17 research outputs found
Promoção da saúde: experiência de extensão comunitária com crianças e adolescentes integrada à pós-graduação
No full textThis article describes health promotion activities conducted as part of a community outreach project, focusing on physical activity and healthy eating. The project was conducted as a partnership between professors and volunteer students from a graduate program and a state public school located in the city of Limeira, São Paulo, throughout the school year of 2018. The aim of the project was, through engaging and dynamic activities suited for children and adolescents in the school environment, to promote the change of health habits considered challenging by the community. Children and teenagers who participated in the activities reported improvement in their knowledge and awareness regarding physical activity, healthy eating, and personal hygiene. Similarly, project volunteers evaluated the initiative as an invaluable learning opportunity through the dialogical sharing of knowledge and experiences among those involved.Este artículo aporta un informe de experiencia sobre las actividades de promoción de la salud, dentro de la extensión comunitaria, centradas en la actividad física y la alimentación saludable. Se trata de un proyecto realizado por profesores y estudiantes voluntarios vinculados a un programa de posgrado en colaboración con una escuela pública estatal de la ciudad de Limeira, en São Paulo, a lo largo del año escolar de 2018. El objetivo del proyecto era, a través de actividades participativas y dinámicas dirigidas a niños y adolescentes en el entorno escolar, promover cambios en los hábitos de salud identificados como desafiantes por la comunidad escolar. Los niños y adolescentes que participaron en las actividades declararon haber mejorado sus conocimientos y su concienciación sobre la práctica de actividades físicas, la alimentación saludable y la higiene personal, mientras que los voluntarios consideraron la iniciativa como una oportunidad única de formación a través del intercambio dialógico de conocimientos y experiencias entre las partes implicadas.O presente artigo traz um relato de experiência acerca de atividades de promoção da saúde, no âmbito da extensão comunitária, com enfoque na prática de atividade física e alimentação saudável. Trata-se de um projeto realizado por docentes e estudantes voluntários vinculados a um programa de pós-graduação, em parceria com uma escola pública estadual no município de Limeira, São Paulo ao longo do ano letivo de 2018. O objetivo do projeto foi, por meio de atividades participativas e dinâmicas voltadas para crianças e adolescentes no ambiente escolar, promover mudanças de hábitos de saúde apontados como desafiadores pela comunidade escolar. As crianças e adolescentes que participaram das atividades declararam melhora em seu conhecimento e conscientização acerca da prática de atividades físicas, alimentação saudável e higiene pessoal, ao passo que os voluntários consideraram a iniciativa como oportunidade ímpar de formação por meio do compartilhamento dialógico de saberes e experiências entre as partes envolvidas
Other Pneumoconioses [outras Pneumoconioses]
No full textThe most prevalent pneumoconioses are silicosis, asbestosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis. Other pneumoconioses that have distinct clinical, functional and structural repercussions are caused by inhalation of metal powder in fumes from metals or organic salts. The distinction in terms of the chemical form of the inhaled compound is related to the tissue reaction and to the prognosis. Simple pneumoconiosis, siderosis, berylliosis and phosphate rock-related pneumoconiosis, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by exposure to heavy metals, are succinctly discussed. As an instrument of etiologic investigation of these pneumoconioses, the taking of occupational histories is essential.32SUPPL. 2S54S59Parkes, W.R., Aerosols: Their deposition and clearance (1994) Occupational Lung Disorders. 3rd Ed., pp. 35-49. , Parkes WR, editor. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-HeinemannNemery, B., Lung diseases from metal exposure (1998) Occupational Lung Disease: An International Perspective, pp. 279-306. , Banks DE, Parker JE, editors. London: Chapman & Hall MedicalWright, J.L., Churg, A., Diseases caused by gases and fumes (1998) Pathology of Occupational Lung Diseases. 2nd., pp. 57-75. , Churg A, Green FH, editors. Baltimore: Williams & WilkinsParkes, W.R., Non-fibrogenic ('inert') minerals and pneumoconiosis (1994) Occupational Lung Disorders, pp. 253-284. , Parkes WR, editor. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-HeinemannChurg, A., Colby, T.V., Diseases caused by metals and related compounds (1998) Pathology of Occupational Lung Disease. 