26 research outputs found
Megafaunal distribution and biodiversity in a heterogeneous landscape: the iceberg scoured Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic
No full textSpecies distributions are influenced by spatial structure in environmental factors, but the scales at which these dependencies occur and the effect of habitat patch diversity, connectivity and spatial arrangement have rarely been investigated in deep-sea settings. In this study, spatially-limited photographic transects collected from Rockall Bank, Northeast Atlantic, were combined with sidescan and multibeam sonar maps to model spatial patterns in species distribution and biodiversity. Sediment interpretation maps were created and canonical ordination techniques were used to examine relationships between fine-scale sediment characteristics extracted from the digital stills as well as landscape metrics describing the patch mosaic structure of the surrounding areas. Fine-scale sediment characteristics explained 45.1% and 63.8% of the variation in species composition and biodiversity (H′) respectively. This survey effectively captured variation in species distribution resulting from iceberg ploughmarks, occurring at a scale of < 50 m which would normally go undetected by traditional ship-based studies. Our study suggests that fine-scale environmental information is required to capture the spatial heterogeneity of complex seafloor areas in sufficient detail to model species distributions and biodiversity
A BIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SWEDISH FISHERY FOR NORWAY LOBSTER (NEPHROPS NORVEGICUS)
No full textA modified version of Jones' length-based cohort analysis is linked to economic data from the Swedish trawl fishery for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). The current regulation implies a fishing practice where each landed lobster entails three killed due to discard mortality, and different cases of trawl selectivity are compared together with varying natural mortality. The bioeconomic analysis shows that a maximum economic yield equilibrium requires effort reductions of more than 50%, leading to a potential resource rent of almost US $3 million, compared to the open-access situation in 1995. Further increase of the resource rent is possible if a more selective trawl is introduced and enforced. The trawl fishery is compared with a minor in-shore creel fishery, which differs in exploitation pattern, fuel consumption, and impact on the benthic flora and fauna. A qualitative discussion on the two fisheries is carried out and a comparison of the economic performance is presented.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Sediment Remediation Impacts on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure: Assessing the Success of Urban Stream Restoration
No full textLand use practices altering the natural landscape have resulted in the widespread degradation of stream ecosystems and the need for urban stream restorations. While a number of studies have evaluated the success of these stream restoration efforts, few have assessed the recovery of macroinvertebrate communities following the remediation of contaminated sediments. The purpose of my study was to evaluate the impact of sediment remediation activities on macroinvertebate abundance, diversity, and richness to determine the success of stream restoration in Ruddiman Creek, a small stream in the Muskegon Lake watershed. During my investigation, macroinvertebrate samples were collected from all available habitat types at three study sites and three reference (control) sites using a Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) sampling design. Ryerson Creek, an urban system considered less disturbed with respect to heavy metal and organic contaminants, served as a reference stream within the Muskegon Lake watershed. Physical measurements, chemical analyses of water samples, and hydrologic measurements in Ruddiman and Ryerson Creeks were used to assess habitat and water vi quality changes as a result of remediation activities. This investigation concluded that although remediation activities resulted in a significant initial decline in macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, and richness, the macroinvertebrate community recovered to pre-remediation conditions rapidly. After approximately one and a half years of recovery, stream quality of study sites had not approached reference conditions. The family-level biotic index (FBI), however, suggested marked improvement in stream quality, as indicated by a greater abundance of sensitive taxa (%) and a richer macroinvertebrate community. My findings suggest that chronically degraded water quality and hydrologic impairments continued to negatively influence the macroinvertebrate community and that additional restoration activities are needed to improve the ecological integrity of the Ruddiman Creek watershed
Cultivation And Genetics Of Artemisia Annua L. For Increased Production Of The Antimalarial Artemisinin
