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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Monsanto's and Chevron's home pages in the US and the UK: Corporate discourse as a reflection of social trends?
No full textThis paper is based on the premise that the analysis of company discourse from
the perspective of English for Specific Purposes contributes to the discovery of
a specialized culture and bears witness to the values of a given period. Previous
studies have shown that the media and the public react differently to
environmental and technological controversies in the United States and in the
United Kingdom. It is thus relevant to assess how the specialized community
formed by technological risk companies is impacted by the cultural context. This
paper focuses on the specialized discourse produced by two American
companies involved in agricultural biotechnology and oil production -
Monsanto and Chevron, respectively - in specific sociocultural contexts. More
precisely, their British and American websites are analyzed so as to determine
how their form and content are influenced by public concerns. Differences in
form and content between the American and British websites can be said to
reflect specific corporate responses to the controversy in different contexts.
Company discourse should thus be considered as a reflection of social trends, as
the rhetorical strategies implemented by Monsanto and Chevron vary depending
on the local audience. It is assumed that this particular aspect of company
discourse reflects the specificity of the discourse community formed by
technological risk companies within the corporate world.Este estudio parte de la premisa de que el análisis del discurso empresarial desde
la perspectiva que ofrece el IFE contribuye al descubrimiento de una cultura
especializada al tiempo que da fe de los valores de una época determinada.
Diversos estudios anteriores han demostrado que los medios de información y
el público reaccionan de manera diferente en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino
Unido ante los conflictos de naturaleza tecnológica. Por tanto, resulta pertinente
estudiar el impacto del contexto cultural sobre la comunidad especializada
constituida por las denominadas empresas de riesgo tecnológico. Este trabajo se
centra en el discurso especializado que se produce en el seno de dos empresas
americanas dedicadas al negocio del petróleo y de la biotecnología (Chevron y
Monsanto) en contextos culturales específicos. En concreto, trata de analizar los
sitios web británicos y americanos de estas dos polémicas empresas con el fin de
establecer los efectos de las preocupaciones del público sobre la estructura y el
contenido de los sitios. Las diferencias en la forma y el contenido identificadas
en los sitios americanos y británicos permiten caracterizar el comportamiento de
una comunidad profesional directamente concernida por la controversia. Así
pues, habría que considerar el discurso de empresas como el reflejo de
fenómenos de sociedad. Las estrategias retóricas utilizadas por Monsanto y
Chevron muestran una variación que obedece a los usuarios locales al tiempo
que atestiguan la evolución de las preocupaciones relativas a la controversia
tecnológica y medioambiental. Nuestra hipótesis es que esta especificidad del
discurso corporativo refleja la particularidad de la comunidad discursiva formada
por la industria del sector de riesgo tecnológico, en el seno del mundo de la
empresa
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Contribution to the analysis of the specialized milieu of technological risk companies through their discourse : the example of oil and agricultural biotechnology in the United States
No full textCette thèse porte sur la caractérisation du milieu spécialisé des entreprises du risque technologique aux États-Unis. Dans le cadre de la recherche en anglais de spécialité, il s’agit de démontrer que les multinationales américaines du pétrole et des biotechnologies agricoles partagent un discours et une culture spécifiques, fondés sur une stratégie de légitimation de leurs activités. Cette stratégie de légitimation se manifeste à travers des choix structurels, lexicaux, syntaxiques et rhétoriques qui distinguent le discours spécialisé au sein du monde de l’entreprise. Dans la première partie, nous revenons sur les fondements théoriques et méthodologiques de ce travail : nous précisons la singularité du milieu formé par Monsanto, DuPont Pioneer, Dow AgroSciences, Chevron, ExxonMobil et Conoco Phillips et présentons la méthodologie en trois temps, qui reflète le caractère pluridisciplinaire de l’anglais de spécialité. La seconde partie porte sur les manifestations de la stratégie de légitimation dans les déclarations de mission, les rapports annuels et les communiqués de presse des multinationales étudiées. L’analyse souligne des modifications de certains critères prototypiques, qui reflètent une conception particulière de la RSE et de la culture d’entreprise. Une perspective civilisationnelle est proposée afin d’éclairer l’adaptation du discours de l’entreprise au contexte local. La dernière partie traite des genres émergents, de l’adaptation des outils du Web 2.0. et de la mise en place de stratégies de « légidivertissement » et de « promodivertissement » sur Internet, afin de répondre aux enjeux communicationnels propres au domaine du risque technologique.This dissertation focuses on the specialized milieu formed by technological risk companies in the United States. Within the framework of English for Specific Purposes, we aim to show that American multinationals specializing in oil and agricultural biotechnology share a specific discourse and culture based on legitimizing their activities. This legitimation strategy can be identified through structural, lexical, syntactic and rhetorical choices which set apart the specialized discourse of technological risk companies within the corporate world. Part 1 presents the theoretical and methodological foundations of our research: the specificity of the milieu formed by Monsanto, DuPont Pioneer, Dow AgroSciences, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Conoco Phillips is clarified and the methodology, which reflects the pluridisciplinary nature of English for Specific Purposes, is explained. Part 2 concentrates on the manifestations of the legitimation strategy in the mission statements, annual reports and press releases of technological risk companies. The analysis underscores some modifications in the traditional genres of company discourse which reflect a specific vision of CSR and corporate culture. A cultural perspective is suggested to cast light on the local adaptation of corporate discourse. Part 3 concentrates on emerging cybergenres, the adaptation of web 2.0 tools and the use of “promotainment” and “legitainment strategies” on the Internet as a response to the specific communicative needs of technological risk multinationals
