three parts.The first part is a complete corpus of inscriptions. SomeSome reflections present the main problems of epigraphy: problems ofThe complete list of doctoral degrees awarded during the year 1979-1980 can be found on p. 27.1979- 1980 can be found on p. 27-28.The complete list of doctoral dissertations defended during the year 1979-1980 can be found on p. 27-28.reproduction is seen as an integral part of the act of reading and interpretation,problems of the comprehension of an inscription in its archaeological frameworkcarefully inventoried archaeological framework, problems of the reading whichis, methodologically, a to-and-fro between the deciphering of the letters and theletters and the knowledge of the lexicon.The inscriptions studied are of various natures: engraved onstone: Khirbet es-Samra' (38 inscriptions, 15 of which are unpublished), Stone ofJarash, Stone of the Palestinian Museum, Plate of 'Abud, graffiti from WadiHajjaj (discovered in 1978); on mosaics: Umm er-Ru'us, Shelomi(discovered in 1977), Kabri (discovered in 1978), 'Evron (unpublished), El-Quwaismeh; on ostrakon: Jarash; in ink or paint on hardhard support: Laure de St Firmin, Plaster of Khirbet Mird (unpublished),Tel Yunis sherd.Each inscription is studied from the linguistic point of view; it isdetailed, by comparison with the surrounding Semitic languages.surrounding Semitic languages (Nabataean, Palmyrene, Syriac,Hatrean,Thamudean, Safaitic, Arabic, South Arabian dialects).Inscriptions previously reported as Syro-Palestinian are explicitly excludedare explicitly excluded from the corpus: Deir Makr Stones, Tel Masos Graffitiof Tel Masos, mosaic of Jericho, Byzantine lamps (which are Syriac), inscriptions ofSyriac), inscriptions of Deir Dubban, mosaic of Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (which are kufic). The mosaic of Khirbet el-Kerak and theshard of Siyagha are illegible.The second part is a methodical catalog of the manuscripts. Itremains incomplete, given the difficulty of consulting the manuscripts ofLeningrad, Saint Catherine of Sinai, Istanbul (?) and Philadelphia.It is built on a model called "diagram of material description".description diagram". This method of description makes it possible, on the one hand, to makethe one hand, to make hypotheses about the relationship between the folios that are now dispersed, and on the otheron the other hand, to identify characteristics common to the production areas.It also shows that the two groups of manuscriptsdistinguished by their writing ("ancient" manuscripts, prior to the xc c,recent" manuscripts from the 10th to the 12th century) are also distinguished by theirmaterial characteristics.The third part proposes the construction of a theory of writingstudied in an immanent way, called grammatology. This method,parallel to that of phonology, defines the graphemes and the study ofdifferential qualities; it leads to the recognition of a systemsystem specific to a given writing.The obligation to give an exact account of the deciphering of inscriptions suggests that theinscriptions suggests that the method of analysis of the graphic signs whichconstitute the writing can follow consciously the way which is that,unconscious, of the act of reading: that consists in discerning signswhich have no legibility if they are taken in isolation, but which are discrimin-in a set organized by precise laws, the discrimination taking place by thediscrimination takes place by the play of the differential qualities in limited number.....La thèse, après une très succincte introduction destinée à situergéographiquement et historiquement les communautés syro-palestiniennes, s'attache • à l'examen méthodique de leurs documentsécrits : le premier est l'inscription de Evron (415 a.d.), le dernier estl'Horologion de Black (1187 a.d.). Ces communautés sont repérablesau cours de cette période en Galilée occidentale, en TransJordanie,autour de Jérusalem et au monastère Sainte Catherine du Sinaï. Ellessont les ancêtres du monde melkite dont certains textes liturgiques sontdéjà connus en syro-palestinien aux xe et xie s. Ce dialecte, à classerdans le groupe des araméens de l'ouest, est connu par des texteschrétiens exclusivement ; il s'écrit à l'aide de caractères empruntés ausyriaque (d'où son nom : « christo-palestinien » ou « syro-palestinien »selon les auteurs). Il subira, à la période « récente » (à partir du xe s.),une importante influence du grec et de l'arabe. Assez mal connu (leLexique et la grammaire de F. Schulthess sont incomplets et basés surdes éditions souvent fautives), il fut trop souvent étudié à partir dusyriaque ; la thèse vise à étudier tous les documents actuellementdisponibles, en publiant les nouvelles inscriptions et des manuscrits inédits età étudier pour elle-même l'écriture du syro-palestinien.L'ouvrage comporte donc trois parties.La première partie est un corpus complet des inscriptions. Quelquesréflexions présentent les problèmes principaux de l'épigraphie : problè-La liste complète des doctorats de 3e cycle soutenus au cours de l'année1979- 1980 se trouve p. 27-28.524mes techniques de reproduction des documents où la reproduction estvue comme partie