2nd Ed., pp. 77-128. , Churg A, Green FHY, editors. Baltimore: Willians & WilkinsAntonini, J.M., Taylor, M.D., Zimmer, A.T., Roberts, J.R., Pulmonary responses to welding fumes: Role of metal constituents (2004) J Toxicol Environ Health A, 67 (3), pp. 233-249Attfield, M.D., Ross, D.S., Radiological abnormalities in electric-arc welders (1978) Br J Ind Med, 35 (2), pp. 117-122Algranti, E., Morrone, L.C., Morrone, N., Furlaneto, J.A., Garcia, R.C., Cardoso, R.S., Siderose pulmonar por óxido de fero em trabalhadores: Uma poeira inerte? (1985) Rev Paul Med, 103 (5), pp. 259-264Yoshii, C., Matsuyama, T., Takazawa, A., Ito, T., Yatera, K., Hayashi, T., Welder's pneumoconiosis: Diagnostic usefulness of high-resolution computed tomography and ferritin determinations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (2002) Intern Med, 41 (12), pp. 1111-1117Doherty, M.J., Healy, M., Richardson, S.G., Fisher, N.C., Total body iron overload in welder's siderosis (2004) Occup Environ Med, 61 (1), pp. 82-85De Capitani, E.M., Pneumoconioses não usuais (1999) Pneumologia: Atualização e Reciclagem, 3, pp. 431-445. , Fernandes ALG, Mendes ESPS, Terra Filho M, editores. São Paulo: AtheneuDe Capitani, E.M., Prevalência de pneumoconiose em trabalhadores expostos a rocha fosfática (1989) Rev Saúde Pública, 23 (2), pp. 98-106Gibbs, A.E., Pooley, F.D., Griffiths, D.M., Mitha, R., Craighead, J.E., Ruttner, J.R., Talc pneumoconiosis: A pathologic and mineralogic study (1992) Hum Pathol, 23 (12), pp. 1344-1354Chibante, A.M.S., Padilha, C.P., Bethlem, E.P., Dias, R.M., Oliveira, C.A.B., Magarão, S.L., Pneumoconiose dos moedores de talco: Estudo de sete casos (1990) J Pneumol, 16 (2), pp. 57-61Brancaleone, P., Weynand, B., De Vuyst, P., Stanescu, D., Pieters, T., Lung granulomatosis in a dental technician (1998) Am J Ind Med, 34 (6), pp. 628-631Algranti, E., Chibante, A.M.S., Pneumoconiose em trabalhadores de laboratório odontológico (1993) Rev Assoc Paulista Cir Dent, 47, pp. 969-972De Capitani, E.M., Altemani, A.M.A., Kavakama, J.I., Nunes, G.Y., Paschoal, I.A., Beriliose pulmonar: Revisão da literatura e relato de caso (1995) J Pneumol, 21 (3), pp. 135-142Morrone, N., Campos Neto, J.S., Shibata, N.P., Pratscher, P., Lima Filho, M.T., Importância da cintilografia com gálio (67Ga) em pneumologia (1982) Rev Paul Méd, 100 (3), pp. 30-33Newman, L.S., Kreiss, K., King Jr., T.E., Seay, S., Campbell, P.A., Pathologic and immunologic alterations in early stages of beryllium disease. Re-examination of disease definition and natural history (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis, 139 (6), pp. 1479-1486(1989) Am Rev Respir Dis, 140 (6), pp. 1834-1835. , Comment(1990) Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (3), pp. 739-740Kern, D.G., Crausman, R.S., Durand, K.T., Nayer, A., Kuhn III, C., Flock worker's lung: Chronic interstitial lung disease in the nylon flocking industry (1998) Ann Intern Med, 129 (4), pp. 261-272. , Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 1999;130(3):246(1998) Ann Intern Med, 129 (4), pp. 327-328. , Comment(1999) Ann Intern Med, 130 (7), pp. 615-616(1999) Ann Intern Med, 130 (7), p. 615. , author reply 615-6(1999) Ann Intern Med, 130 (7), p. 615Eschenbacher, W.L., Kreiss, K., Lougheed, M.D., Pransky, G.S., Day, B., Castellan, R.M., Nylon flock-associated interstitial lung disease (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (6), pp. 2003-2008Kern, D.G., Kuhn III, C., Ely, E.W., Pransky, G.S., Mello, C.J., Fraire, A.E., Flock worker's lung: Broadening the spectrum of clinicopathology, narrowing the spectrum of suspected etiologies (2000) Chest, 117 (1), pp. 251-259(2000) Chest, 117 (1), pp. 10-13. , Commen
Produção de biomassa do fungo Agaricus subrufescens por processos fermentativos sólido e submerso para obtenção de polissacarídeos bioativos
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2010Agaricus subrufescens (=A. brasiliensis) é um fungo comestível amplamente comercializado no Brasil e em outros países, devido as suas propriedades nutricionais e medicinais relacionadas principalmente aos polissacarídeos presentes em sua parede celular, tais como glucanas e glucomananas. Certos processos biotecnológicos têm sido utilizados para aumentar a escala produtiva do micélio e, consequentemente, aumentar a obtenção dos polissacarídeos. Previamente ao desenvolvimento desses processos de produção é importante estabelecer métodos de preservação do fungo in vitro e a recuperação do micélio após estocagem. Para a produção de biomassa foi utilizada a fermentação no estado sólido (FES) em grãos de trigo pré-tratados e a fermentação submersa (FSm) em hidrolisados de resíduos agroindustriais, como farelo de trigo (FT) e resíduo de cervejaria (RC). Polissacarídeos extraídos da frutificação (controle), do micélio em FES e do micélio isolado da FSm foram separados de acordo com suas massas molares por meio de diferentes membranas. Essas frações de polissacarídeos foram testadas na