651 research outputs found
Amygdala Response to Fear in Boys With Conduct Problems Following Parent Training:Considering Heterogeneity
No full textA arquitetura como ficção: superfícies gráficas e perspectivas paradoxais para o espaço: a obra de Regina Silveira
No full textThis study proposes a reflection on the possibilities of awareness of architectural spaces through the graphics interfaces of surface, performed in site-specific installations of the artist Regina Silveira. The research is aimed at the expansion of critical reflection on the quality of sensory experiences in built spaces and also point reconciliation possibilities between the technical dimension and expressive content in contemporary architecture through the interdisciplinary relationship between architecture, art and graphic design. Furthermore, it should investigate to what extent the exercise of art towards a merger of the contradictions inherent to the complexity of contemporary living environments can be considered on the agenda of projective activities and theoretical discussions in architecture, as well as surface design field applied to the built environment. The theoretical framework is based on the phenomenology and perception studies, always grounded in theories of art, architecture and graphic design. The study considers the site-specific art as a maximum tensioning territory these issues in architecture, but also make notes on the surface design as a means of expanding the relational field of architectural works and of sensitive experiences in daily life.O presente estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades de sensibilização dos espaços arquitetônicos por meio das interfaces gráficas de superfície realizadas nas instalações site-specific da artista Regina Silveira. A investigação tem em vista a ampliação da reflexão crítica sobre a qualidade das experiências sensíveis nos espaços construídos e, também, busca apontar possibilidades de reconciliação entre a dimensão técnica e o conteúdo expressivo na arquitetura contemporânea por meio da relação interdisciplinar entre arquitetura, arte e design gráfico. Além disso, importa investigar em que medida o exercício da arte em direção à incorporação das contradições inerentes à complexidade dos ambientes de vida contemporâneos pode ser considerado na pauta das atividades projetivas e das discussões teóricas em arquitetura, assim como no campo do design de superfícies aplicado aos ambientes construídos. O viés teórico tem como fundamento a fenomenologia e os estudos de percepção, sempre ancorados em teorias da arte, da arquitetura e do design gráfico. O estudo considera a arte site-specific como um território de tensionamento máximo dessas questões na arquitetura, mas não deixa de fazer apontamentos sobre o design de superfícies também como meio de ampliação do campo relacional das obras arquitetônicas e das experiências de caráter sensível no cotidiano
Multiobjective engineering design optimization problems: a sensitivity analysis approach
No full textThis paper proposes two new approaches for the sensitivity analysis of multiobjective design optimization problems whose performance functions are highly susceptible to small variations in the design variables and/or design environment parameters. In both methods, the less sensitive design alternatives are preferred over others during the multiobjective optimization process. While taking the first approach, the designer chooses the design variable and/or parameter that causes uncertainties. The designer then associates a robustness index with each design alternative and adds each index as an objective function in the optimization problem. For the second approach, the designer must know, a priori, the interval of variation in the design variables or in the design environment parameters, because the designer will be accepting the interval of variation in the objective functions. The second method does not require any law of probability distribution of uncontrollable variations. Finally, the authors give two illustrative examples to highlight the contributions of the paper
Unraveling the Morphological Brain Architecture of Human Aggression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies
No full textIntroduction. Aggression is an umbrella term referring to behaviors intended to harm others. However, aggressive behaviors vary in terms of forms (i.e., physical, verbal) and functions (i.e., proactive, reactive). Recent findings suggest that both motives and forms may be associated with distinct brain structures. However, no studies have meta-analytically summarized their commonalities and differences.
Method. A systematic search strategy was conducted up to May 1st 2023 using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Image was used to meta-analyze voxel-based morphometry studies. Exploratory analyses on meta-analytic findings were conducted to identify their associated mental functions and examine their degree of overlap with brain lesion associated with aggression.
Results. A total of 92 experiments were included in the meta-analysis (N=2593, mean age=26.2, 68.5% males). General aggression was characterized by reduced grey matter volume (GMV) in the medial prefrontal cortex. Reactive aggression was associated with reduced GMV in the frontal pole, and bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and proactive aggression with greater GMV in the ventral caudate. Co-activation brain networks of these morphological correlates further distinguished reactive and proactive into socio-affective/somatosensory and motivational processes, respectively. We also found that the medial prefrontal cortex cluster of general aggression was a primary site in which focal brain lesion may increase the risk for aggression.
