702 research outputs found
Control of steroid secretion by the ovary
No full textThis thesis covers papers published over a 10 year
period from 1965-1975. The research concerns the
synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones by the ovary,
the effect of steroid hormones on secretion of
gonadotrophins by the anterior pituitary, and the
endocrine basis of some disorders of the hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis which occur in clinical practice.In 196k there was no technique available for measuring
the concentration of oestrogens in blood of men or women.
Initially I developed a double isotope derivative method
for the measurement of oestrone and oestradiol in
biological fluids including blood. This method was
considerably more sensitive and precise than other assays
described at that time and allowed the measurement of
oestrogens in samples of peripheral blood. It was possible
to establish for the first time the changes in the
concentration of oestradiol.; and odstrone in blood throughout
the ovarian cycle in women. Prom the fact that the
concentration of oestrone exceeded that of oestradiol in the
plasma of post-menopausal women and men, it was deduced
that there must be a significant extraglandular production
of oestrogen.A technique was developed for the measurement of the
secretion rate of ovarian steroids directly in the
conscious animal. The ovary, uterus or ovary and uterus of
the sheep were autotransplanted to a skin pouch in the neck
the vascular supply being maintained by anastomosis of
the ovarian and/or uterine artery to the carotid artery
and the utero-ovarian vein to the jugular vein. These
preparations permit longterm access to arterial and
venous sides of the ovarian circulation.Using the autotransplant preparations, the
pituitary and uterine factors controlling ovarian steroid
secretion in the ewe were investigated. By infusing
purified gonadotrophins through the ovary via the ovarian
artery, it was demonstrated that prolactin and PSH had no
effect on the secretion of steroids by the ovary, LH
caused a significant increase in ovarian blood flow and a
transient rise in the secretion rate of steroids. The
effects of local changes in temperature and administration
of X-irradiation on secretion of steroids by the ovary
were investigated.The ovarian autotransplant preparation played a key
role in the identification of prostaglandin F2α as the
uterine luteolytic factor in the sheep. When the ovary was
autotransplanted to the neck cyclical ovarian activity
ceased due to the fact that the corpus luteum failed to
regress. When the uterus together with the ovary was
transplanted as a block of tissue normal ovarian cyclicity
occurred. Regression of the persistent corpus luteum could
be induced by infusion of prostaglandin F2α. Convincing
evidence of the involvement of naturally occurring
prostaglandin F2a in the mechanism of normal luteal
regression was provided when it was demonstrated that
active immunization against a prostaglandin F2α-protein
conjugate resulted in persistence of the corpus luteum.
The luteolytic activity of uterine venous plasma was
shown to be increased at the end of the cycle in the
sheep at a time when the concentration of prostaglandin
F2α in uterine venous plasma was elevated. Ligation of
the uterine vein prevented normal luteal regression
suggesting that the luteolytic factor left the uterus in
uterine venous blood. The demonstration that
prostaglandin F2α could pass directly from the uteroovarian vein to the overlying ovarian artery led to the
counter-current exchange hypothesis. This exchange
mechanism involving transfer of a hormone (prostaglandin
F2α from a vein to an artery directly through the wall
of the vessels, was thought unique at the time but it has
subsequently been shown that testosterone is transferred
in a similar fashion from spermatic vein to testicular
artery.Isotope dilution techniques involving constant
infusion into the blood, were applied to the dynamics of
oestrogen secretion. The concept of pre-hormones i.e.
hormones which in themselves have little intrinsic
biological activity but are converted in peripheral tissue
to more biologically potent hormones, was developed from an
analysis of steroid dynamics under steady state conditions.
In this way it was possible to define quantitatively the
amount of oestrogen or androgen secreted as such and the
amount which arose from pre-hormones. These techniques
were only possible because of the availability of reliable
methods for the measurement of the concentration of
endogenous steroids in peripheral blood.In order to determine the source of secreted hormone
direct sampling of the glandular venous effluent is
necessary. A technique combining direct sampling with
constant infusion isotope dilution was described and used
to measure quantitatively the secretion of androgens and
oestrogens from the human ovary. The secretion of
androgens, oestrogens and progestins into follicular
cavity was compared with that into the ovarian vein.
