8,372 research outputs found
Foreign Capital, Inflation, Sterilization, Crowding-Out and
No full textThis paper discusses some puzzles in the contemporary macroeconomic scene in India, from the perspective of public finance and economic development. These include a fiscal deficit higher than it was during the 1991 crisis, but without a large current account deficit or rise in inflation or interest rates, a rising inflow of external capital, accompanied by the RBI’s sterilizing these inflows and accumulating large reserves, even in the face of low inflation. We offer a critique of some previous analyses, and some models that are suggestive of how real and monetary factors might be integrated in providing a firmer grounding for the policy debates current in India.foreign capital, sterilization, absorption, crowding out, inflation, growth
Expression of calcium-activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B in adult mouse vomeronasal epithelium and during embryonic development of the olfactory epithelium
No full textOlfaction enables animals to be familiar with the surrounding environmental changes. Exchange of odor molecules between animals is a way to communicate with each other and is necessary for various physiological processes, like reproduction, food preferences, prey detection, etc. The olfactory epithelium is always in contact with the inhaled air that is accompanied by odor molecules. Olfactory sensory neurons are the primary neurons of the olfactory epithelium. These neurons follow the “one receptor one neuron” rule, i.e. each individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of olfactory receptor out of ~1300 types in mouse. These neurons are specialized to convert chemical interaction, between odor molecules and olfactory receptor, into electrical signals by specific transduction mechanisms, which occur in the cilia of these neurons. The ciliary membrane contains cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and calcium-activated chloride channels. It is well documented that calcium-activated chloride channels are used to enhance signal to noise ratio in olfactory sensory neurons but we do not know about their involvement in the development of olfactory epithelium. TMEM16A and TMEM16B, the members of transmembrane proteins 16 (TMEM16) family, are responsible for the calcium-activated chloride current in various cells. In present work, I studied expression of TMEM16A and TMEM16B proteins during embryonic development of mouse and tried to find their role in olfactory epithelium development.
I found expression of TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing olfactory epithelium at different embryonic ages. At embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), TMEM16A immunoreactivity was present at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, but from E16.5 became restricted to a region near the transition zone with the respiratory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are devoid of TMEM16A but this channel is expressed in the apical organelle free region and microvilli of supporting cells. Nasal septal glands and lateral nasal glands also express TMEM16A at the luminal surface of glands. In contrast, TMEM16B immunoreactivity was observed at E14.5 at the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium. Its expression was observed only in mature olfactory sensory neurons. With the maturation of olfactory sensory neurons and elongation of cilia TMEM16B expression is increased along with ACIII, CNGA2 and acetylated-tubulin. Interestingly, olfactory sensory neurons express only TMEM16B, but I found expression of TMEM16A as well as of TMEM16B in microvilli of vomeronasal sensory neurons. These findings indicate different physiological roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing as well as in the postnatal olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia. Taking into account the previous evidences, I hypothesized that the presence of TMEM16A at the apical part and in microvilli of the supporting cells as well as in nasal glands is involved (1) in the regulation of the chloride ionic composition of the mucus covering the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium and/or (2) in proliferation and development during embryonic development. By comparing immunohistochemistry experiments on TMEM16A-/- and TMEM16A+/+ littermate mice I excluded the hypothesis that TMEM16A is involved in proliferation or development of the olfactory epithelium. So, either TMEM16A does not play a central role in the development of the olfactory epithelium or its genetic ablation does not affect olfactory development. Supporting cells, Bowman’s and nasal glands morphology remained unchanged in TMEM16A-/- mice, but at present we do not know whether the mucus composition is same as in TMEM16A+/+ littermate mice. Localization of TMEM16B to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons and in microvilli of vomeronasal sensory neurons is consistent with a role in sensory signal transduction mechanism.
In conclusion, the present work explored the dynamic expression pattern of TMEM16A and TMEM16B. It might be possible that different physiological roles of these proteins depend on the intracellular and extracellular factors expressed in the corresponding cells
Developmental expression of the calcium-activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the mouse olfactory epithelium
No full textCalcium-activated chloride channels are involved in several physiological processes including olfactory perception. TMEM16A and TMEM16B, members of the transmembrane protein 16 family (TMEM16), are responsible for calcium-activated chloride currents in several cells. Both are present in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice, but little is known about their expression during embryonic development. Using immunohistochemistry we studied their expression in the mouse olfactory epithelium at various stages of prenatal development from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to E18.5 as well as in postnatal mice. At E12.5, TMEM16A immunoreactivity was present at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, but from E16.5 became restricted to a region near the transition zone with the respiratory epithelium, where localized at the apical part of supporting cells and in their microvilli. In contrast, TMEM16B immunoreactivity was present at E14.5 at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, increased in subsequent days, and localized to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons. These data suggest different functional roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing as well as in the postnatal olfactory epithelium. The presence of TMEM16A at the apical part and in microvilli of supporting cells is consistent with a role in the regulation of the chloride ionic composition of the mucus covering the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium, whereas the localization of TMEM16B to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons is consistent with a role in olfactory signal transduction
PIL893387 Supplemental Material - Supplemental material for Phase, microstructure, and wear behavior of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-reinforced Fe–Si alloy-based metal matrix nanocomposites
