817 research outputs found
Tradução comentada de Milton de William Blake
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoPartindo de uma análise do percurso da tradução das obras de William Blake no sistema literário brasileiro, esse trabalho discute uma proposta de tradução de Milton, uma das três maiores profecias do autor, como uma possibilidade de reescrita complementar às reescritas existentes do poeta inglês no Brasil. Fornecem dados para essa discussão a própria tradução de Milton e seu confronto com a tradução do mesmo livro realizada por Manuel Portela (Blake, 2009b). Na proposta de tradução apresentada neste trabalho, o ritmo, a pontuação, o uso de adjetivos, as repetições, as aliterações e consonâncias e os nomes próprios são identificados como algumas das características relevantes na totalidade do texto de Milton, e o estudo crítico sobre a obra e seu autor é considerado fundamental para determinar tanto as escolhas de tradução em nível textual como o perfil geral da reescrit
Faith, feeling and gender in the writing of Hartley, Wollstonecraft and Blake
No full textThis thesis examines David Hartley’s Observations on Man (1749) and elucidates how Hartley’s mechanical approach to mind, his conception of emotion, and the religious status he awards the body were newly relevant after 1791. In this way it identifies a ‘Hartlean culture’ within the Romantic period and seeks to explore how such an intellectual climate influenced the radical writers William Blake (1757–1827) and Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Blake and Wollstonecraft were acquainted with the famous bookseller Joseph Johnson, who republished Observations on Man in various forms and versions between 1775 and 1801. They also had an association with Johnson’s circle; the Hartlean concepts found throughout their work evidence Hartley’s latent popularity within intellectual culture, as well as the writers’ engagement with contemporary philosophical ideas. I propose that the renewed curiosity in Hartley during the 1790s reveals a specific religious and revolutionary culture wherein non-conformist views about Christianity and new ideas about the body, emotion and women flourished. Such a cultural moment renders Hartley a particularly important figure for debate since he integrated progressive values about equality and faith alongside advancing understanding of anatomy and mind. Hartley identified how God and happiness could be found physically within each person. He did this by combining a complex theory of vibrations and theory of association, where the body and mind functioned mechanically through a person’s feelings of pleasure and pain. These feelings manifested as physical vibrations and eventually led every person to desire goodness until finally, they can become ‘Godlike’ themselves. Hartley’s amalgamation of Christian and new theoretical concepts appealed to Blake and Wollstonecraft, and was much unlike the approach of Joseph Priestley who abridged Observations in 1775 to promote a wholly ‘scientific’ text. In this way, we can see resonances between Hartley, Blake and Wollstonecraft, even if they existed in different cultural contexts. In rethinking Blake and Wollstonecraft through Hartley, I offer new insights into their feminism. In particular I attend to how Hartlean culture enabled these writers to re-imagine gender and emotion: Wollstonecraft reinstates the female experience back into Hartlean concepts in order to promote women’s emotional potential and what she understands as the special power of the female-female bond. Blake responds to both Wollstonecraft and Hartley with his elevation of the feminine, one that envisions new potential for both sexes, emotionally and spiritually. In both cases, the writers share a fascination for the image of the female saviour, and they use terminology and concepts found in Hartley’s work to communicate their views. In being attentive to the shared vocabulary and ideas of these three writers’ works, this thesis highlights the importance of David Hartley and Hartlean culture for the field of Romantic Studies. It also illuminates Observations on Man as a vital contribution to the intellectual context of the 1790s
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The twelve large colour prints of William Blake: a study on techniques, materials and context