Direct proof that the human adrenal and testis secrete
oestrogens was obtained for the first time.Pituitary-ovarian relationships were investigated in
conditions which present clinically as disorders of
menstruation. It was demonstrated that the anovulatory
nature of dysfunctional uterine bleeding is due to the
failure of oestradiol to elicit an ovulatory discharge of
LH. The nature of oestrogen secreted and its subsequent
metabolism is normal in women with this condition. In
polycystic ovarian disease although the positive feedback
mechanism is intact, ovulation fails to occur because of
inadequate follicular development. The relatively high
basal concentration of LH together with the suhnormal
level of P3H may result from the excessive amount of
oestrone derived from androstenedione.A technique was developed to perfuse in vitro the
entire foeto-placental unit via catheters in the uterine
arteries. In this way the role of maternal precursors in
the synthesis of steroids by the placenta and foetus could
be studied in vitro. It was demonstrated that placental
progesterone could be synthesized from cholesterol
circulating in the maternal uterine arterial blood.PUBLICATIONS: •
SECTION 1 •
1. BAIRD, D.T. (1968). A method for the measurement of estrone and estradiol-17ß in peripheral human blood and other biological fluids using ³⁵S pipsyl chloride. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 28, 244-258. •
2. SCARAMUZZI, R.J., CORKER, C.S., YOUNG, G. & BAIRD, D.T. (1974). Production of antisera to steroid hormones in sheep. In Steroid Immunoassay, Proceedings of the Fifth Tenovus Workshop, Cardiff, April 1974. Editors E.H.D. Cameron, S.G. Hillier and K. Griffiths. Alpha Omega Publishing Ltd., Cardiff, pp 111-122. •
3. BAIRD, D.T., HORTON, R., LONGCOPE, C. & TAIT, J.F. (1969). Steroid dynamics under steady-state conditions. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 25, 611-664. •
4. BAIRD, D.T., HORTON, R., LONGCOPE, C. & TAIT, J.F. (1968). Steroid prehormones. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 11, 384-421. •
5. BAIRD, D.T. (l970). The secretion of androgens and oestrogens from the ovary and adrenal gland. In Reproductive Endocrinology, Proceedings of Symposium of the Section of Endocrinology of the Royal Society of Medicine. Edited by W.J. Irvine and J.A. Loraine. E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 95-99. •
6. GODING, J.R., McCRACKEN, J.A. & BAIRD, D.T. (1967). The study of ovarian function in the ewe by means of a vascular autotransplantation technique. J. Endocr. 22, 37-52. •
7. Mccracken, J.A. & Baird, D.T. (1969). The study of ovarian function by means of transplantation of the ovary of the ewe. In The Gonads. Edited by K.W. McKerns. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 175-209. •
8. GODING, J.R., BAIRD, D.T., CUMMING, I.A. & McCRACKEN, J.A. (1971). Functional assessment of autotransplanted endocrine organs. In Proceedings of Karolinska Symposium on Research Methods in Reproductive Endocrinology, 4th Symposium, Perfusion Techniques. pp. 169-199. •
9. BAIRD, D.T. (1965). The use of continuous suction in gynaecological surgery. j. Obstet. Gynec. Brit. Cwlth. 62, 259-263. • •
SECTION 2 •
10. BAIRD, D.T., & GUEVARA, A. (1969). Concentration of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in peripheral plasma of nonpregnant women throughout the menstrual cycle, castrate and post menopausal women and in men. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 2£, 149-156. •
11. Baird, D.T. (l97l). Steroids in blood reflecting ovarian function. In Gonadal Steroid Secretion. Edinburgh University Press, pp 176-191. •