ativação de macrófagos in vitro. Entre os métodos de preservação, melhores resultados foram obtidos quando o meio de cultura foi suplementado com carvão ativo, tanto para a preservação quanto para a recuperação de A. subrufescens, sem alterações significativas na morfologia e genética do fungo durante um período de até 12 meses de estocagem. Para a FES, 21 min de cozimento dos grãos de trigo seguido de 24 min de molho após o cozimento demonstrou ser mais adequado para a produção de polissacarídeos (glucomananas) pelo fungo, inclusive quando o substrato não foi suplementado com cálcio, ou com adição máxima de 0,25 % CaCO3 (pH 6,6). A quantidade inicial de inoculante para a melhor produção de glucomananas (6,89 mg.mL-1) foi aproximadamente 10,3 %, numa temperatura ótima de incubação de 27,2 °C. As maiores biomassas de A. subrufescens para a FSm em hidrolisados de RC e FT foram obtidas na concentração de HCl 0,45 % e 20 min de hidrólise, apresentando 9,65 g.L-1 e 22,1 g.L-1, respectivamente. Porém, melhores resultados de bioconversão foram obtidos em hidrolisados utilizando até 0,3 % de HCl e 30 min de hidrólise, com adição de 2 g.L-1 de carvão ativo durante a hidrólise. Também foram obtidas altas taxas de biomassa de A. subrufescens no cultivo em hidrolisado com pH 5,3 e temperatura de incubação de 30,2 ºC. Na separação com membranas houve aumento da retenção dos polissacarídeos de todos os extratos à medida que o tamanho dos poros da membrana diminuiu. Os polissacarídeos separados pelas membranas de microfiltração (MF) e ultrafiltração (UF1) favoreceram a retenção de polissacarídeos de maior massa molar da frutificação (627 g.mol-1) e do micélio (310 g.mol-1), obtido tanto em FES quanto em FSm. Todos os polissacarídeos extraídos e retentados pelas membranas ativaram macrófagos através da expressão do Fator de Necrose Tumoral-a (TNF-a). Porém, somente os extratos brutos da frutificação e do micélio isolado da FSm, e seus polissacarídeos de maior massa molar retidos pela membrana MF ativaram macrófagos através da expressão de Óxido Nítrico Sintase Induzível (iNOS). Resultados importantes também foram obtidos para os polissacarídeos das frutificações de A. subrufescens, apresentando efeito antigenotóxico e atividade antiherpética quando esses foram sulfatados. Baseado nesses resultados, pesquisas complementares estão sendo desenvolvidas para a obtenção de produtos biotecnológicos com finalidade nutricêutica e/ou farmacêutica.Agaricus subrufescens (=A. brasiliensis) is an edible fungus widely commercialized in Brazil and other countries, mainly due to its nutritional and medicinal properties related principally to the polysaccharides present in the fungus cell wall, such as glucans and glucomannans. Biotechnological processes may in turn be used to scale up the production of mycelium and consequently the polysaccharides. Previous to the development of the production process it is important to establish techniques for the in vitro preservation and recovery of the mycelium after storage. Solid state fermentation (SSF) on pre-treated wheat grains and submerse fermentation (SmF) on hydrolyzed residues from the agro industries, such as wheat bran (FT) and brewery residues (RC) were used for biomass production. Polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies (control), mycelium on SSF and isolated mycelium from SmF were separated by molecular weight through different membranes. These polysaccharide fractions were tested on macrophage activity in vitro. Among the preservation techniques, better results were obtained when the media was supplemented with activated charcoal both for preservation and further recovery of A. subrufescens, without significant morphological and genetic changes within the 12 month storage period. For SSF, 21 min of wheat grain cooking followed by a 24 min resting time has shown to be the optimal condition for the production of polysaccharides (glucomannans) by the fungus, either with no supplement added, or when up to 0.25 % CaCO3 (pH 6.6) has been added to the substrate. The initial inoculum amount for the best polysaccharide production levels (6.89 %) was around 10.3 % with an optimal temperature of 27.2 °C. The highest biomass of A. subrufescens for the SmF in hydrolyzed RC and FT using HCL 0.45% and 20 min hydrolysis was 9.65 g.L-1 and 22.1 g.L-1, respectively. On the other hand, better results of bioconversion were obtained in hydrolyzed residues using up to 0.30 % HCl and 30 min hydrolysis, with the addition of 2 g.L-1 of activated charcoal throughout the process. High biomass levels were also obtained when the cultivation was carried out at a pH of 5.3 and with incubation temperature of 30.2 ºC. The results showed an increase in retention of all polysaccharide extracts as the membro ane porosity decreased. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF1) membranes retained the highest polysaccharides from fruiting body (627 g.mol-1) and mycelium (310 g.mol-1) obtained on both SSF and SFm. All polysaccharide extracts and fractions separated by the membranes showed biological activity for TNF-a cytokines. On the other hand, only extracts obtained from fruiting bodies and isolated mycelium of FSm, and its high molecular weight polysaccharides retained by the MF membrane activated the iNOS. Important results were also obtained for the polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting bodies, showing antigenotoxic and antiherpetic activities after sulphatation. Based on these findings, additional research is currently in progress to purpose biotechnological products that can be used in both the nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical areas
Saúde cardiovascular ideal e fatores cardiometabólicos: estudo com trabalhadores de uma universidade pública
No full textPesquisa transversal, que tem por objetivo avaliar a saúde cardiovascular (SCV) ideal por meio de fatores biológicos e comportamentais e verificar sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e as características do sono em trabalhadores de uma universidade pública paulista. A amostra será constituída por 553 trabalhadores, cuja representatividade será assegurada por um esquema de amostragem aleatória simples para os estratos categoria profissional e sexo. Serão coletados dados de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica, da métrica Life's Simple Seven (LS7) (tabagismo, índice massa corporal, pressão arterial, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, dieta e atividade física) e adicionais ao LS7 - insulina, hemoglobina glicada, frações do colesterol, circunferências da cintura, quadril e pescoço, dados da qualidade da dieta e do sono, incluindo variáveis actigráficas e marcadores inflamatórios. A coleta de dados obedecerá às etapas: Etapa 1 (virtual): o trabalhador será convidado a participar por meio de correio eletrônico sorteado aleatoriamente. Após o aceite, responderá aos questionários enviados eletronicamente; Etapa 2 (presencial): serão obtidas amostras sanguíneas e medidas antropométricas; Etapa 3 (via telefone): para coleta de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Os dados serão submetidos à análise descritiva, de associação, de comparação e relação entre as variáveis do LS7 e as sociodemográficas e de saúde. Os resultados proporcionarão um mapeamento da SCV dos trabalhadores, mostrando os fatores que apresentam pior desempenho e que necessitarão de intervenções em saúde, bem como subsidiarão o desenvolvimento/aprimoramento de políticas públicas sobre prevenção de doenças cardiometabólicas e diminuição da mortalidade cardiovascular
Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: “AbSeS”, a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project
No full textPurpose: To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). Methods: We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. Conclusion: This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection. © 2019, The Author(s)
Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: a cross-sectional analysis - implications for public health communications in Australia
No full textObjective To examine SARS-CoV-2 vaccine confidence, attitudes and intentions in Australian adults as part of the iCARE Study. Design and setting Cross-sectional online survey conducted when free COVID-19 vaccinations first became available in Australia in February 2021. Participants Total of 1166 Australians from general population aged 18-90 years (mean 52, SD of 19). Main outcome measures Primary outcome: responses to question € If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated?'. Secondary outcome: analyses of putative drivers of uptake, including vaccine confidence, socioeconomic status and sources of trust, derived from multiple survey questions. Results Seventy-eight per cent reported being likely to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Higher SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions were associated with: increasing age (OR: 2.01 (95% CI 1.77 to 2.77)), being male (1.37 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.72)), residing in least disadvantaged area quintile (2.27 (95% CI 1.53 to 3.37)) and a self-perceived high risk of getting COVID-19 (1.52 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.14)). However, 72% did not believe they were at a high risk of getting COVID-19. Findings regarding vaccines in general were similar except there were no sex differences. For both the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and vaccines in general, there were no differences in intentions to vaccinate as a function of education level, perceived income level and rurality. Knowing that the vaccine is safe and effective and that getting vaccinated will protect others, trusting the company that made it and vaccination recommended by a doctor were reported to influence a large proportion of the study cohort to uptake the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Seventy-eight per cent reported the intent to continue engaging in virus-protecting behaviours (mask wearing, social distancing, etc) postvaccine. Conclusions Most Australians are likely to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Key influencing factors identified (eg, knowing vaccine is safe and effective, and doctor's recommendation to get vaccinated) can inform public health messaging to enhance vaccination rates