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to study in entirety the group of large colour prints which William Blake made between 1795 and 1805. The series of prints represents the single most important and complete development of Blake’s skill as an innovative printmaker. Although they include some of Blake’s best-known images, they have not been studied before in their entirety or from the point of view of analysing the techniques and methods Blake had used. My study will show how Blake executed these truly impressive prints in terms of materials, method and motives. The first half of the thesis deals with the materialistic aspects of Blake’s colour printing. In chapter one tracing the controversial two-pull discussion to the root, I will make clear the focus points as well as revealing the early tradition of experimental criticism on Blake’s colour printing method. Focusing on two important critics, W. Graham Robertson and Ruthven Todd, and the periods they lived, I attempt to reveal the role they played in a wider context. Also I show how the tradition of Blake’s art was inherited directly through the Ancients to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which leads to Robertson and Todd. In the second chapter I deal with the development of Blake’s colour printing experiments. It is obvious that the Twelve Large Colour Prints were produced as a result of Blake’s series of colour printing experiments, starting with monocolour simple prints, going through the illuminated books progressing with more colours and higher skills
Job’s Gethsemane: tradition and imagination in William Blake’s illustrations for the book of job
No full textBlake created two versions of his Illustrations of the Book of Job, and it is now agreed that about twenty years separates his first watercolour series and the final engraved set of plates. The first chapter is biographical and technical: it establishes that the Butts series of water-colours was the product of the tumultuous and creative years 1805-10, following a time wh6n Blake experienced a strong sense of vision and Christian regeneration; whereas the engraved set was produced 1821-1826, at the end of his life. It also reviews all Blake's treatments of the Job theme. The friends-turned-accusers seem to have been a central pre-occupation. Blake's illustrations contain important elements which are not found in the Old Testament text. I have followed Bo Lindberg's principle that explanation should be sought in the artistic tradition, and in the work itself The second chapter concentrates on the tradition available to Blake, following and supplementing Lindberg's examination of the influence of the apocryphal Testament of Job, and of the artistic tradition of seeing Job as alter Christus and as Christian. Chapters three to five, interpreting Blake's imaginative use of this material, are new both in focussing on the Butts set, and in exploring the importance to Blake of St.Teresa, Fenelon, Mme. Guyon, Hervey and other people of prayer. Also discussed are Joseph Hallett's radical biblical commentary, of which Blake owned a copy, variant proofs discovered by Robert Essick of the first and last engraved plates, and the thirteenth century Job wall- paintings discovered in 1800 in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster. Blake's Job was unique in the corpus of his work. Previous studies have followed Wicksteed in concentrating on the engraved set, and no one has explored the implications of the earlier dating now agreed for the watercolour series. The thesis is essentially concerned with Blake's Christocentric theme, and Job's inner journey of prayer, in these illustrations. Conclusions drawn differ substantially from Wicksteed's
Letter dated 12 July 1967 from G. R. Blake to Lorenzo A. Richards
No full textLetter dated 12 July 1967 from G. R. Blake at the Institute of Agriculture in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Lorenzo A. Richards at the USDA Soil Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, California, about Richards\u27 recent article in "Methods of Soil Analysis" journal, with handwritten notes by RichardsUNIVERSITY O\u27F ^Minnesota INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE • ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 55101 July 12, 1967 P. 3. /Ht>C&*~i» Dr. L. A. Richards U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Salinity Laboratory Riverside, California Dear Ren, A f ^ytyyjfj Professor Soil Science J^GRB/cak Enc. f&lsZ**dAA+*yiy *7f -AytAs eUy^*-t^y^7L^J -&-+J J**J«. ^ j-q ^ - 4 / V U o^lxP -*~y**1 *yU*~ (A-tr^Ct J +«.> tS<#r£ (/BtfJ+jJ/)**
Polydorella stolonifera Blake and Kudenov 1978
No full textPolydorella stolonifera (Blake and Kudenov, 1978) Type locality: Australia, Victoria, Westernport, Crawfish Rock, 5m, associated with various sponges, and pycnogonid Nymphon muelleri, 3 rd Jan and 11 th May, 1977. Type material: Holotype: NMV G 2897; Paratypes: 60 +, NMV G 2898, 12 extracted and registered as NMV F 42898, 2 prepared for SEM; 50 +, NMV G 3071 Williams (2004). Location and author of most recently described material: Type material (NMV F 42898) (Williams 2004). Recorded distribution: Australia: Victoria, (Westernport).Published as part of Walker, Lexie M, 2011, A review of the current status of the Polydora - complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Australia and a checklist of recorded species, pp. 40-62 in Zootaxa 2751 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20356
Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae Blake, 2016, new species
