1,720,955 research outputs found
Tropeços da igualdade no caminho da natureza à civilidade
Get PDFO tema da igualdade foi tratado ao longo dos séculos das luzes em par com o tema da liberdade, contudo nesta parceria a igualdade é considerada condição para, e não algo a ser buscado por si mesmo, ao contrário da liberdade. Esse tratamento, que quase tornou a igualdade um mal necessário, exigiu uma série de restrições – ou tropeços - que introduziram nova série de desigualdades entre os membros do Estado. Os tropeços a serem discutidos aqui dizem respeito à diferença entre a igualdade natural e inerente aos seres humanos e a igualdade civil construída social e politicamente, que transparecem no caminho percorrido pelo Segundo Discurso de Rousseau. Naquele Discurso, cada pessoa tinha por natureza as mesmas condições para viver independente do socorro do outro, mas desde que passaram a reunir-se e a singularidade de cada pessoa apareceu aos demais tiveram início as comparações e as preferências que as distinguiram umas das outras. Das distinções à desigualdade o caminho é curto, pois a estima pública supõe um juízo de valor acerca das habilidades que merecem ser honradas por todos e, em consequência, a diferenciação entre honrados e poderosos e aqueles que devem honrar e obedecer. A socialização parece, então, criar a desigualdade. Nosso propósito será, inicialmente, investigar o caminho da (des)igualdade entre a natureza e a sociedade com base no Segundo Discurso, para discutir, no âmbito do Contrato Social, as possibilidades de igualdade civil e sua relação com a liberdade.
For a Plural Democracy: Human Rights, Interculturality and Resistance
Get PDFThis article elucidates the limitations of the modern conception of pluralist democracy, which was forged amidst the Western republican struggles against monarchy in the 18th century and has profoundly influenced the contemporary notion of the Democratic Rule of Law State. Despite the achievements made for peasants and the bourgeoisie with the Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies of North America and the French Revolution, as well as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the inclusion of non-Western peoples remains entirely absent in pluralist democracy. This form of democracy is guided by proposals of assimilation, guardianship, or annihilation, rather than by the principles of equality and respect for differences. By discussing these dynamics, this article highlights the persistence of such conceptions in the social imagination and the actions of the Brazilian state, as well as the resistance of indigenous peoples. This resistance helps to envision other possibilities for a more inclusive pluralist democracy, one that is more welcoming to diverse peoples, cultures, and their distinctiveness.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Sobre la tarea política de construcción de la igualdad social: un abordaje de las ideas de Tocqueville
Get PDFThe remarkable words we find in the introduction of Democracy in America induces the reader to the hope that social equality will arrive by itself, independent of men’s will. However, it seems to us that this introduction should not be read independently from the text that comes just before, neither of other Tocqueville’s books which make us understand: in first place, that there is a binding between social conditions and politics; and, in second place, that this binding implies mutual determination. In this sense, it is very illustrative the analysis by Tocqueville of the industrialization process in North-America and the rural exodus accompanying the industrialization in England and Ireland at beginning of the 19th. In both cases, the author observes that the new industrial system produces, apart of material goods, two inalterably opposed classes in the social and political scene. Based on this analysis, Tocqueville denounces those hard relations holding between the social and political extents. Therefore, in the symposium about Alexis de Tocqueville’s ideas nowadays, which press us to think our time using his ideas, our purpose is to analyze the tension lying under the reciprocal determination between equality of social conditions and political freedom. Next, we envisage a discussion over the issue of political commitments (for state institutions and for citizenship action) in order to construct social conditions warranting freedom and equality as a common right for all citizens.La fuerza de las palabras presentes en la introducción de La Democracia en América predispone al lector a considerar que la igualdad social de condiciones advendrá por si misma, queriendo los hombres o no. No obstante, me parece que esta introducción no debe ser leída independientemente del texto que antecede, ni de las demás obras de Tocqueville que nos hacen comprender, en primer lugar, que hay un vínculo directo entre condiciones sociales y políticas y, en segundo lugar, que este vínculo implica una mutua determinación. En este sentido, es bastante ilustrativo el análisis de Tocqueville sobre los procesos de industrialización norteamericano y de éxodo rural e industrialización en Inglaterra y Irlanda en inicios del siglo XIX. En ambos casos, el autor observa que el nuevo sistema industrial produce, además de bienes materiales, dos clases antagónicas e inalterables que conforman el escenario social y político. Basado en estos análisis, Tocqueville denuncia las relaciones difíciles entre el ámbito social y el político. De esta manera, en la jornada sobre la vigencia del pensamiento de Aléxis de Tocqueville, que nos remite a pensar el presente a partir de sus ideas, nuestro propósito será analizar la tensión en la determinación recíproca existente entre la igualdad de condiciones sociales y la libertad política para, entonces, discutir el compromiso político (de las instituciones del estado y de la acción de los ciudadanos) de construir condiciones sociales que garanticen la libertad y la igualdad como un derecho común a todos los ciudadanos
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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