12. BAIRD, D.T. & FRASER, I.S. (1975). Concentration of oestrone and oestradiol in follicular fluid and ovarian venous blood of women. Clinical Endocrinology 4 (in press). •
13. BAIRD, D.T. & FRASER, I.S. (1974). Blood production and ovarian secretion rates of estradiol-17P and estrone in women throughout the menstrual cycle. J. clin. Endocr. Me tab. JJ8, 1009-1017. •
14. BAIRD, D.T., UNO, A. & MELBY, J.C. (1969). Adrenal secretion of androgens and oestrogens, J, Endocr. 45, 135-136. •
15. LLOYD, C.W., LOBOTSKY, J., BAIRD, D.T., McCRACKEN, J.A., WEI3Z, J., PUPKEN, M., ZANARTU, J., & FUGA, J. (1971). Concentration of unconjugated estrogens, androgens and gestagens in ovarian and peripheral venous plasma of women : the normal menstrual cycle. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 32, 155-166. •
16. DE JONG, F.H., BAIRD, D.T. & VAN DER MOLEN, H.J. (1974). Ovarian secretion rates of oestrogens, androgens und progesterone in normal women and in women with persistent ovarian follicles. Acta Endocr. 77, 575- 587. •
17. BAIRD, D.T., GALBRAITH, A., FRASER, I.S. & NEWSAM, J.E. (1973). The concentration of oestrone and oestradiol17P in spermatic venous blood in man. J. Endocr. 57, 285-288. •
18. BAIRD, D.T. (1974). The endocrinology of ovarian steroid secretion. Kurop. J. Obstet. Gynec. Reprod. Biol. 4/1. 31-39. •
19. BAIRD, D.T., BURGER, P.E., HEAV0N-J0NES, G.D. & SCARAMUZZI, R.J. (1974). The site of secretion of and.rostened.ione in non-pregnant women. J. Endocr. 63, 201-212. •
20. PRASER, I.S., BAIRD, D.T. & COCKBURN, P. (1973). Ovarian venous blood PO₂, PCO₂ and pH in women. J. Reprod. Fert. 11-17. • •
SECTION 3 •
21. BAIRD, D.T., GODING, J.R., ICHIKAWA, Y. & McCRACKEN, J,A. (1968). The secretion of steroids from the autotransplanted ovary in the ewe spontaneously and in response to systemic gonadotrophin. J. Endocr. 42, 283-299. •
22. BAIRD, D.T., McCRACKEN, J.A. & GODING, J.R. (1973). Studies in steroid synthesis and secretion with the autotransplanted sheep ovary and adrenal. In The Endocrinology of Pregnancy and Parturition - Experimental Studies in the Sheep. Proc. of Cardiff Symposium. Editor C.G. Pierrepoint. Alpha Omega Alpha Publishing. pp 5-16. •
23. McCRACKEN, J.A., UNO, A., GODING, J.R., ICHIKAWA, Y. & BAIRD, D.T. (1969). The in-vivo effects of sheep pituitary gonadotrophins on the secretion of steroids by the autotransplanted ovary of the ewe. J. Endocr. 45, 425-440. •
24. COLLECT, R.A., LAND, R.B. & BAIRD, D.T. (1973). The pattern of progesterone secretion by the autotransplanted ovary of the ewe in response to ovine luteinizing hormone. J. Endocr. 56, 403-411. •
25. BAIRD, D.T. & COLLECT, R.A. (1973). Progesterone secretion by the sheep corpus luteuin after repeated infusions of luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin. J. Endocr. 57, 299-305. •
26. LAND, R.B., COLLECT, R.A. & BAIRD, D.T. (1974). Insensitivity of the autotransplanted ovary of the ewe to ovine luteinizing hormone. J. Endocr. 62, 165-166. •
27. BAIRD, D.T., GILES, M. & COCKBURN, P. (1973). The PO₂. PCO₂, pH and oxygen content of ovarian venous blood of sheep. J. Endocr. 57, 405-411. •
28. RADO, A., McCRACKEN, J.A. & BAIRD, D.T. (1970). The formation of oestrogens by the autotransplanted ovary of the ewe perfused in vivo with C₁₉ steroids. J-7 Acta Endocr. 65, 244-260. •
29. ICHIKAWA, Y., McCRACKEN, J.A., BAIRD, D.T. & UNO, A. (1968). Effect of X-ray irradiation on ovarian steroid secretion in the sheep. Excerpta Medical International Congress Series No. 157, abstract. p.84. •
30. LAND, R.B., THOMPSON, R. & BAIRD, D.T. (1972). The duration of oestrus in ovariectomized Finnish Landrace and Scottish Blackface ewes following progesterone and oestrogen treatment. J. Reprod. Fert. 30, 39-44. •