No full textKirkegaardia olgahartmanae new species Figures 34–36 Tharyx sp. Hartman 1967: 230. Material examined. Antarctica, East Antarctic Peninsula, Larsen Ice Shelf A Area, Greenpeace Trough, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000-03, Sta. 0 4, 64°49.209′S, 060°32.033′W, 668 m, 16 May 2000, Smith McIntyre grab, coll. J.A. Blake, holotype (LACM-AHF Poly 8939); Sta. 0 7, 64°43.523′S, 060°045.771′W, 839 m, 18 May 2000, coll. J.A. Blake, 4 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8940); Sta. 22, 64°46.632′S, 060°21.557′W, 868 m, 20 May 2000, coll. J.A. Blake, 2 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8941).— West Antarctic Peninsula, Bransfield Strait, Eltanin Sta. 430, 62°38′S, 59°37′W, 0 7 January 1963, 681 – 1409 m, 20 specimens (USNM 56084); R/ V Polarstern, Cruise ANT XV/2, Sta. MIC 55, 62°16.45′S, 57°35.20′W, 8 Dec 1997, 1940 m, coll. H. Sahling, 3 specimens, (ZMH P-27816); Sta. MIC 86, 62°16.70′S, 57°34.90′W, 18 Dec 1997, 2000 m, coll. H. Sahling, 1 specimen (ZMH P-27817); R/V Polarstern, Cruise ANT-XXII/3, ANDEEP III, Sta. 152-2, multicore, 62°19.95′S 57°54.00′W, 1996 m, 23 March 2005, 6 specimens (ZMH P-27818); Sta. 152-4, multicore, 62°19.98′S, 57°54.00′ W, 2000 m, 23 March 2005, 9 specimens (ZMH P-27819). Description. A moderate sized species, holotype from Larsen Ice Shelf Area complete, 10 mm long, 0.6 mm wide for 40 setigerous segments; specimens from ANT XV/2 and Eltanin collection larger, up to 19.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide across anterior setigers, 1.1 mm wide across ovigerous segments, 0.8 mm wide across narrow posterior end, for approximately 75 setigers. Entire body coiled with largest specimens forming a distinct twisted spiral (Fig. 35 A), with shape likely due to habitus position in mud ball within which worms live. Color in alcohol: light tan with areas of dark brown pigment on lateral sides of peristomium and some pigment inter-segmentally outlining some parapodia, and patches elsewhere along body; some branchiae dark brown; dorsal tentacles not pigmented. Pre-setigerous region as long as wide, together with thickened first four to five setigers of thoracic region forming thick, bulbous anterior front of the worm. Body of all specimens with broad thoracic region with short segments followed abruptly by long twisted or spiraled abdominal middle section with large segments (Fig. 35 A), some moniliform segments filled with large eggs more than 200 µm in diameter (Fig. 34 B); abdominal segments thickest in moniliform reproductive segments; posterior segments narrow to weakly expanded, bearing pygidium with terminal anus and short ventral rounded lobe (Figs. 34 C–D; 35C). Prostomium wider than long, broadly triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 34 A), narrowing, bluntly rounded on anterior margin (Figs. 34 A–B; 35B); eyes absent; nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium robust, about as wide as long (Fig. 34 B), slightly wider in smaller specimens; smaller specimens including holotype with 2–3 distinct annular rings; grooves less distinct in larger specimens where peristomium often appears smooth with only a vague suggestion of annulations (Fig. 34 B); short proboscis everted on most specimens (Fig. 34 A–B). Dorsal tentacles long, thick, arising from posterior border of peristomium (Fig. 34 A–B). First pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles, also on posterior margin of peristomium (Fig. 34 A–B); second pair of branchiae on setiger 1, arising dorsal to notosetal fascicle (Fig. 34 A); anteriormost branchiae short, wrinkled in appearance; some branchiae extremely long, suggesting they protrude from burrow into overlying water. Thoracic region with 8–10 segments in smaller specimens including holotype (Fig. 34 A), up to 15 segments in largest specimens (Fig. 34 B; 35B); thoracic region thickened ventrally at setigers 1–3 in smaller specimens (Fig. 35 B) and 1–5 in larger ones (Fig. 34 B); thoracic parapodia shifted dorsally, but not overlying dorsal surface (Fig. 34 A–B); abdominal parapodia laterally positioned (Fig. 34 C–D). Parapodia well developed in thoracic setigers; anteriorly set off from dorsum and adjacent segments by deep grooves; setiger 1 reduced in largest specimens, shifted ventrolaterally, with presetal notopodial lamella (Fig. 34 B); middle and posterior segments with parapodia reduced to low setal tori from which setae arise; setal fascicles of noto- and neuropodia close together throughout most of body. Notosetae long simple capillaries throughout, with up to 15 setae per fascicle in anterior setigers (Fig. 35 E), decreasing to 7–10 posteriorly; neurosetae all simple capillaries on first nine setigers; with 2–3 short denticulated capillaries appearing among longer capillaries from setiger 10, completely replacing long, smooth capillaries by setiger 14, continuing to posterior end; denticulated capillaries numbering 12–24 per fascicle along most of body, depending on size of worms, arranged in two rows (Fig. 35 E), reduced to 9–10 in far posterior setigers; denticulated capillaries with broad, expanded blade bearing sawtooth or denticulated edge tapering to narrow tip (Figs. 34 E–F, 35F–G). Methyl Green stain. The stain is concentrated on the venter of the last 3–4 thoracic segments of the Larsen specimens, on what appear to be light-colored glandular areas; it de-stains rapidly. The Bransfield Strait specimens have a weak pattern that develops on the pre-setigerous area with a clear dorsal peristomial area surrounded by bands that extend ventrally (Fig. 35 D); segmental areas generally do not retain any stain. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Olga Hartman, polychaete systematist, whose monographs on Antarctic polychaetes inspired this author; Dr. Hartman also identified the first specimens of this species as Tharyx sp. in Hartman (1967). Remarks. Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae n. sp. is an unusual cirratulid that is closely related morphologically to K. luticastella and K. jumarsi n. sp. in having a modified body and inhabiting mud balls in deep-water sediments. Kirkegaardia luticastella has been described by Jumars (1975) and Blake (1996; this study) and can be readily compared with the two new species described herein. Superficially, all three species are similar in having an expanded pre-setigerous area and thoracic region, enlarged ovigerous segments in anterior abdominal segments of females, a narrow coiled and twisted posterior end, and denticulated capillary neurosetae first present from an anterior segment. The three species differ in the development of the thoracic parapodia and exposure of the dorsal surface. In K. luticastella, the thoracic parapodia are elevated but only weakly overlie the relatively smooth dorsal surface. In K. jumarsi n. sp., the thoracic segments are narrow with the parapodia dorsally elevated over the dorsal midline such that the dorsal surface forms a shallow dorsal groove between the parapodia. In K. olgahartmanae n. sp., the parapodia are well developed but do not extend dorsally above the mid-dorsal surface but leave a relatively smooth dorsum. Other differences between the three species are in the morphology of the peristomium. In both K. luticastella and K. jumarsi n. sp. there is only a single groove separating the peristomium into two annular rings; in K. luticastella, this groove is best developed in smaller specimens and obscured or difficult to see in larger specimens; in K. jumarsi n. sp. the posterior ring is laterally subdivided into three or four narrow ridges and the dorsal surface of the first ring is elevated into a domed crest, while ventrally it forms an enlarged lip around the mouth. In K. olgahartmanae n. sp. there are two or three annular rings, best seen in smaller specimens, but visible with careful observation in larger specimens. Methyl Green staining reactions differ between the three species. The holotype of K. jumarsi n. sp. did not exhibit any MG staining reaction at all. In K. luticastella, the tip of the prostomium retained stain as did the posterior borders of the two peristomial rings in the specimen from northern California, but there was no stain retention on the thoracic segments. In contrast, some specimens of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. exhibited a banded pattern around a clear dorsal area on the peristomium; in addition, stain concentrated on the venter of three or four thoracic segments. Biology. Kirkegaardia olgahartmanae n. sp. is the third species described in a group of closely related deepwater cirratulids that occupy spiral burrows within mud balls that can be observed on the surface. Mr. Heiko Sahling, who provided specimens of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. from the Bransfield Strait for examination, said in correspondence that: “The mudballs were observed with a video-sled in a very broad area; porewater and chlorophyll profiles indicate a strong bioturbation caused by these tiny creatures.” The mud ball habitat described by Mr. Sahling for these specimens is similar to that reported for K. luticastella from the San Diego Trough by Jumars (1975 as Tharyx luticastellus). As part of sediment results of the ANDEEP III survey, Howe et al. (2007) described the sedimentary environment from the Bransfield Strait Station 152 based on sediment cores, seafloor plan view images and sediment profile images. The site consists of about 45 cm of homogenous, watery, olive grey silty mud described by these authors as “fine-grained, intensely bioturbated with abundant biogenic mud balls” formed by the cirratulid polychaete, herein described as K. olgahartmanae n. sp. The surface sediment texture is fine-grained mud consisting of 69% silt, 28% clay, and 3% sand. No phytodetritus or lithic clasts were visible and no bottom-current activity was noted from the camera or video. The sediment is rich in siliceous biogenic material consisting largely of diatoms and radiolarians (Howe et al. 2007). Surface photographs of the seafloor at Station 152 were provided by Dr. Robert Diaz (Virginia Institute of Marine Science). The photographs were taken at a height of about 0.8 m above the bottom and imaged a visible area of approximately 8000 cm –2 or 0.8 m –2 (Fig. 36 A–B). By dividing