Understanding national trends in COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in Canada – April 2020 to March 2021
No full textObjective: Key to reducing COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality and reducing the need for further lockdown measures in Canada and worldwide is widespread acceptance of COVID‐19 vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a key barrier to achieving optimal vaccination rates, for which there is little data among Canadians. This study examined rates of vaccine hesitancy and their correlates among Canadian adults. Methods: This study analyzed data from five age, sex and province‐weighted population‐based samples to describe rates of hesitancy between April 2020 and March 2021 among Canadians who completed online surveys as part of the iCARE Study, and various sociodemographic, clinical and psychological correlates. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed by asking: “If a vaccine for COVID‐19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated?” Responses were dichotomized into ‘very likely’, ‘unlikely’, ‘somewhat unlikely’ (reflecting some degree of vaccine hesitancy) vs ‘extremely likely’ to get the vaccine, which was the comparator. Results: Overall, 15,019 respondents participated in the study. A total of 42.2% of respondents reported vaccine hesitancy over the course of the study, which was lowest during surveys 1 (April 2020) and 5 (March 2021) and highest during survey 3 (November 2020). Fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that women, those aged 50 and younger, non‐Whites, those with high school education or less, and those with annual household incomes below the poverty line in Canada (i.e., $60,000) were significantly more likely to report being vaccine hesitant over the study period, as were essential and healthcare workers, parents of children under the age of 18, and those who do not get regular flu vaccines. Believing engaging in infection prevention behaviours (like vaccination) is important for reducing virus transmission and high COVID‐19 health concerns (being infected and infecting others) were associated with 77% and 54% reduction in vaccine hesitancy, respectively, and having high personal financial concerns (worried about job or income loss) was associated with 1.33 times increased odds of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Results point to the importance of targeting vaccine efforts to women, younger people and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and that vaccine messaging should emphasize the benefits of getting vaccinated, and how the benefits (particularly to health) far outweigh the risks. Future research is needed to monitor ongoing changes in vaccine intentions and behaviour, as well as to better understand motivators and facilitators of vaccine acceptance, particularly among vulnerable groups. The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license
Genetic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex.
No full textThe Leishmania donovani complex comprises four described species: L.
donovani, L. archibaldi, L. infantum and L. chagasi. L. chagasi is the only New World
species and has been considered similar to L. infantum, although some authors insist
on maintenance of its independent species status. L. donovani has at least two major
epidemiological subgroups whose relationships are poorly understood.
In this thesis, molecular biological techniques were used to investigate the
taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships within the L. donovani complex, with
isoenzyme analysis (lEA) as reference technique. Random amplification of
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to provide anonymous genetic markers which
allowed overall comparisons of genomes. Selected target genes and intergenic
regions were also amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), namely the
major surface protease (msp or gp63), the mini-exon and the ribosomal internal
transcribed spacer (ITS). PCR products of intergenic regions between msp genes
(ITG/CS and ITG/L), mini-exon and ITS were analysed by restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP). Phylogenies generated from each of the methods were
compared with that of IEA.
