24 research outputs found
The Use of a Jet Column with Different Nozzles as a Reactor for Biodiesel Reaction with Crude Palm Oil as Feedstock
Get PDFBiodiesel may be produced by trans-esterification reaction of vegetable oil, which transforms triglycerides into alkyl esters as biodiesel and glycerol as a byproduct, in the presence of an alcohol reactant and a acid or base catalyst. The major obstacle of preventing biodiesel commercialisation is low mass transfer rates from methanol into oil phase to achieve high yield due to large difference in fluid viscosities, i.e. low viscosity methanol and high viscosity oil. Many techniques have been proposed to overcome this obstacle, most of which involve high mole ratio of methanol to triglycerides exceeding 6, but none of them utilised fluid mechanic techniques to fix up the obstacle. The present research adopts a finding in fluid mechanic field that notched and tabbed nozzles are capable of intensifying shear stress between 2 different flows, which consequently increases the contact areas of the flows considerably. For this purpose, in the present research, a jet column was utilised as a reactor where the mixture of reactants, i.e. crude palm oil (CPO) and methanol with catalyst NaOH were recirculated and injected downward vertically into the reactor column from a nozzle at the top of reactor. The type of nozzles and the mole ratio of methanol to CPO were varied (3.75:1; 4.5:1; 5.25:1 and 6:1) to investigate their effects on yield and conversion of the reaction conducted for 60 minutes at temperatures 53-58oC. Nozzles used were notched, tabbed and conventional circular nozzles for comparison. The highest conversion and yield of biodiesel were achieved at mole ratio 6:1 attaining respectively 87.2% and 96.8% using notched nozzle, 87.8% and 96.6% using tabbed nozzle and 71.2% and 75.1 % using circular nozzle for comparison. Therefore, using notched and tabbed nozzles can reduce the excess of methanol reactant thus saving its separation cost while producing high yield of biodiesel
Characteristics of Non-Polar Bio-oil Produced by Co-pyrolysis of Corn Cobs and Polypropylene using CO_2 as Carrier Gas
No full textCO_2 is chosen to substitute N2 as a carrier gas in biomass-polypropylene (PP) pyrolysis due to its abundant availability at low cost and favourable heat emissivity. There has been no research on copyrolysis utilising CO_2 gas as sweep gas to bring co-pyrolysis vapour out of the pyrolysis reactor. The objective of the present research is to investigate effect of the use of CO_2 as gas carrier on biooil yield in comparison to the use of N2 and on compositions of the resulting non-polar fraction of the bio-oil. Polypropylene composition in the feed was varied 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 weight %. The co-pyrolysis was conducted in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5oC/min and maximum temperature of 500℃. Yield of non-polar fraction of bio-oil was more dependent to the type of carrier gas than the yield of polar fraction. Synergistic effect on non-polar of bio-oil obtained from copyrolysis in CO_2 environment was achieved as the PP composition in feeds more than 40%. H-NMR analysis suggest that in the whole content of non-polar fraction obtained from co-pyrolysis, the compositions of alkenes were low about 6% with the rest mostly alkanes independent of PP composition in feed. However, their branching indices were still about 2.5 times higher than that of diesel fuel advocating the need of adjustment in carbon- chain structure in the non-polar fraction of bio-oil to attain less branching of methy
Polymerization of deasphalted vacuum residue mixed with gum rosin for mesophase pitch production
No full textOverview of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) Production from Polyethylene Pyrolysis over Ga and Zn Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst
Get PDFThe increase in Indonesia\u27s BTX chemical production was carried out to keep pace with global demand trends. The raw material for alternative production is household waste in Indonesia, of which 36% is plastic. Polyolefins make up 76% of the composition of household plastic waste. The rapidly developed BTX production process is the depolymerization of polyolefin plastics by pyrolysis and catalyst modification for catalysis. Polyolefin plastic in the form of polyethylene produces the highest aromatic yield and selectivity among other types of plastic in plastic waste. This study compared two scenarios with the highest yield of aromatics using different catalysts as base literature with an additional overview regarding the topic related. The process scenarios being compared are polyethylene pyrolysis over CaO with Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst and Zn-ZSM-5 catalyst. Literature overview obtained the overall BTX production progress over time and the potential of polyethylene catalytic pyrolysis for further stud
Effect of stirring speed on characteristics of biofuel in catalytic hydrogenation of non-oxygenated bio-oil
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Utilization of bio-oil from corncob pyrolysis for aromatic extraction in raw lubricant oil
No full textOverview of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) Production from Polyethylene Pyrolysis over Ga and Zn Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst
Get PDFThe increase in Indonesia\u27s BTX chemical production was carried out to keep pace with global demand trends. The raw material for alternative production is household waste in Indonesia, of which 36% is plastic. Polyolefins make up 76% of the composition of household plastic waste. The rapidly developed BTX production process is the depolymerization of polyolefin plastics by pyrolysis and catalyst modification for catalysis. Polyolefin plastic in the form of polyethylene produces the highest aromatic yield and selectivity among other types of plastic in plastic waste. This study compared two scenarios with the highest yield of aromatics using different catalysts as base literature with an additional overview regarding the topic related. The process scenarios being compared are polyethylene pyrolysis over CaO with Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst and Zn-ZSM-5 catalyst. Literature overview obtained the overall BTX production progress over time and the potential of polyethylene catalytic pyrolysis for further stud
Effect of hydrogen gas pressure on biofuel characteristics in hydrogenation reaction of non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil
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