38,972 research outputs found
Fernando Palazzi
No full textThe headword explains the biography and the contribution of the author Fernando Palazzi to the children's literatur
R&D in Cleaner Technology and International Trade
No full textWe consider a dynamic three-stage game played by two regulator-firm hierarchies to capture the scale and technological effects of opening markets to international trade. Each firm produces one good sold on the market. Firms can invest in R&D in order to lower their fixed emission/output ratio and are regulated with costly public funds. We take the context of sufficiently high market sizes and investment cost parameters. Opening markets to international trade yields more investment in R&D, more production and a lower emission ratio. When the market size is low enough and the investment cost parameter is high enough, pollution in common market is higher than in autarky. International trade reduces the social welfare.R&D, Cleaner technology, Common market, Social welfare
R&D poverty traps
No full textIn this paper we show that the R&D effort of a country and its economic growth are highly correlated. In order to analyze this relationship, we study the nature of the researching activity. In particular, we focus on the following characteristics of research: the inherent uncertainty of researching, the existence of a wage premium associated to innovative activities, and moral hazard. Assuming that a higher R&D effort translates into a higher R&D success probability, we show that when the R&D success probability is low, the economy is not willing to bear the risk associated to R&D activities. As a consequence, few researchers are hired and the economy stays in an R&D poverty trap, a situation where the economy is stacked in a low growth environment due to the uncertainty associated with the researching activity
R&D poverty traps
No full textIn this paper we show that the R&D effort of a country and its economic growth are highly correlated. In order to analyze this relationship, we study the nature of the researching activity. In particular, we focus on the following characteristics of research: the inherent uncertainty of researching, the existence of a wage premium associated to innovative activities, and moral hazard. Assuming that a higher R&D effort translates into a higher R&D success probability, we show that when the R&D success probability is low, the economy is not willing to bear the risk associated to R&D activities. As a consequence, few researchers are hired and the economy stays in an R&D poverty trap, a situation where the economy is stacked in a low growth environment due to the uncertainty associated with the researching activity
R&D poverty traps
No full textIn this paper we show that the R&D effort of a country and its economic growth are highly correlated. In order to analyze this relationship, we study the nature of the researching activity. In particular, we focus on the following characteristics of research: the inherent uncertainty of researching, the existence of a wage premium associated to innovative activities, and moral hazard. Assuming that a higher R&D effort translates into a higher R&D success probability, we show that when the R&D success probability is low, the economy is not willing to bear the risk associated to R&D activities. As a consequence, few researchers are hired and the economy stays in an R&D poverty trap, a situation where the economy is stacked in a low growth environment due to the uncertainty associated with the researching activity
sj-docx-1-cpj-10.1177_00099228231204444 – Supplemental material for Association of Blood Calcidiol Levels and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents With Vitamin D Deficiency
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-cpj-10.1177_00099228231204444 for Association of Blood Calcidiol Levels and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents With Vitamin D Deficiency by Fernando A. Isart, Fernando Jose Isart-Infante and R. Eric Heidel in Clinical Pediatrics</p
An analysis of the efficiency of public spending and national policies in the area of R&D
No full textImproving the quality of public finances is a major challenge for European policy makers. The economic crisis has increased budgetary pressures and accentuated the tension between the need to sustain public spending aimed at raising the EU growth potential and the increased scarcity of public resources. Rising the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending in growth-enhancing areas such as education, R&D and innovation has become, therefore, even more important. This paper reviews the innovation performance of the different EU Member States and provides estimates of the relative efficiency of their R&D spending. In doing so, it aims at moving the policy discussion from mere volume-based policy targets towards a better assessment of the quality and effects of public R&D spending. The main contribution of this paper is therefore the identification of both (1) a suitable methodology for the evaluation of efficiency levels across Member States and (2) structural and policy determinants which may contribute to raise efficiency levels of R&D spending across countries and over time. Results indicate that there exist large cross-country differences in terms of measured efficiency, which is an indication that in many Member States there remains a significant potential for further improvement. Currently, there appears to be a divide in efficiency levels between old and new Member States. However, there is some evidence that the new Member States are catching up. The estimated efficiency scores indicate that all EU Member States have improved their efficiency levels over time. There is evidence that the efficiency of R&D spending is higher in countries with a strong knowledge base which, in turn, implies that increases in R&D spending do not necessarily lead to reductions in efficiency levels. Other factors that positively affect efficiency levels include the high-tech specialisation of the economy, the level of investment in education, the employment share in science and technology, and the degree of protection of intellectual property rights. Finally, a R&D tax treatment more oriented towards fiscal incentives rather than direct subsidies appears to have a positive effect on the efficiency level of R&D spending across EU Member States. This work is based on both a quantitative measurement of efficiency levels and a qualitative analysis of the policy instruments used in the Member States to promote R&D efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency scores are calculated by means of the Stochastic Frontier Analysis for a set of input and output indicators in order to overcome the limitations associated with each individual indicator. A complementary survey of national governments highlights some further policy instruments that could contribute to increase the efficiency of R&D and innovation policies, in particular at the national level. The results of the survey argue in favour of adopting a systemic approach to R&D, education and innovation policies, including three main elements: (i) adapting educational programmes and the research infrastructure to the needs of science and industry; (ii) making a sustained commitment to knowledge investment by adopting medium-term funding programmes; and (iii) evaluating existing R&D programmes in order to determine which policy tools are the most effective and in which areas R&D investments offer the highest returns. More recently, Member States have introduced R&D spending measures specifically targeted to deal with the consequences of the economic crisis. A closer look at these measures reveals that Member States consider direct grants and offers of tax relief as appropriate instruments to counteract the effects of the crisis. It should be clear that such policy measures should be tailored to the specific needs and strengths of every Member State.Public Finance, Efficiency, R&D spending, patents, innovation policy.
