15 research outputs found
Levels and indoor-outdoor relationships of PM10 and soluble inorganic ions in Beirut, Lebanon
No full textPM10, which is considered among the major indoor and outdoor pollutants, was measured in several residential homes and corresponding outdoor environments in the Great Beirut area over the summer and winter seasons of 2005. Few studies on PM10 levels indoors in Beirut are restricted to short-term periods in public places. In this study, 78 PM10 samples were collected on Teflon filters using an active sampler at a flow rate of 5 L-min. PM10 mass concentrations were determined by gravimetric analysis, and inorganic chemical speciation was carried out using ion chromatography. Outdoors, PM10 elevated mass concentrations correlated well with high traffic density. The observed high intra-site temporal variation (minimum of 34 and a maximum of 120 μg-m3) was attributed to the dynamic air masses passing over the Eastern Mediterranean region. Indoors, PM10 levels were highly affected by outdoor levels, but were enhanced over those of outdoors when smoking activities were recorded. In winter, the overall average outdoor concentration dropped by 19percent, whereas the average indoor concentration increased by 50percent over the ones calculated for the summer. Ventilation and air exchange rates were found to be approximately equal to unity during summer since most doors and windows remain open. This rate drops to almost half during winter. As for particulate ions namely nitrates and sulfates, the former showed concentrations that are higher than the values reported in the region in both winter and summer seasons, suggesting high emissions from local vehicles. However, SO4 2- average concentrations were comparable to values reported in other studies conducted in Eastern Mediterranean sites. Soluble particulate nitrates and sulfates exhibited similar indoor and outdoor levels in non-smoking homes (IO ~ 1), but in smoking homes the drop in nitrate concentrations reached around 70percent, indicating a high anionic reactivity with tobacco smokes. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. 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United States' foreign policy toward the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan: 1990-2014, 2016
No full textThis study provides an analysis of the United States foreign policy toward the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1990-2014. This period has witnessed four different American Presidents: the Republicans, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and the Democrats, Bill Clinton and Barack H. Obama. Republicans and Democrats have both maintained relatively close relations with Jordan. This study concluded that the most important factors that shaped the United States foreign policy toward Jordan are the geopolitical location, ideology, moderate regime, regional security dimension, and Arab-Israeli peace process. This study explores the signing of The Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty of October 26, 1994, which markedly enhanced US-Jordan bilateral relations to unprecedented levels. The United States foreign aid, Qualifying Industrial Zones, and the US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement have dramatically boosted the Jordanian economy and modernized its military weapon systems. This study found that the primary concern of the United States foreign policy in the Middle East is securing strategic access to oil in the Gulf region, supporting and protecting Israels sovereignty, maintaining the United States military bases, particularly in the Gulf states, defending client-states and friendly regimes, and resisting Islamic movements and terrorist groups. KEY TERMS: Foreign Policy, United States' Foreign Policy, American Foreign Policy, Jordan's Foreign Policy, US-Jordan relations, Foreign Relations, Middle East Politics, American Politics, Comparative Politics, International Relations, Political Science, Social and Behavioral Science
Arab-West Report Papers 2007 - 2016
No full textThe dataset contains papers written between 2007 and 2016 by researchers and interns at the Center for Arab-West Understanding ( CAWU) in Cairo or by researchers and academics connected to CAWU. The papers aim at obtaining a better understanding of the role of religion in society, including:- Relations between Muslims and Christians in Egypt;- Problems around church building, the highly controversial topic of (alleged) kidnappings of Christian youth, claims of forced conversions, reports on sectarian incidents in Egypt and media critique to uncover biased reporting within Egypt as well as the stereotypical tone in Western media;- The role of Christian and Muslim institutions in society and the political sphere;- Activities of human rights organizations;- Islam and politics.All papers are:- Descriptive and take different points of views serious as part of the description of events unfolding in society;- Contributing to a better