Conclusion. The current study highlight that functions of aggression are associated with distinct abnormalities in grey matter volume. These findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting potentially distinct aetiologies between aggression motives
A new method for decision making in multi-objective optimization problems
Get PDFMany engineering sectors are challenged by multi-objective optimization problems. Even if the idea behind these problems is simple and well established, the implementation of any procedure to solve them is not a trivial task. The use of evolutionary algorithms to find candidate solutions is widespread. Usually they supply a discrete picture of the non-dominated solutions, a Pareto set. Although it is very interesting to know the non-dominated solutions, an additional criterion is needed to select one solution to be deployed. To better support the design process, this paper presents a new method of solving non-linear multi-objective optimization problems by adding a control function that will guide the optimization process over the Pareto set that does not need to be found explicitly. The proposed methodology differs from the classical methods that combine the objective functions in a single scale, and is based on a unique run of non-linear single-objective optimizers
Callous-unemotional traits and brain structure: Sex-specific effects in anterior insula of typically-developing youths
Get PDFCallous-unemotional traits are characterized by a lack of empathy, a disregard for others' feelings and shallow or deficient affect, such as a lack of remorse or guilt. Neuroanatomical correlates of callous-unemotional traits have been demonstrated in clinical samples (i.e., adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders). However, it is unknown whether callous-unemotional traits are associated with neuroanatomical correlates within normative populations without clinical levels of aggression or antisocial behavior. Here we investigated the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and gray matter volume using voxel-based morphometry in a large sample of typically-developing boys and girls (N = 189). Whole-brain multiple regression analyses controlling for site, total intracranial volume, and age were conducted in the whole sample and in boys and girls individually. Results revealed that sex and callous-unemotional traits interacted to predict gray matter volume when considering the whole sample. This interaction was driven by a significant positive correlation between callous-unemotional traits and bilateral anterior insula volume in boys, but not girls. Insula gray matter volume explained 19% of the variance in callous-unemotional traits for boys. Our results demonstrate that callous-unemotional traits are related to variations in brain structure beyond psychiatric samples. This association was observed for boys only, underlining the importance of considering sex as a factor in future research designs. Future longitudinal studies should determine whether these findings hold over childhood and adolescence, and whether the neuroanatomical correlates of callous-unemotional traits are predictive of future psychiatric vulnerability. General scientific summary This study suggests that callous-unemotional traits have a neuroanatomical correlate within typically developing boys, but not girls. Bilateral anterior insula volume explains up to 19% of the variance in callous-unemotional traits in boys.</p
Cortical structure and subcortical volume in adults with psychopathy: A multi-site mega-analysis from the ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior working group
No full textPsychopathy is a personality disorder characterised by distinctive interpersonal and affective abnormalities combined with recurring disruptive and antisocial behaviours (Hare & Neumann, 2009). It is associated with violence, criminal versatility, and increased rates of recidivism (Hare & Neumann, 2008; Hare & Neumann, 2009; Salekin et al., 1997).
Previous structural MRI studies have identified several volumetric and surface-based cortical and subcortical brain differences in individuals with psychopathy compared to control groups (Johanson et al., 2020; Howner et al., 2012; Ly et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2009a; Yang et al., 2009b; Yang et al., 2011). Furthermore, studies examining associations between structural brain alterations and psychopathy Factor 1 (indexing interpersonal and affective traits such as egocentricity, deception, low empathy and manipulation) and Factor 2 (indexing impulsive and antisocial traits such as social deviance, criminality and impulsivity) have noted that while there are certain structural differences associated with both factors, the two factors of psychopathy might be also associated with distinct structural correlates (Contreras-Rodríguez et al., 2015; Cope et al., 2012; De Brito et al., 2021b; Howner et al., 2012; Leutgeb et al., 2015; Miglin et al., 2022; Miskovich et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2009). Finally, a small body of work also reveals that among individuals with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), individuals who additionally present with psychopathy (ASPD+P), might show unique abnormalities compared to those without psychopathy (ASPD-P) (De Brito et al., 2021; Gregory et al., 2012, 2015; Johanson et al., 2020).
While neuroimaging investigations have sought to characterise the neural differences that underlie psychopathy, there still appears to be some variability in findings across studies and diverging patterns of associations between psychopathy factors and cortical structure (e.g., De Brito et al., 2021a, 2021b; Poeppl et al., 2019). Ambiguity in the current literature may be due to methodological factors such as heterogenous image acquisition techniques, analytical approaches, sample characteristics (e.g., community vs clinical/forensic), and participant characteristics. Furthermore, most published research in the psychopathy literature has focused on male adults from forensic or clinical populations. Given that such individuals are often difficult to access and recruit, previous studies have suffered from small sample sizes and have been unable to consider sex as a variable within the research design or test for sex-by-diagnosis interactions.