L. infantum and L. chagasi were found to be synonymous, whilst L. donovani
was found to be more polymorphic than L. infantum and a fourth possible species in
the complex, L. archibaldi, was not supported. Six genetic groups of strains were
identified in the L. donovani complex, based on all DNA based analyses, which
agreed with IEA typing. Pooled data from RFLP and RAPD analyses generated
robust phylogenies which were congruent with ITG/CS RFLP and msp DNA
sequence based phylogenies, but not with lEA phylogenies. The evolutionary history
of the L. donovani complex is analysed in the light of the present results. The diverse
typing methods were also evaluated and genetic markers suggested, that are
applicable to classification and typing of L. donovani species and strains
Produção de monoacilgliceróis e diacilgliceróis ricos em ácidos graxos ômega-3 a partir da glicerólise enzimática de óleo de peixe
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2011O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar novas informações experimentais para a obtenção de emulsificantes (monoacilgliceróis e/ou diacilgliceróis) por meio da glicerólise de óleo de peixe em diferentes sistemas (livre de solvente e de surfactante, na presença de terc-butanol ou contendo surfactante de grau alimentício), utilizando-se a lipase Novozym® 435 como catalisador. Entre os surfactantes testados (Tween 60, Tween 65, Tween 80 e lecitina de soja), o Tween 65 foi escolhido para o aprofundamento do estudo no meio contendo este aditivo, com o intuito de melhorar o contato entre os substratos imiscíveis (óleo e glicerol) e a enzima. Análises prévias verificaram, entretanto, que a lipase testada pode agir sobre todos os surfactantes avaliados. Nas reações de glicerólise testadas, o efeito de parâmetros de processo relevantes (concentração de enzima, temperatura, proporção molar de glicerol e óleo, proporção de solvente, concentração de surfactante) para a produção dos emulsificantes desejados foi avaliado em todos os meios reacionais. Para todos os sistemas, as condições da glicerólise mostraram-se importantes para a obtenção dos produtos desejados. Apesar de a reação de glicerólise ter sido viável em meio livre de solvente e de surfactante, foi necessário um longo tempo de reação (24h) para a obtenção de quantidades satisfatórias de mono- (25,93% m/m) e diacilgliceróis (38,24% m/m). Estes teores foram obtidos em reação conduzida a 70°C em banho-maria do tipo Dubnoff, com 5% de lipase (em massa, em relação ao total de substratos) e com a proporção molar de glicerol e óleo de 1:1. Foi possível produzir 43,30% e 43,10% de diacilgliceróis em meios contendo, respectivamente, 1:1 (v/v) de tercbutanol e 5% (m/m em relação ao total de substratos) de Tween 65. As reações para os dois sistemas foram conduzidas a 70°C, durante 2h sob agitação mecânica, utilizando-se a proporção molar de glicerol:óleo de 1:1 e 15% de lipase (m/m). Este estudo descreveu a viabilidade da produção de monoacilgliceróis e/ou diacilgliceróis enriquecidos em EPA e DHA, utilizando-se diferentes meios reacionais.The aim of this study was to present new experimental information concerning the production of emulsifiers (monoacylglycerols and/or diacylglycerols) by means of glycerolysis of fish oil in different reaction systems (solvent-free and surfactant-free, with tert-butanol or with a food grade surfactant), by using the lipase Novozym® 435 as catalyst. After a screening of different surfactants (Tween 60, Tween 65, Tween 80 and soy lecithin), Tween 65 was chosen for further studies for the system containing this additive, in order to improve the contact between the immiscible substrates (glycerol and oil) and the enzyme. Previous analyses indicated, however, the lipase can modify all tested surfactants. In the performed glycerolyses reactions, the effect of the more relevant process parameters (enzyme concentration, temperature, glycerol to oil molar ratio, solvent ratio or surfactant concentration) on mono- and diacylglycerols production was assessed. For all systems, reaction conditions proved to be important for the formation of the desired products. Although the glycerolysis reaction in a solvent-free and surfactant-free system has been feasible, a long time (24h) was necessary to achieve appreciable amounts of monoacylglycerols (25.93wt%) and diacyglycerols (38.24wt%). These contents were observed for the reaction performed at 70°C in a Dubnoff water bath, with 5wt% of lipase (based on total substrates) and the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 1:1. It was possible to produce 43.30wt% and 43.10wt% of diacylglycerols in the reaction media containing, respectively, 1:1 (v/v) of tert-butanol and 5wt% of Tween 65 (based on total substrates). Reactions for both systems were carried out at 70°C for 2h under mechanical stirring, with the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 1:1 and 15wt% of lipase. This study described the feasibility of enzymatic synthesis of mono- and/or diglycerides rich in omega-3 fatty acids by using different reaction media