understanding of people between different cultures and beliefs.Methodology:Papers always include Egyptian source material. Authors were recommended to make use of the AWR database, conduct interviews in Egypt and where encouraged to contrast results with western news coverage.Papers discuss one subject at length and were reviewed by Egyptian and/or Western academics, within the bounds of organizational possibility and edited by Cornelis Hulsman or others to guarantee academic standards. This has resulted in a number of unique studies about subjects that are rarely covered in depth elsewhere. These papers are completed texts but besides, additional texts from reviewers often include interesting suggestions for further research.With thanks to:Prentice (Author), P. (Center for Arab West Understanding (CAWU))Disouqi (Reviewer), Dr. R. (Azhar University)Wagieh (Author, Reviewer), Dr. H. (Azhar University)Fowler (Reviewer), Prof. Dr. M. (American University in Cairo (AUC))Hulsman (Author, Editor, Reviewer), Drs. C. (CAWU)Atmaca (Author), N. (CAWU)Anwar (Author), S. (CAWU)Bodman (Reviewer), Dr. (Assoc. Prof.) W. (Austin Seminary, Texas, USA)Richards-Benson (Language editor CIDT), C. (CAWU)Fastenrath (Author), C. (CAWU)Kazanjian (Author), C. (CAWU)Makram Ebeid (Reviewer), Dr. A. (CAWU)Snyder (Author), M. (CAWU)Aguzzoni (Author), S. (CAWU)Turner (Reviewer, Academic language editor CIDT), C.Holm (Author), M. (CAWU)Bredstrup (Author), M. (CAWU)Dokhan (Author), B. (CAWU)Marqus (Author), S. (CAWU)al-Ghanām (Author), A. (CAWU)Chetty (Author), J. (CAWU)Sayf ʿAllām (Author), R. (CAWU)Neubert (Author), S. (CAWU)Nielsen (Author), J.R. (CAWU)Wamboldt (Author), A. (CAWU)Connery (Author), B. (CAWU)Drouin (Author), R. (CAWU)Schep (Author), C. (CAWU)Roters (Author), D. (CAWU)van Baalen (Reviewer), J. (CIDT)Casper (Author, Reviewer), J. (CAWU)Curtis (Author), R. (CAWU)al-Ashāl (Author), M. (CAWU)Labīb (Author), A. (CAWU)Gabra (Reviewer, Supervisor), Eng. S. (CAWU)Fawzy (Reviewer), S.Magdy (Author), M. (CAWU)Justesen (Author), E. (CAWU)Adeh (Author), D. (CAWU)Fuʿād (Author), S. (CAWU)Edwards (Author), E. (CAWU)Marshall (Author), C. D. (CAWU)Yaḥyā (Author), L. (CAWU)Ferrecchia (Author, Language editor), J. (CAWU /CIDT)Gallo (Language-editor), W. (CIDT)Lundberg, S. (Lund University)Mc Donell (Author), A. (CAWU)Khayyal (Reviewer, Editor), Prof. em. M.al-Zanātī (Author), F. (Cairo University)al-Ghazālī (Author), M. (CAWU)Salāmah (Author), U.Weißenfels (Author), A. (CAWU)Serôdio (Author), D. (CAWU)Messiha (Reviewer), Dr. G. (form. Constituent Assembly Parliament (Egypt))Talaat (Reviewer), Dr. A. (Supreme Court (Egypt))Schleiffer (Reviewer), Prof. em. A. (american University of Cairo (AUC))Paulus (Reviewer), Dr. C. (Al-Azhar University, Cairo)Slomp (Reviewer), Rev. Dr J. (International Advisory Board of the Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs (JMMA))Scattolin (Reviewer), Fr. Dr. G. (Dar Comboni, Cairo)Forster (Author), R.A.Fathina (Author), H. (CAWU)Schoorel (Author), E. (CAWU)Stacey (Language editor), E. (CIDT)Byeongsun, A. (CAWU)Weinert (Author), F. (CAWU)Gillé (Reviewer, Editor), M.Jongeneel, Prof. em. J. (Utrecht University)Fargues, Prof. Dr. P. (American University Cairo (AUC))Middelstaed-Rizkallah (Author), J. (CIDT)Coffee (Author, Editor, Reviewer), J. (CAWU / CIDT)Atallah (Reviewer), R. (Egyptian Bible Society)Jørgensen (Reviewer), Prof. Dr. K. (Aarhus University)Suermann (Reviewer), Prof. Dr. H. (University of Bonn)Gajan (Author,Reviewer), M. (CAWU)Volkmann (Author, Reviewer), E. (CAWU)Mūsah Jamaʿa (Author), A. (CAWU)Amelia (Author), D. (CAWU)Gajan (Author), S. (CAWU)</p
On the variation with flux and frequency of the core loss coefficients in electrical machines
No full textA model of core losses, in which the hysteresis coefficients are variable with the frequency and induction (flux density) and the eddy-current and excess loss coefficients are variable only with the induction, is proposed. A procedure for identifying the model coefficients from multifrequency Epstein tests is described, and examples are provided for three typical grades of non-grain-oriented laminated steel suitable for electric motor manufacturing. Over a wide range of frequencies between 20-400 Hz and inductions from 0.05 to 2 T, the new model yielded much lower errors for the specific core losses than conventional models. The applicability of the model for electric machine analysis is also discussed, and examples from an interior permanent-magnet and an induction motor are included
ERF5 and ERF6 play redundant roles as positive regulators of JA/Et-mediated defense against botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis
No full textCopyright @ 2012 Moffat et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.The ethylene response factor (ERF) family in Arabidopsis thaliana comprises 122 members in 12 groups, yet the biological functions of the majority remain unknown. Of the group IX ERFs, the IXc subgroup has been studied the most, and includes ERF1, ERF14 and ORA59, which play roles in plant innate immunity. Here we investigate the biological functions of two members of the less studied IXb subgroup: ERF5 and ERF6. In order to identify potential targets of these transcription factors, microarray analyses were performed on plants constitutively expressing either ERF5 or ERF6. Expression of defense genes, JA/Et-responsive genes and genes containing the GCC box promoter motif were significantly upregulated in both ERF5 and ERF6 transgenic plants, suggesting that ERF5 and ERF6 may act as positive regulators of JA-mediated defense and potentially overlap in their function. Since defense against necrotrophic pathogens is generally mediated through JA/Et-signalling, resistance against the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea was examined. Constitutive expression of ERF5 or ERF6 resulted in significantly increased resistance. Although no significant difference in susceptibility to B. cinerea was observed in either erf5 or erf6 mutants, the erf5 erf6 double mutant showed a significant increase in susceptibility, which was likely due to compromised JA-mediated gene expression, since JA-induced gene expression was reduced in the double mutant. Taken together these data suggest that ERF5 and ERF6 play positive but redundant roles in defense against B. cinerea. Since mutual antagonism between JA/Et and salicylic acid (SA) signalling is well known, the UV-C inducibility of an SA-inducible gene, PR-1, was examined. Reduced inducibilty in both ERF5 and ERF6 constitutive overexepressors was consistent with suppression of SA-mediated signalling, as was an increased susceptibility to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae. These data suggest that ERF5 and ERF6 may also play a role in the antagonistic crosstalk between the JA/Et and SA signalling pathways.This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) UK (studentship BBS/S/B/2003/12908 and BBS/S/K/2003/10126
Analytical and numerical computation of air-gap magnetic fields in brushless motors with surface permanent magnets
No full textThis paper extends the theory of the air-gap magnetic field in permanent-magnet (PM) brushless motors. Scalar and vector potential solutions to the field equations are brought together to unify many of the important practical methods already in use. The theory admits a more general representation of the magnetization vector than has been previously assumed, including both the radial and tangential components, and variation with radius. The work is applied in the design of PM motors where there is a requirement to minimize noise and torque ripple, and maximize efficiency, and a continuing need for improvements in the accuracy and rigor of design calculations. The air-gap flux-density distribution is at the heart of the design process, and it is desirable to study different magnetization patterns, including imperfections in the magnetization, for a wide range of magnet shapes. This paper shows the application of the analytical solutions in comparison with a new finite-element procedure, with test results on a prototype motor, and with simpler, older methods of calculation based on magnetic equivalent circuits. The comparison brings out many interesting points in relation to the accuracy and the speed and practicality of the various methods
A middleware for distributing XML data between mobile application servers
No full textThis research seeks to introduce architecture of new approach of distributing XML data files between different mobile application servers. The importance of this study is to set a multi level of security defense for interchanging XML data files between different servers. The main objective and goal of this study is to transmit XML data files between different Mobile Application Server (MAS) using internet cloud infrastructure in a secured manner coupled with reliability and quality of communication. Taking into consideration that the system architecture attribute is to be independent, scalable and flexible of using cloud computing. Furthermore, this architecture designed to minimize the risk of any alteration, data loss, data abuse, data misuse of XML critical business data information. As cloud computing, using existing cloud network infrastructure to get advantage of the scalability, operational efficiency, and control of data flow are big consideration in this architecture. A test has been made to measure the performance of the Real-time Interactive Data Exchange system (RIDX), one by using standard TCP protocol, and one by using RIDX UDP protocol. As a result, starting from 4 nodes up to 10 nodes in the cloud, RIDX architecture performance showed good results, conversely the study showed that using RIDX UDP protocol as a transport protocol gives better performance than standard TCP, moreover, using RIDX UDP transport protocol assures the reliability and lossless of data transmission to all nodes, therefore, RIDX acts as a reliable multicast transmission
Incipient speciation in Drosophila melanogaster involves chemical signals