the images into quadrants and counting the mud balls in each area, a maximal concentration of visible mud balls of approximately 198 per image or 1/40.4 per cm–2 is estimated. Extrapolating these results, there are approximately 250 mud balls visible over a surface area of 1 m –2 of the seafloor. However, there are likely many more present because tubes or structures formed by smaller worms would not be visible in the images. Sediment profile images (SPI) or sideways views of the sediment, also provided by Dr. Diaz, are 15 cm wide x 20 cm deep. An example of the full width of such a SPI image is shown in Fig. 36 C. Three large mud balls and two smaller ones are visible; additional mud balls are in three other SPI images (Fig. 36 D–F). Individual mud balls are irregular in shape and range from 1.6–2.6 cm in width based on direct measurements from the SPI images. Individual mud balls are 3-dimensional, however, and extend below the surface of the seafloor. The large mud ball to the right in Fig. 36 C, for example, is approximately 3 cm in height x 2.6 cm in width. Within the mud balls, the worms likely live in a twisted or spiraled tube based on the shape of individual worms and description of the habitus of K. luticastella (Jumars 1975). All of the mud balls exhibit an irregular surface with lateral silty outgrowths that appear to be similar to the “digitiform external protuberances” of the tube within the mud ball as described by Jumars (1975: 343). However, for K. olgahartmanae n. sp., these outgrowths are silty and bulbous in appearance (Fig. 36 C–F) rather than elongate protuberances. Worms from the Eltanin survey in the Bransfield Strait were encased in a membranous tube material similar to that of K. tesselata and K. baptisteae described elsewhere in this paper. This suggests that the worms produce spiraled burrows that are lined with a soft, pliable, membranous mucoid substance. In describing K. luticastella Jumars (1975: 342) stated that “The body is helically coiled as far as its mid-length, where it is bent through 180°, and is again coiled parallel with the anterior half, so that the head and pygidium are juxtaposed. Preserved specimens retain this posture, and are withdrawn into the lower half of the robust, mucus-lined tubes.” This spiral or twisted arrangement of the body appears to be similar in K. olgahartmanae n. sp. because the bodies of complete specimens are clearly spiraled and also have filamentous tube materials lining their burrows within the mud balls. The type collection of K. olgahartmanae n. sp. was selected from samples collected from the Greenpeace Trough in the Larsen Ice Shelf A area on the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula in an area newly open to the sea due to collapse of the ice shelf; it was discovered by multibeam bathymetry during a survey in May 2000 (Domack et al. 2001). This habitat differs significantly from the Bransfield Strait location where the worms form dense populations visible by the mud balls on the surface of the seafloor. In contrast, the seafloor in the Greenpeace Trough appeared to be in a constant state of disturbance due to the presence of numerous deposit-feeding elasapoid holothurians, Elpidia glacialis Théel, 1876, which were observed by video to be constantly moving over the surface. Several of the holothurians were observed on the surface of 10 x 10 x 50 cm megacore tubes collected from the site (Blake & Maciolek unpublished). Presumably as a result of this type of disturbance, dense colonies of K. olgahartmanae were not present at this location. These nearshore sediments were described from 20‒25 cm cores as coarse-grained, overlying fine-grained silt and clay size sediments with depth (Gilbert & Domack 2003). The type collection consists of seven specimens collected from three locations in the trough. No specimens were collected in the nearby Prince Gustav Channel or other locations in the Larsen Ice Shelf A area outside the Greenpeace Trough. However, there have been few benthic surveys along the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula and it is likely that with further sampling the species will be found to have a more extensive distribution. Large eggs measuring up to 220 µm in diameter were observed in specimens from all surveys. The eggs occurred mostly in the large moniliform segments of the anterior abdominal region. Large eggs suggest a direct development for the species. Distribution. Known from both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula: Larsen Ice Shelf A area, from a nearshore trough, 668–868 m; from the Bransfield Straits, 681–2000 m, where the species occupies mud balls visible on the surface.Published as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 67-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27234
Design and Synthesis of Double-ESIPT Fluorescent Probes for Multi-Analytes Detection