Overall, we argue that a consistent picture of the brain morphometric differences associated with psychopathy is lacking. Therefore, a comprehensive, large-scale analysis in relation to psychopathy could provide a more accurate account of the neuroanatomical correlates of the disorder. Utilising existing individual-level brain imaging data (such as that assembled by the ENIGMA consortium), some of which may not have been previously published as surface-based morphometry studies, provides an opportunity to overcome the weaknesses of existing research and provides greater population generalisability owing to the large sample size and increase in statistical power. Furthermore, this approach offers the opportunity to consider individual differences in more detail. It allows for the investigation of psychopathy as a dimension and consideration of how the different psychopathy factors may be related to brain structure across the full range of disorder severity. This study will use datasets provided to the ENIGMA-Antisocial behavior working group to examine the cortical and subcortical correlates of psychopathy and take a mega-analytical approach which allows for a more flexible and comprehensive analysis of the data (Boedhoe et al., 2019).
Main Research Questions:
1: Do adults with psychopathy show consistent and reliable differences in cortical thickness, surface area and/or subcortical volume compared to control groups without psychopathy?
2: In comparison to a healthy control group, can we identify structural differences that are unique to antisocial personality disorder with psychopathy, and which are common to both antisocial personality disorder with/without psychopathy?
3: How are the two factors of psychopathy associated with cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume?
4: Do these structural differences occur across the full spectrum of disorder severity (i.e., across community and/as well as forensic/clinical samples)?
5: Is the relationship between psychopathy and cortical thickness, surface area or subcortical volume different in male versus female participants
Cortical structure and subcortical volume in adults with psychopathy: A multi-site mega-analysis from the ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior working group
No full textPsychopathy is a personality disorder characterised by distinctive interpersonal and affective abnormalities combined with recurring disruptive and antisocial behaviours (Hare & Neumann, 2009). It is associated with violence, criminal versatility, and increased rates of recidivism (Hare & Neumann, 2008; Hare & Neumann, 2009; Salekin et al., 1997).
Previous structural MRI studies have identified several volumetric and surface-based cortical and subcortical brain differences in individuals with psychopathy compared to control groups (Johanson et al., 2020; Howner et al., 2012; Ly et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2009a; Yang et al., 2009b; Yang et al., 2011). Furthermore, studies examining associations between structural brain alterations and psychopathy Factor 1 (indexing interpersonal and affective traits such as egocentricity, deception, low empathy and manipulation) and Factor 2 (indexing impulsive and antisocial traits such as social deviance, criminality and impulsivity) have noted that while there are certain structural differences associated with both factors, the two factors of psychopathy might be also associated with distinct structural correlates (Contreras-Rodríguez et al., 2015; Cope et al., 2012; De Brito et al., 2021b; Howner et al., 2012; Leutgeb et al., 2015; Miglin et al., 2022; Miskovich et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2009). Finally, a small body of work also reveals that among individuals with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), individuals who additionally present with psychopathy (ASPD+P), might show unique abnormalities compared to those without psychopathy (ASPD-P) (De Brito et al., 2021; Gregory et al., 2012, 2015; Johanson et al., 2020).
While neuroimaging investigations have sought to characterise the neural differences that underlie psychopathy, there still appears to be some variability in findings across studies and diverging patterns of associations between psychopathy factors and cortical structure (e.g., De Brito et al., 2021a, 2021b; Poeppl et al., 2019). Ambiguity in the current literature may be due to methodological factors such as heterogenous image acquisition techniques, analytical approaches, sample characteristics (e.g., community vs clinical/forensic), and participant characteristics. Furthermore, most published research in the psychopathy literature has focused on male adults from forensic or clinical populations. Given that such individuals are often difficult to access and recruit, previous studies have suffered from small sample sizes and have been unable to consider sex as a variable within the research design or test for sex-by-diagnosis interactions.