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Corporate discourse from a cross-disciplinary perspective: characterizing corporate social responsibility in the non-financial reports of American technological risk companies
Get PDFCet article souligne l’importance d’une approche interdisciplinaire pour la caractérisation des variétés spécialisées d’anglais et des communautés discursives qui les produisent. Il présente une analyse menée sur trois axes pour caractériser l’approche spécifique de la responsabilité sociale d’entreprise (RSE) au sein des multinationales américaines du risque technologique. Afin de tenir compte des différents aspects de la spécialisation, l’auteur a privilégié une approche interdisciplinaire qui considère à la fois le discours et son contexte de production : des entretiens avec des membres des multinationales et des spécialistes permettent de mieux comprendre la culture d’entreprise et de compléter l’analyse de corpus. De plus, des questionnaires ont été distribués au grand public pour évaluer la perception des entreprises du risque technologique et de leur discours. Les résultats des analyses montrent que ces entreprises partagent un discours et une culture spécifiques, fondés sur une stratégie de légitimation. Trois aspects liés à la RSE sont traités : la prépondérance des thématiques liées à l’environnement, l’argument de l’hégémonie du marché, une culture de la sécurité commune.This paper underscores the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to specialized varieties of English and their discourse communities. More specifically, it presents a three-step methodology used to analyze a common approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR) by six American technological risk companies. With the aim of addressing the various aspects of specialization, the author has adopted an interdisciplinary perspective which considers both discourse (through the analysis of documents produced by the companies) and its production context: interviews of corporate members and specialists were used to understand the culture of the milieu under study and to complement corpus analysis. In addition, surveys were created and distributed to assess the perception of technological risk companies and their discourse by the general public. Results show that those risk companies share a specific discourse and culture, based on a legitimation strategy. On the specific issue of CSR, three main findings are discussed: the predominance of environmental and sustainability issues over social aspects, the argument of the hegemony of the market and a shared culture of safety
Monsanto’s Claims au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis : les communiqués de presse de Monsanto, entre unité générique et hétérogénéité culturelle
Get PDFCette étude vise à caractériser la communication de crise de l’entreprise Monsanto à travers l’analyse structurelle et rhétorique de deux corpus de communiqués de presse publiés en contexte britannique et américain entre 1999 et 2010. L’analyse structurelle met en lumière un genre à la fois codifié et dynamique : si les communiqués de presse américains respectent les sections prototypiques du genre, le corpus de communiqués de presse publiés en Grande-Bretagne présente des structures diverses qui empruntent à des positionnements discursifs particuliers, sans lien direct avec le monde de l’entreprise. Malgré cette hétérogénéité structurelle, il ressort de l’analyse rhétorique qu’une même stratégie argumentative est mise en œuvre dans les deux corpus : elle vise à minimiser l’importance de la crise en attirant l’attention du lecteur sur le caractère indispensable des biotechnologies agricoles. Cette réflexion sur le degré de plasticité du communiqué de presse publié par une entreprise permet de mettre en lumière l’articulation entre conventions génériques et variabilité des positionnements discursifs dans les communiqués de presse de crise de Monsanto. The present study aims to characterize Monsanto’s crisis communication through a structural and rhetorical analysis of two corpora of press releases published on the company’s British and American websites between 1999 and 2010. Major structural differences were identified between the American and British press releases. While the former exhibit very traditional structural features, the latter display structural heterogeneity and types of discourse that are not typical of corporate discourse. Despite this structural diversity, the two corpora share a common argumentative strategy: all the press releases aim to lessen the impact of the crisis by drawing the reader’s attention to the great benefits of biotechnology for mankind. Envisioning a degree of flexibility in the press release genre is a means to account for the coexistence of generic conventions and varying discursive postures in Monsanto’s crisis communication
Orts, María Ángeles, Ruth Breeze & Maurizio Gotti (Eds.), Power, Persuasion and Manipulation in Specialised Genres.
Get PDFWith Power, Persuasion and Manipulation in Specialised Genres, María Ángeles Orts, Ruth Breeze and Maurizio Gotti propose another insight into professional communication, following Bhatia and Bremner (2014). Although the latter focused on corporate discourse, the former favour a more global perspective on “the language of professions” (p. 9) and how they use persuasion and manipulation in various genres. The 368-page book is divided into two sections: the six chapters in the first section foc..
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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