intégrante de l'acte de lecture et d'interprétation,problèmes de la compréhension d'une inscription dans son cadrearchéologique soigneusement inventorié, problèmes de la lecture quiest, méthodologiquement un va-et-vient entre le déchiffrement deslettres et la connaissance du lexique.Les inscriptions étudiées sont de diverses natures : gravées surpierre : Khirbet es-Samra' (38 inscriptions dont 15 inédites), Pierre deJarash, Pierre du Musée Palestinien, Plaque de 'Abud, graffite du WadiHajjaj (découvert en 1978) ; sur mosaïques : Umm er-Ru'us, Shelomi(découverte en 1977), Kabri (découverte en 1978), 'Evron (inédite), El-Quwaismeh ; sur ostrakon : Jarash ; à l'encre ou à la peinture sursupport dur : Laure de St Firmin, Plâtre de Khirbet Mird (inédit),tesson de Tel Yunis.Chaque inscription est étudiée du point de vue linguistique ; c'estsurtout l'onomastique qui est détaillée, par comparaison avec leslangues sémitiques environnantes (Nabatéen, Palmyrénien, Syriaque,Hatréen, Thamudéen, Safaïtique, Arabe, dialectes sud-arabiques).Des inscriptions jusque-là signalées comme étant syro-palestiniennessont exclues explicitement du corpus : Pierres de Deir Makr, Graffitesde Tel Masos, mosaïque de Jéricho, lampes byzantines (qui sontsyriaques), inscriptions de Deir Dubban, mosaïque de Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (qui sont coufiques). La mosaïque de Khirbet el-Kerak et letesson de Siyagha sont illisibles.La deuxième partie est un catalogue méthodique des manuscrits. Ilreste incomplet, vu la difficulté de consulter les manuscrits deLeningrad, de Sainte Catherine du Sinaï, d'Istanbul (?) et de Philadelphie.Il est bâti sur un modèle appelé « diagramme de descriptionmatérielle ». Cette méthode de description permet, d'une part, de faire deshypothèses quant à l'apparentement des folios aujourd'hui dispersés, d'autrepart de cerner des caractéristiques communes à des aires de production.Elle met aussi en évidence que les deux groupes de manuscritsdistingués par leur écriture (manuscrits « anciens », antérieurs au xc s.,manuscrits « récents du xe au xne) se distinguent également par leurscaractéristiques matérielles.La troisième partie propose la construction d'une théorie de l'écritureétudiée de façon immanente, appelée grammatologie. Cette méthode,parallèle à celle de la phonologie, définit les graphèmes et l'étude desqualités différentielles ; elle aboutit à la reconnaissance d'un systèmegraphémique propre à une écriture donnée.L'obligation de rendre compte avec exactitude du déchiffrement desinscriptions suggère que la méthode d'analyse des signes graphiques quiconstituent l'écriture peut suivre consciemment la voie qui est celle,inconsciente, de l'acte de lecture : cela consiste à discerner des signesqui n'ont pas de lisibilité s'ils sont pris isolément, mais qui sont discri-minables dans un ensemble organisé par des lois précises, ladiscrimination s'opérant par le jeu des qualités différentielles en nombre limité.On peut donc formaliser les caractéristiques propres à une écriture ;on démontre alors que l'alphabet syro-palestinien possède sa structurepropre et n'est pas syriaque. La thèse avance que l'alphabet syro-palestinien s'est constitué à partir de l'alphabet syriaque, mais enformant un nouveau système ; il serait dû à des populations d'originesyriaque qui se sont adaptées en s'installant en Palestine et en adoptantle dialecte local.Le système de l'écriture fonctionne selon des lois synchroniques :l'alphabet (ensemble des graphèmes) est construit à partir de 5micrographèmes seulement ; les qualités différentielles sont au nombre de 5.Leur étude permet de mettre en évidence un classement de formes quifournissent des critères de classement diachronique. En effet, en suivantla méthode d'analyse des qualités différentielles, on met en évidence queles graphèmes se répartissent en classes définissables par l'agencementdes micro-graphèmes ; c'est la variation de ces micro-graphèmes quifournit des repères diachroniques. La méthode permet donc de proposerdes critères pour une paléographie. Dans l'état actuel de la recherche,on peut voir au moins quatre étapes, quatre points temporels dechangement : : 415 a.d. (à >Evron), début du vie s. (au Sinaï), époque du ms.des 40 martyrs (vii s.?), fin du ix« -début du x« s. (apparition del'écriture « récente » qui restera pratiquement la même jusqu'au xiie) ;on peut soupçonner une cinquième étape à intercaler entre le viivet le ixes.En annexe, la thèse offre un ensemble de textes inédits ou corrigés,une table des manuscrits, un fichier exhaustif des péricopes bibliques etdes textes non bibliques.Deux volumes de planches complètent et illustrent le texte ; lepremier comporte les fac-similés de toutes les inscriptions du corpusdes inscriptions, le second comprend une sélection de fac-similés desmanuscrits. Tous les fac-similés sont à l'échelle grandeur nature, saufindication contraire explicite (quelques cas seulement : pour lesmosaïques, qui sont évidemment trop grandes et sont fournies à l'échelle 1/2,et pour la plaque de Abud, à l'échelle 1/4). Un dossier photo peut êtreconsulté chez l'auteur, ainsi que le fichier des textes, qui n'a pu êtrereproduit