Overall, we argue that a consistent picture of the brain morphometric differences associated with psychopathy is lacking. Therefore, a comprehensive, large-scale analysis in relation to psychopathy could provide a more accurate account of the neuroanatomical correlates of the disorder. Utilising existing individual-level brain imaging data (such as that assembled by the ENIGMA consortium), some of which may not have been previously published as surface-based morphometry studies, provides an opportunity to overcome the weaknesses of existing research and provides greater population generalisability owing to the large sample size and increase in statistical power. Furthermore, this approach offers the opportunity to consider individual differences in more detail. It allows for the investigation of psychopathy as a dimension and consideration of how the different psychopathy factors may be related to brain structure across the full range of disorder severity. This study will use datasets provided to the ENIGMA-Antisocial behavior working group to examine the cortical and subcortical correlates of psychopathy and take a mega-analytical approach which allows for a more flexible and comprehensive analysis of the data (Boedhoe et al., 2019).
Main Research Questions:
1: Do adults with psychopathy show consistent and reliable differences in cortical thickness, surface area and/or subcortical volume compared to control groups without psychopathy?
2: In comparison to a healthy control group, can we identify structural differences that are unique to antisocial personality disorder with psychopathy, and which are common to both antisocial personality disorder with/without psychopathy?
3: How are the two factors of psychopathy associated with cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume?
4: Do these structural differences occur across the full spectrum of disorder severity (i.e., across community and/as well as forensic/clinical samples)?
5: Is the relationship between psychopathy and cortical thickness, surface area or subcortical volume different in male versus female participants
Revisión y Análisis de la Eficiencia de Penicillium spp en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados por el plaguicida DDT (dicloro difenil tricloroetano)
Get PDFExisten múltiples investigaciones concernientes a la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con plaguicidas, dentro de ellos el DDT, pese a que su uso ha sido restringido; la capacidad de los microorganismos de degradar sustancias diferentes a las fuentes de carbono naturales es eficiente. El presente artículo lleva como título “Revisión y Análisis de la Eficiencia de Penicillium spp en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados por el plaguicida DDT (dicloro difenil tricloroetano)”, tiene como objetivo comparar la eficiencia de penicillium spp en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados por el plaguicida DDT de las investigaciones según los autores Bach. Tania Marilin Fernandez Brito y Rodríguez V. Refugio, Rodríguez B. Massiel.; la metodología que se usó es de recurrir a bases de datos como REDALYC, SCIELO, repositorios de Universidades, etc. Se seleccionaron artículos de años recientes, también se diseñaron matrices comparativas, lo cual, nos permitió dar una mejor interpretación de dichas investigaciones dentro de ello las metodologías aplicadas, instrumentos aplicados, los resultados obtenidos en la concentración final de DDT en el suelo, encontrada por Fernández (2018), al utilizar la especie bio-remediadora Penicillum spp se obtiene al 1% 4571.43mg/kg, al 2% 3714.29mg/kg y al 3% 2000.00 mg/kg, la cual no cumple el estándar de la FAO, que es 0.1 mg/kg; mientras que la concentración de DDT reportada por Rodríguez & Rodríguez (2019), cumple el mencionado estándar siendo su resultado al 2% 0.00108 mg/kg .Trabajo de investigaciónTARAPOTOEscuela Profesional de Ingeniería AmbientalBiodiversidad y calidad ambienta
The impact of childhood maltreatment: A review of neurobiological and genetic factors
Get PDFChildhood maltreatment represents a significant risk factor for psychopathology. Recent research has begun to examine both the functional and structural neurobiological correlates of adverse care-giving experiences, including maltreatment, and how these might impact on a child's psychological and emotional development. The relationship between such experiences and risk for psychopathology has been shown to vary as a function of genetic factors. In this review we begin by providing a brief overview of neuroendocrine findings, which indicate an association between maltreatment and atypical development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response, which may predispose to psychiatric vulnerability in adulthood. We then selectively review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that have investigated possible structural and functional brain differences in children and adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment. Differences in the corpus callosum identified by structural MRI have now been reliably reported in children who have experienced abuse, while differences in the hippocampus have been reported in adults with childhood histories of maltreatment. In addition, there is preliminary evidence from functional MRI studies of adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment of amygdala hyperactivity and atypical activation of frontal regions. These functional differences can be partly understood in the context of the information biases observed in event-related potential and behavioural studies of physically abused children. Finally we consider research that has indicated that the effect of environmental adversity may be moderated by genotype, reviewing pertinent studies pointing to gene by environment (GxE) interactions. We conclude by exploring the extent to which the growing evidence base in relation to neurobiological and genetic research may be relevant to clinical practice and intervention
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