31. McCRACKEN, J.A., BAIRD, D.T. & GODING, J.R. (l97l). Factors affecting the secretion of steroids from the transplanted ovary in the sheep. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 22, 537-647. • •
SECTION 4: •
32. BAIRD, D.T. (1974). Prostaglandin F₂α and ovarian blood flow in sheep. J. Endocr. 62, 413-414. •
33. BAIRD, D.T., COLLETT, R.A., FRASER, I.S., KELLY, R.W., LAND, R.B. & WHEELER, A.G. (1973). Progesterone secretion from the ovary in the ewe following infusion of uterine venous plasma. J. Reprod. Fert. 13-22. •
34. BAIRD, D.T. & LAND, R.B. (1973). Division of the uterine vein and the function of the adjacent ovary in the ewe. J. Reprod. Fert. 33, 393-397. •
35. McCRACKEN, J.A., CARLSON, J.C., GLEW, M.E., GODING, J.R., BAIRD, D.T., GREEN, K. & SAMUELSSON, B. (1972). Prostaglandin F2a identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep. Nature New Biology 238. 129-134. •
36. McCRACKEN, J.A., BAIRD, D.T., CARLSON, J.C., GODING, J.R. & BARCIKOWSKI, B. (1973). The role of prostaglandins in luteal regression. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 18, 133-142. •
37. BAIRD, D.T. & SCARAMUZZI, R.J. (1975). Prostaglandin F2a and luteal regression in the ewe: comparison with 16 aryloxyprostaglandin. Biologie Animale (in press). •
38. SCARAMUZZI, R.J., BAIRD, D.T. , WHEELER, A.G. & LAND, R.B. (1973). The oestrous cycle of the ewe following active immunisation against prostaglandin F₂α. Acta endocr. (Kbh) Suppl. 177, 318. •
39. SCARAMUZZI, R.J., BOYLE, H.P., WHEELER, A.G., LAND, R.B., & BAIRD, D.T. (1974). Preliminary studies on the secretion of prostaglandin F from the autotransplanted uterus of the ewe after exogenous progesterone and oestradlol. J. Endocr. 6l, xxxv. • •
SECTION 5: •
40. FRASER, I.S., BAIRD, D.T. , HOBSON, H.M., MICHIE, E.A., & HUNTER, W. (1973). Cyclical ovarian function in women with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 36, 634-637. •
41. BAIRD, D.T. & FRASER, I.S. (1973). Disorders of the hypothalamic-pittiitary-ovarian axis. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2, 469-488. •
42. FRASER, I.S. & BAIRD, D.T. (1972). Endometrial cystic glandular hyperplasia in adolescent girls. J. Obstet. Gynec. Brit. Cwlth. 22, 1009-1015. •
43. FRASER, I.S., MICHIE, E.A., WIDE, L. & BAIRD, D.T. (l973). Pituitary gonadotrophins and ovarian function in adolescent dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 407-414. •
44. VAN LOOK, P.F.A., FRASER, I.S., HUNTER, W.M., MICHIE, E.A. & BAIRD, D.T. (1975). Failure of oestrogen-induced positive feedback in anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Proc. of British-Dutch Endocrine Meeting August 1974. J. Endocr. (in press). •
45. FRASER, I.S. & RAIRD, D.T. (1974). Blood production and ovarian secretion rates of estradiol-17ß and estrone in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 564-570. •
46. BAIRD, D.T. (1974). Ovulation. Brit. J. Hosp. Med. July, 49-56. •
47. BAIRD, D.T., CORKER, C.S., FRASER, I.S., HUNTER, W.M., MICHIE, E.A. & VAN LOOK, P.F.A. (1975). Pituitaryovarian relationships in polycystic ovarian disease. British-Dutch Endocrine Meeting August 1974. J. Endocr. (in press). •
48. BAIRD, D.T. (1973). The secretion of estrogens from the ovary in normal and abnormal menstrual cycles. Proc. of the Fourth International Congress of Endocrinology. International Congress Series no. 273. Excerpta Medica Amsterdam. p 851-856. •
49. HOBSON, B.M. & BAIRD, D.T. (1966). Dysgerminoraa of the ovary and gonadotrophin excretion. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Cwlth. 73, 131-136. • •
SECTION 6: •