No full textMalaria has been treated for over 350 years with quinine and quinine-derived drugs. However, in several areas of the world, some strains of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum have developed resistance against these drugs. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of artemisinin-combination treatments (ACT) as the first-line treatment for multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. The WHO estimates that current supplies of artemisinin are sufficient for only 30 million ACT, and is foreseeing the need for 130-220 million ACT in 2005 (WHO, 2004). Current research on the production of synthetic artemisinin-like compounds by the Roll Back Malaria project, pharmaceutical companies and academia resulted in a promising synthetic artemisinin-like compound (OZ277) which is currently undergoing phase I clinical trials. In about 5 years this drug is expected to be approved and made available to the public, however, meeting current global demands for ACT depends on the immediate availability of affordable artemisinin-derived drugs. This will involve expansion of the area under cultivation of Artemisia annua and improved methods of cultivation and processing of raw material, associated with more efficient methods for extraction and purification of artemisinin from plant material. This review addresses the agricultural, environmental and genetic aspects that may be useful in the successful large-scale cultivation of A. annua and for producing the antimalarial artemisinin in areas where it is urgently needed today. 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Direct evidence for W exchange in charmed meson decay
No full textUsing the ARGUS detector at DORIS II, we have observed a signal of 36.7±8.0 events in the decay channel D 0 →K s 0 φ . In the same data sample, we have observed the well established decay D 0 →K s 0 π + π − , and find the ratio, Br(D) 0 → K s 0 φ) Br(D) 0 → K s 0 π + π − ) , to be 0.186±0.052. The substantial value of (0.99±0.32±0.17)% then derived for the branching ratio for D 0 → K 0 φ gives direct evidence that W exchange contributes D 0 decay
Measurement of the diffractive cross-section in deep inelastic scattering
No full textThis paper presents an analysis of the inclusive properties of diffractive deep inelastic scattering events produced in ep interactions at HERA. The events are characterised by a rapidity gap between the outgoing proton system and the remaining hadronic system. Inclusive distributions are presented and compared with Monte Carlo models for diffractive processes. The data are consistent with models where the pomeron structure function has a hard and a soft contribution. The diffractive structure function is measured as a function of xℙ, the momentum fraction lost by the proton, of β, the momentum fraction of the struck quark with respect to xℙ, and of Q2 in the range 6.3·10-
Observation of scaling violations in scaled momentum distributions at HERA
No full textCharged particle production has been measured in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) events over a large range of x and Q2 using the ZEUS detector. The evolution of the scaled momentum, xp, with Q2, in the range 10 to 1280 GeV2, has been investigated in the current fragmentation region of the Breit frame. The results show clear evidence, in a single experiment, for scaling violations in scaled momenta as a function of Q2
Observation of events with an energetic forward neutron in deep inelastic scattering at HERA
No full textIn deep inelastic neutral current scattering of positrons and protons at the center of mass energy of 300 GeV, we observe, with the ZEUS detector, events with a high energy neutron produced at very small scattering angles with respect to the proton direction. The events constitute a fixed fraction of the deep inelastic, neutral current event sample independent of Bjorken x and Q2 in the range 3 · 10-4 < xBJ < 6 · 10-3 and 10 < Q2 < 100 GeV2
Measurement of elastic phi photoproduction at HERA
No full textThe production of φ mesons in the reaction e+p → e+φp (φ → K+K-) at a median Q2 of 10-4 GeV2 has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The differential φ photoproduction cross section dσ/dt has an exponential shape and has been determined in the kinematic range 0.1 < |t| < 0.5 GeV2 and 60 < W < 80 GeV. An integrated cross section of σγp→φp = 0.96 ± 0.19+0.21-.18 μb has been obtained by extrapolating to t = 0. When compared to lower energy data, the results show a weak energy dependence of both σγp→φp and the slope of the t distribution. The φ decay angular distributions are consistent with s-channel helicity conservation. From lower energies to HERA energies, the features of φ photoproduction are compatible with those of a soft diffractive process
Measurement of the reaction gamma* p --> phi p in deep inelastic e+ p scattering at HERA
No full textThe production of φ mesons in the reaction e+p → e+φp (φ → K+K-), for 7 < Q2 < 25 GeV2 and for virtual photon-proton centre of mass energies (W) in the range 42-134 GeV, has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA. When compared to lower energy data at similar Q2, the results show that the γp → p0p cross section rises strongly with W. This behaviour is similar to that previously found for the γ*p → p0p cross section. This strong dependence cannot be explained by production through soft pomeron exchange. It is, however, consistent with perturbative QCD expectations, where it reflects the rise of the gluon momentum density in the proton at small x. The ratio of σ(φ)/σ(p0), which has previously been determined by ZEUS to be 0.065 ± 0.013 (stat.) in photoproduction at a mean W of 70 GeV, is measured to be 0.18 ± 0.05 (stat.) ± 0.03 (syst.) at a mean Q2 of 12.3 GeV2 and mean W of ≈ 100 GeV and is thus approaching at large Q2 the value of 2/9 predicted from the quark charges of the vector mesons and a flavour independent production mechanism