No full textSupplemental material, PIL893387 Supplemental Material for Phase, microstructure, and wear behavior of Al2O3-reinforced Fe–Si alloy-based metal matrix nanocomposites by Akash Saxena, Neera Singh, Bhupendra Singh, Devendra Kumar, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni and Pallav Gupta in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications</p
Bibliographics for the 983 eprints in the live archives of E-LIS : trends and status report up to 7th July 2004, based on author-self-archiving metadata
No full textThe priority for ideas and philosophy related to "Network Theory" have been traced back and documented by Braun(2004),and credit goes to Karinthy(1929).The IT has empowered to realise it, as the most practical phenomena and it is no more a humour. The OAI (Open Archives Initiatives)and ACIS (Academic Contributor Information System)are progressive in the direction ,which may lead to realise the "Collective Genius" at global level. Focus of present study is on Author-Self-Archiving (A-S-A)Metadata of the 983 Eprints in the Live Archives of the E-LIS (EPrints of Library and Information Science),which were approved till 7th July 2004.The A-S-A Metadata was used for librametric analysis. Self-explanatory bibliographics are illustrated.The highlights include: Conference papers (34%); highest approval, June 2004 (28%); published archives (76%);not refereed (52%); not in public domain (60%); highest self-archiving-author (De Robbio, Antonella).The Nos. of EPrints having single JITA domain specifications were: Theoretical and general aspects of libraries and information(27); Information use and sociology of information(80);Users,literacy and reading(13);Libraries as physical collections(30);Publishing and legal issues(57);Management(13);Industry, profession and education(36);Information sources, supports, channels(113) ; Information treatment for information services, Information functions and techniques (101); Technical services libraries, archives and museums(25); Housing technologies(1); Information technology and library technology(92); and Inter-domainery (395) i.e. having specifications of two or more than two JITA classes
Awake Sciatic Nerve Neurolysis after Injection Injury - An Innovative Technique and Our Experience
No full textBackground and Introduction:Sciatic nerve injection injury is the most common type of injection nerve injury. Injection injury to nerve causes severe, intractable radicular pain in affected limb. Owing to chemical damage, nerve is damaged both mechanically and chemically. As a result, adhesions and nerve fibers damage is more than expected. Surgical neurolysis is recommended for pain relief. However it is done in general anesthesia and effect of neurolysis is checked only after reversal. Objective:There are chances that incomplete neurolysis can cause persistence of pain. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated "awake sciatic neurolysis technique." Methods:This was a prospective, nonrandomized study which evaluated awake sciatic neurolysis in sciatic nerve injection injury patients. A total of 11 patients underwent this procedure after evaluating clinical profile. During this procedure, patients were asked about pain relief on rest and leg movement. When VAS score decreased to 3 or less, procedure was stopped. Results:The average VAS score was 9.5 (10 in 7 cases). During surgery, VAS score decreased to 3 and below in all except in 2 cases. In long-term follow-up, one patient had VAS more than 3. Conclusion:Our study is about a novel technique "awake sciatic neurolysis." The results were satisfactory, but it has some technical difficulties. It has advantage of checking impact of neurolysis during surgery and modify technique according to relief
A Unified Shell model for Buoyancy-Driven Turbulence
No full textWe construct a unified shell model for stably stratified and convective turbulence. Shell model simulation of stably stratified flow in turbulent regime exhibit Bolgiano-Obukhbov (BO) scaling in which the kinetic energy spectrum varies as . However, simulation of convective turbulence shows Kolmogorov's spectrum. These results are consistent with the direct numerical simulations of Kumar {\em et al.} [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 90}, 023016 (2014)]. We also observe a dual scaling ( and ) for a limited range of parameters in stably stratified flow
Social media travel influencers’ attributes and tourists’ travel intention: the role of source credibility / Mohammad Faisal and Devendra Kumar Dhusia
No full textSocial media influencer marketing is redefining the marketing strategies and has become a powerful tool therein. Social media travel influencers are common people who have social media channels or pages through which they shape their followers’ perceptions. This research study attempts to analyse the credibility traits of social media travel influencers and the travel intent of tourists in Delhi and the National Capital Region. A structured questionnaire was designed and shared online to collect data. A total of 166 responses were received and only 100 are valid. This study utilised quota sampling for the selection of the sample, and data is analysed with the help of SmartPLS3 for measurement and structural model evaluation. The results disclose that expertise, intimate self-disclosures (ISDs), and trustworthiness have a significant effect on influencers’ credibility, while credibility and intimate self-disclosures (ISDs) have a significant direct effect on tourists’ travel intention. Moreover, trustworthiness also showed a significant indirect effect on tourists’ travel intention. These findings establish the importance of credibility traits and the mediating role of credibility between the traits and tourists’ travel intention. Marketers should consider the influencer’s expertise and credibility to select a travel influencer whose content is perceived as intimate and credible
A Close Competition Between Oh-o And Oh-π Hydrogen Bonding: Ir Spectroscopy Of Anisole-methanol Complex In Helium Nanodroplets
No full textAnisole has two prominent hydrogen bonding sites, namely oxygen and the -electrons of the phenyl ring. Earlier studies on anisole-water and anisole-methanol complexes show that in both cases the interaction with the oxygen atom is preferred and complex formation takes place via OH-O hydrogen bonding, where water/methanol acts as hydrogen bond donor.
We have studied anisole-methanol complexes in superfluid helium droplets, using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. Several bands corresponding to (anisole)-(methanol) complexes (where m=1,2 and n=1) were observed. The size of the clusters corresponding to the observed bands was determined by recording the band intensity as a function of the partial pressures of the constituent molecules, resulting in so-called pickup curves. A comparison of the observed spectra with the calculated spectra, at MP2/6-311++G (d,p) level of theory, suggests the formation of four different conformers of the anisole-methanol dimer in helium droplets. Among them, the two structures with the largest binding energies are predominantly stabilized via OH-O hydrogen bonds and the other two via OH- hydrogen bonds.
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