No full text<p>This document is the abstract created and submitted to the 2023 Southwest Regional Meeting in order to be elligible for a poster presentation spot. Blake Maillet (a Student at Stephen F. Austin State University) held the role of student assistant researcher and was the presenting author of the research that was done over the summer of 2023. Dr. Rashid Mia is a proffessor at Stephen F. Austin State University in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and is the Principle Investigator of this research project. The research being done on this topic is still ongoing as this is being written. This work was supported by the Welch Foundation.</p>
Chaetozone artaspinosa Blake 2022, new species
No full textChaetozone artaspinosa new species Figures 20–23 Table 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 27DAFA43-5EED-4DCD-A274-D2D73280CB40 Chaetozone vivipara: Hilbig et al. 1996: 24; 29–30, 60, 63, D-1; Blake et al. 1998a: 77, E-1; Maciolek et al. 2006: C-24; 2008: 4-23–4-25, 4-28. Not Christie 1984. Material examined. (384 specimens) Northeastern USA, Boston Harbor Massachusetts, MWRA Harbor Monitoring Program, Sta. T-05A: Rep 2, 25 Apr 2002, 70.960617°N, 42.339718°W, 9.0 m, holotype (MCZ 161934), 62 paratypes (MCZ 161935); 01 Aug 2007, Rep. 1, 70.9607315°N, 42.3396835°W, 16.2 m, 1 specimen on SEM stub (MCZ 161936), 3 specimens on SEM stub (MCZ 161937). Sta. T-01: Rep. 2, Apr 1995, 42°20.95 ′ N, 70°57.81 ′ W, 4 m (66 juveniles, MCZ 161938); Rep. 4, 22 May 2002, 70.963600°N, 42.349217°W, 4.0 m, 15 paratypes (MCZ 161939). Sta. T-02: Rep. 2, Apr 1995, 42°20.57 ′ N, 71°00.12 ′ W, 9 m (75 juveniles, MCZ 161940); Rep. 2, 05 Aug 2009, 71.0019302°N, 42.3429679°W, 7.5 m, 10 paratypes (MCZ 161941). Sta. T-03: Rep. 2, Apr 1995, 42.330°N 70.962°W, 8.7 m (140, MCZ 161943); Sta. T-07: Rep. 2, 25 Apr 2002, 70.978615°N, 42.289318°W, 7.5 m, 11 paratypes (MCZ 161942). Description. A small to moderately sized species, holotype complete, with about 80 setigers, 11.2 mm long and 0.54 mm wide anteriorly (Fig. 21A); large paratype with 102 setigers, 14.4 mm long, and 0.44 mm wide (Fig. 20A); a small paratype (MCZ 161935) with 44 setigers, 3.3 mm long, and 0.73 mm wide across anterior segments. Body elongate, narrow, only weakly expanded anteriorly, tapering to posterior end (Fig 20A), sometimes weakly enlarged. Anterior setigers about ten times wider than long; middle segments up to five times wider than long. Dorsal surface rounded, slightly elevated above parapodia, without dorsal groove or ridge; ventral surface flattened with distinct ventral groove or channel extending from about setiger 1 along anterior and middle setigers, indistinct in posterior setigers. Posterior segments with parapodia elevated dorsally. Posterior end dorsoventrally flattened tapering to pygidium (Figs. 20A, E–F, 21B). Color in alcohol opaque white to light tan, with no pigmentation. Pre-setiger region triangular in shape, slightly longer than wide (Figs. 20B, 21A, 22B); about as long as first five setigers in smaller specimens and about first ten setigers in larger specimens; Prostomium short, triangular, tapering to narrow pointed tip (Figs. 20A–B, 21A, 22A); eyespots absent; nuchal organs narrow oval-shaped ciliated openings on posterior lateral margins (Fig. 22C inset). Peristomium with two prominent lateral grooves producing three rings (Figs. 20B, 21A, 22A–C), but these not crossing dorsal surface, weakly developed dorsal crest present (Figs. 20B, 21A); some specimens with longitudinal groove in crest producing two parallel crests (Fig. 22B–C). Dorsal tentacles arise from medial location on posterior margin of peristomium (Figs. 20B, 21A, 22B–C); first pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles; second pair of branchiae on setiger 1 dorsal to notosetae; subsequent branchiae in similar location (Figs. 21A, 22C). Branchiae present along most of body. Parapodia of anterior segments short thickened vertical lobes from which setae arise; these lobes weakly swollen, with noto- and neurosetae arising directly from them. Parapodia of posterior segments thinner, narrower, bearing acicular spines and capillaries in spreading fascicles (Figs. 20D, 21C, 22D, F). All setae long, narrow. Anterior and middle setigers with setae all long, thin capillaries (Fig. 21D, 22F), with 8–10 in notopodia and 7–8 in neuropodia (Fig. 22A–C); posterior setigers with 5–8 capillaries in notopodia (Fig. 22F) and 4–5 capillaries and 1–3 acicular spines in neuropodia (Fig. 21E). Spines first present in neuropodia from middle body segments: about setiger 55 in 80-setiger holotype, setiger 70 in large 102-setiger paratype, and setiger 35 in smaller 44-setiger paratype; spines not observed in notopodia. Individual spines long, narrow, straight or only weakly curved, not sigmoidally curved; terminating in bluntly rounded tip (Figs. 21E, 22G). Pygidium a rounded disk ventral to anal opening (Figs. 20E–F, 21B, 22E). Methyl green staining. Peristomium retaining stain in irregular pattern (Fig. 20C); tip of prostomium sometimes retaining stain, otherwise no pattern. Remarks. Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. was first observed in Boston Harbor benthos in August 1995 when large numbers of a small unknown cirratulid appeared in benthic samples collected as part of the harbor-wide benthic monitoring survey. Some of these specimens were shown to the late Dr. Mary E. Petersen who was visiting our laboratory in Woods Hole at the time. Dr. Petersen indicated that she had collected similar-appearing specimens in Denmark and had identified them as Tharyx vivipara Christie, 1984, an estuarine species from northeastern England in the U.K. that exhibited an unusual form of larval viviparity where early development occurred entirely within the bodies of females (Christie 1984). Dr. Petersen was convinced that our Boston Harbor specimens were the same as the species from the U.K. and Denmark. She was also convinced that they belonged to the genus Chaetozone instead of Tharyx, despite the original description and illustrations of T. vivipara clearly indicating that all setae were pointed capillaries and that none of the Boston Harbor specimens exhibited any evidence of viviparity. Petersen (1999) subsequently referred T. vivipara to the genus Chaetozone as part of her review of cirratulid reproduction and development, but did not provide a redescription of the European species. Hartmann-Schröder (1996) had earlier referred T. vivipara to Aphelochaeta with a brief description indicating that all setae were capillaries. Various technical reports of cirratulids from the U.K. summarized by Worsford (2009) have referred T. vivipara to Chaetozone based largely on Petersen (1999) but with only minimal descriptive notes. A review of Dr. Petersen’s unpublished notes, sketches, and prepared slides of Tharyx vivipara included information on the specimens she had collected from Limfjord, Denmark, in 1983. The notes and sketches appear to refer to the same species described by Christie (1984), but there is no evidence that she actually observed acicular spines on her specimens that would confirm referral of the species to Chaetozone. A detailed sketch of the anterior end in dorsal view was prepared, but none depicting setae. There are five well-prepared slides of posterior ends and a few separate parapodia of the Limfjord specimens. These are in good condition and clearly show spreading fascicles of noto- and neurosetae from pre-pygidial segments. Although some of the setae are broken, all intact setae are capillaries; no acicular spines are present among the intact capillaries. The longer capillaries have a dark core and it is possible that such setae might have been mistaken for spines. However, these slides do not support the transfer of Tharyx vivipara to Chaetozone. It would appear that at least for the Danish specimens, Dr. Petersen based her assumption of a Chaetozone identity on the overall shape of the body and posterior setigers as being similar in appearance to other Chaetozone species she had observed. Based on these observations and my interpretation of Dr. Petersen’s observations and records, T. vivipara should be included in the genus Aphelochaeta following Hartmann-Schröder (1996). However, it is possible that the specimens from Denmark and the U.K. are not the same species. Despite the identity of the Boston Harbor specimens being based on anecdotal observations and comments by Dr. Petersen, they were subsequently referred to as Chaetozone vivipara in the database by the project team and have continued to be identified as such in subsequent monitoring surveys; there being no alternative identification available. Systematic studies on Cirratulidae by the author and supported by the NSF PEET program (2001–2008) included extensive studies on global Cirratulidae and included traditional methods as well as SEM to assist in defining the morphology of local species. A recent review of specimens and SEM images of “ C. vivipara ” from Boston Harbor clearly demonstrates that they are not the same species described by Christie (1984), but another species having an entirely different morphology here described as Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. is most similar to C. castanea from off Peru and Chile in having acicular spines that are long, narrow, and straight or only weakly curved (Blake 2018) rather than thick and sigmoidally curved. Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. differs from C. castanea in having three peristomial rings instead of four (with the first merged with the prostomium), no acicular notopodial spines instead of 2–3, 1–3 neuropodial acicular spines instead of 5–6 and a sub-anal pygidial lobe that is thick and cushion-like instead of disk-like. In addition, the body of C. castanea is heavily pigmented brown whereas, C. artaspinosa n. sp. has no pigmentation on the body. Locally, Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. may be superficially mistaken for Tharyx acutus Webster & Benedict, 1887, with which it may occur. Both species have acicular spines limited to the neuropodia. However, C. artaspinosa n. sp. has three distinct peristomial rings whereas T. acutus has an elongate smooth peristomium with only lateral grooves denoting the posterior lip of the mouth, but not producing separate rings. In addition, posterior segments of T. acutus are expanded, with a broad ventral groove into which the neurosetae project, including the acicular spines that have a sub-bidentate knobby tip. In contrast, the posterior segments of C. artaspinosa n. sp. are narrow, rounded, and while variously flattened ventrally, lack a distinct ventral groove; the neuroacicular spines are elongate and have a simple, narrowly blunted tip without any apical knobs or teeth. Biology. Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp., as C. vivipara, was first reported in the August 1995 MWRA Boston Harbor collections (Hilbig et al. 1996) but was not reported in the spring (April) 1995 samples. In the August samples, the species was reported in densities of 8,000 to 29,000 individuals per m 2 at stations T-01 and T-02 (Deer Island Flats and off Logan Airport, northern Harbor). Hilbig et al. (1996) suggested that large numbers of unidentified juvenile cirratulids enumerated in the April 1995 samples from these same two stations might have belonged to this species; juvenile cirratulids were the third most abundant taxon at both stations in the April 1995 samples. In order to determine if the juvenile cirratulids set aside in April of 1995 were C. artaspinosa n. sp., some of the specimens available from replicates from Stations T-01, T-02, and T-03 were examined and determined to indeed include juveniles of C. artaspinosa n. sp. In addition, adults packed with eggs were also present at Sta. T-03. Some of the meristic data is presented in Table 4 and images of juveniles from 10 to 28 setigers in length are illustrated in Figure 23. The smallest juveniles with 10 and 11 setigers were grub-like post-larval forms (Fig. 23A–B) but had well-developed dorsal tentacles; one or two stiff capillary setae were present in noto- and neuropodia, but acicular spines were not present. Juveniles with 12 and 13 setigers (Fig. 23C–E) exhibit some elongation of the trunk region and branchiae were present on a few anterior setigers; one acicular spine was observed on the tenth setiger of a 14-setiger specimen (Table 4). Larger juveniles with 19 setigers (Fig. 23F), 22 setigers (Fig. 23G), 25 setigers (Fig. 23H), and 28 setigers (Fig. 23I) exhibit an elongation of the body from the thick and grub-like post-larval shape to an elongated body with a consistent width and length but no enlargement of anterior and posterior setigers as present in adults (Fig. 20A). Acicular spines with a narrow rounded tip are consistently first present from about the 14- setiger stage. Initially, the spines are first present from setiger 10 in specimens with 14–20 setigers; specimens with 25–28 setigers have the spines first present at setigers 14–15. Thus, the juveniles have neuropodial acicular spines first present in middle body segments as with the much larger adults (holotype: first acicular spine in setiger 55 of 80). These observations of juveniles therefore suggest that with growth and setal replacement, acicular spines retain their position in the middle body segments. Stations T-01, T-02, and T-05A are locations in Boston Harbor where Chaetozone artaspinosa n. sp. occurred consistently (Maciolek et al 2006, 2008). The species was typically among the top 10 or 15 most abundant benthic invertebrates at these sites. These three sites are located in the northern part of Boston Harbor near the main shipping channel into Boston. Sediments at these sites have lower percentages of fines (silt + clay ca. 20%) and higher sand inventories. In addition, total organic carbon is relatively low at about 0.8% (Maciolek et al 2008). Several specimens of C. artaspinosa n. sp. collected in April 1995 (Sta. T-03) and 2002 (Sta. T-05A) were observed with the middle segments packed with eggs measuring up to 95–125 µm in diameter. Gametes were not observed in specimens from the August surveys, suggesting that this species reproduces in the spring. The appearance of juveniles in April samples previously discussed supports this suggestion. Etymology. The epithet is from artus, Latin for narrow and spina, Latin for thorn, referring to the narrow acicular spines that characterize this species. Distribution. Known only from Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, in shallow subtidal sediments from 4–16 m, but likely widespread in estuaries along the U.S. northeastern coast.Published as part of Blake, James A., 2022, New species and records of Caulleriella, Chaetocirratulus and Chaetozone (Annelida, Cirratulidae) from continental shelf and slope depths of the Western North Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5113 (1) on pages 42-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5113.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/634099
Love Will Find A Way
No full textFirst Line: Come, dear, and don't let our faith weakenFirst Line of Chorus: Love will find a way though skies now are grayTitle of Larger Work: Shuffle AlongKey: F Majo
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