50. BAIRD, D.T., COCKBURN, F., GALBRAITH, A., KELLY, R. & LIVINGSTONE, J.R.D. (1973). Formation of progesterone and pregnenolone from (4-¹⁴C) cholesterol by the intact mid-term human foeto-placental unit perfused in vitro. J. Endocr. 56, 187-202. •
51. KERR, M.G., ROY, E.J., HARKNESS, R.A., SHORT, R.V. & BAIRD, D.T. (1966). Studies of the mode of action of intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic solutions in the induction of labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 94. 214-224. •
52. BAIRD, D.T. , GASSON, P.W. & DOIG, A. (1966) The renogram in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 95. 597-603. • •
SECTION 7: •
53. BAIRD, D.T. (1973). Steroids synthesis and secretion in the compartments of the ovary. In Le Corps Jaune. Masson et Cie, Paris, pp. 33-38. •
54. BAIRD, D.T. (1972). Reproductive hormones. In Hormones and Reproduction. Edited by C.R. Austin and R.V. Short. Cambridge University Press pp 1-28. •
55. BAIRD, D.T. & ROBERTSON, J.G.(1974). Normal labour and puerperium. In A companion to medical studies. Edited by R. Passmore and J.S. Robson. Volume 3 Blackwell Scientific Publications pp. 1-20
The Baird Recording Spectrophotometer
No full textAuthor Institution: Baird AssociatesPresentations without an abstract printed in the proceedings do not have an abstract (image or text) in the Knowledge Bank record
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Douglas G. Baird, Group 2
No full textDouglas G. Baird (right), the Harry A. Bigelow Professor of Law and dean of the Law School at the University of Chicago. He is pictured with Scott Turow, lawyer and author.
University of Chicago Photographic Archive, [apf1-11871], Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.
View information about rights and permissions.https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/douglas_baird_images/1002/thumbnail.jp
Douglas G. Baird, Group 2
No full textDouglas G. Baird (right), the Harry A. Bigelow Professor of Law and dean of the Law School at the University of Chicago. He is pictured with Scott Turow, lawyer and author.
University of Chicago Photographic Archive, [apf1-11871], Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.
View information about rights and permissions.https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/douglas_baird_images/1002/thumbnail.jp
Baird, Nancy Disher, b. 1935 (SC 3705)
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No full textKéo is an Austronesian language spoken by approximately 40,000 speakers in central Flores in eastern Indonesia. Hitherto, Kéo has been linguistically undescribed. The data for this article comes from linguistic fieldwork undertaken by the author with native Kéo speakers on the islands of Flores and Bali in Indonesia, and in Canberra, Australia. Other, written sources include (Baird 2001) and (Baird 2002). Kéo has been said to belong to the Ende-Lio languages of the Bima-Sumba subgroup of the Central Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family (B. Grimes 1988, C. Grimes et al. 1997). The Central/Eastern Malayo-Polynesian grouping has been proposed by Blust, but this is not strongly supported by the comparative method. Likewise, there is very little evidence to support the notion of a Bima-Sumba subgroup at this stage. Much more linguistic work needs to be undertaken in the region before precise genetic relationships can be established.</jats:p
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No full textShahrokh Etemad (with Sandeep Alavandi and Benjamin Baird) is a contributing author, Fuel Flexible Rich Catalytic Lean Burn System for Low Btu Fuels
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