No full textThe sensory and genetic bases of incipient speciation between strains of Drosophila melanogaster from Zimbabwe and those from elsewhere are unknown. We studied mating behaviour between eight strains - six from Zimbabwe, together with two cosmopolitan strains. The Zimbabwe strains showed significant sexual isolation when paired with cosmopolitan males, due to Zimbabwe females discriminating against these males. Our results show that flies' cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) were involved in this sexual isolation, but that visual and acoustic signals were not. The mating frequency of Zimbabwe females was highly significantly negatively correlated with the male's relative amount of 7-tricosene (%7-T), while the mating of cosmopolitan females was positively correlated with %7-T. Variation in transcription levels of two hydrocarbon-determining genes, desat1 and desat2, did not correlate with the observed mating patterns. Our study represents a step forward in our understanding of the sensory processes involved in this classic case of incipient speciation.Peer reviewe
Immunodiagnosis of Prune dwarf virus using antiserum produced to its recombinant coat protein
No full textCertification represents the first line of defense against fruit tree viruses. For certification or surveys dealing with large number of samples, ELISA is still considered the technique of choice and requires a continuous supply of good quality antibodies. Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is among the major viruses affecting stone fruits; it belongs to the genus Ilarvirus named so for its isometric labile particles. Recombinant DNA technology was investigated for production of PDV antiserum to avoid labile virus purification and virus maintenance problems. The PDV coat protein gene (CP) was cloned into a protein expression bacterial plasmid vector which allowed a good level of expression of up to 2 mg native protein-L culture. The recombinant PDV CP was injected into rabbits and the crude antiserum was successfully used in indirect ELISA at dilutions of up to 1:5000 to detect PDV in infected leaf samples. Similar results were obtained in dot blot immunoassays (DBIA). The antibodies were used in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and results were comparable to a reference commercial kit. The crude antiserum was efficiently used for coating ELISA plates, thereby reducing test costs. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Altschul SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389, DOI 10.1093-nar-25.17.3389; CLARK MF, 1977, J GEN VIROL, V34, P475, DOI 10.1099-0022-1317-34-3-475; Guo DY, 1998, METH MOL B, V81, P171; Hampton R., 1990, SEROLOGICAL METHODS, P389; Hourani H., 2003, J PLANT PATHOL, V85, P1; Kanaan-Atallah Z. H., 2000, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, V39, P417; KATUL L, 1993, ANN APPL BIOL, V123, P629; Kumari SG, 2001, J PHYTOPATHOL, V149, P543, DOI 10.1046-j.1439-0434.2001.00674.x; KUNZE L, 1984, PHYTOPATHOL Z, V110, P251; Ling KS, 2000, EUR J PLANT PATHOL, V106, P301, DOI 10.1023-A:1008713319294; Nemeth M., 1986, VIRUS MYCOPLASMA RIC, pP841; NIKOLAEVA OV, 1995, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V85, P691, DOI 10.1094-Phyto-85-691; UYEMOTO JK, 1992, PLANT DIS, V76, P5; Vaira AM, 1996, J VIROL METHODS, V56, P209, DOI 10.1016-0166-0934(95)01963-4; VASKOVA D, 2001, ACTA HORTIC, V550, P23718201
An ultra-conserved poison exon in the <em>Tra2b </em>gene encoding a splicing activator is essential for male fertility and meiotic cell division
No full text\ua9 The Author(s) 2025.The cellular concentrations of splicing factors (SFs) are critical for controlling alternative splicing. Most serine and arginine-enriched (SR) protein SFs regulate their own concentration via a homeostatic feedback mechanism that involves regulation of inclusion of non-coding ‘poison exons’ (PEs) that target transcripts for nonsense-mediated decay. The importance of SR protein PE splicing during animal development is largely unknown despite PE ultra-conservation across animal genomes. To address this, we used mouse genetics to disrupt an ultra-conserved PE in the Tra2b gene encoding the SR protein Tra2β. Focussing on germ cell development, we found that Tra2b PE deletion causes azoospermia due to catastrophic cell death during meiotic prophase. Failure to proceed through meiosis was associated with increased Tra2b expression sufficient to drive aberrant Tra2β protein hyper-responsive splice patterns. Although critical for meiotic prophase, Tra2b PE deletion spared earlier mitotically active germ cells, even though these still required Tra2b gene function. Our data indicate that PE splicing control prevents the accumulation of toxic levels of Tra2β protein that are incompatible with meiotic prophase. This unexpected connection with male fertility helps explain Tra2b PE ultra-conservation and indicates the importance of evaluating PE function in animal models