Cost effectiveness of R&D and strategic trade policy
No full textThis paper analyzes the incentives for governments to impose export subsidies when firms invest in a cost saving technology before market competition. Governments first impose an export subsidy or a tax. After observing export policy, firms invest in cost reducing R&D and
subsequently compete in the market. Governments subsidize exports under Cournot
competition. Under Bertrand competition, export subsidies are positive whenever R&D is
sufficiently cost-effective at reducing marginal costs, and negative otherwise. The trade policy reversal found in models without endogenous sunk costs disappears if R&D is sufficiently cost-effective. Thus, output subsidies seem more robust than implied by the recent literature
Fernando Henrique Cardoso e o pensamento político brasileiro
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2015.A construção do legado de Fernando Henrique Cardoso tem transcorrido a partir do signo de rupturas e dicotomias estruturantes, características que se articulam em torno da ideia da transição da atividade intelectual para a atividade política, num processo que reforça traços marcantes da imaginação política brasileira. Partindo da crítica dessa visão, este trabalho investiga o que o processo de formação do legado do autor como levado a cabo até aqui tem a dizer sobre os modos pelos quais se produz e se reinventa o ?pensamento político brasileiro?, ou, em outras palavras, o que sua trajetória intelectual individual representa em relação à trajetória coletiva de pensamento designada por esta expressão. Duas teses interpretativas principais são desenvolvidas ao longo deste trabalho: a primeira, de que o fio de continuidade e de unidade entre os diversos momentos da trajetória intelectual de Cardoso, negado pelas abordagens que até o presente vão dando conta da sistematização de seu legado, pode ser reconstruído e recuperado se a ênfase da análise recair na especificidade política de seus escritos, reconstrução e recuperação que, obviamente, não se furtam a considerar possíveis inconsistências, incoerências e mudanças nas crenças ao longo de sua trajetória; e a segunda, de que tal pensamento político, sem desconsiderar outras fontes genericamente rotuladas como ?universais?, estrutura-se a partir de um diálogo seletivo, sistemático e contínuo com algumas das principais matrizes de interpretação do político no país, diálogo este que, de um lado, torna possível evidenciar a existência de uma cosmovisão a atuar como ?fio condutor? para o conjunto de seu pensamento (conferindo a ele um sentido de coerência) e, de outro, entender o impacto ressignificador desse pensamento sobre tais matrizes. O trabalho está organizado em três partes: na primeira, produz-se uma reflexão teórico-metodológica do campo do pensamento político brasileiro; na segunda, discute-se a especificidade da reflexão política do autor a partir de dois momentos distintos (o do estabelecimento e o da consolidação das suas crenças políticas); e na terceira, num exercício de tentar aproximar as duas primeiras, discute-se a especificidade da inscrição do pensamento político do autor no campo do pensamento político brasileiro a partir de duas variáveis: as filiações e as recepções.Abstract : The construction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso?s legacy has been developed based on the mark of structuring ruptures and dichotomies, characteristics that are both articulated around the idea of the transition from the intellectual to the political activity, in a process that reinforces strong features of the Brazilian political imagination. Anchored in a criticism of this view, this study investigates what the process of formation of the author?s legacy developed until the present moment reveal about the forms through which the ?Brazilian political thought? is produced and reinvented, or, in other words, what his personal intellectual trajectory represents in relation to the collective thought trajectory designated by this expression. Two main interpretative theses are tested throughout this work: the first one is that the continuity and the unity between the several moments of Cardoso?s intellectual trajectory (denied by the approaches that, until the present moment, have been systematizing his legacy) can be reconstructed and recuperated if the emphasis of the analysis lies in the political specificity of his writings - assuming that both the reconstructing and the recuperation, obviously, do not fail to consider possible inconsistencies, incoherences and changes in the beliefs of the author throughout his trajectory; and second , that such political thought , without disregarding other sources generally labeled as ?universal? , is structured from a selective, systematic and continuous dialogue with some of the main forms of interpretation of the policy in the country, this dialogue , on the one hand , makes it possible to show the existence of a worldview to act as ?common thread? for all of his thought (giving him a sense of coherence), and on the other, to understand the impact of this ressignificador thinking about such matrices. The work is organized in three parts: in the first, the field of the Brazilian political thought is theoretical and methodologically questioned; in the second part, the specificity of the author?s political reflection is discussed based on two different moments (the establishment and the consolidation of his political beliefs); and, in the third part, in an attempt of approximating the two previous parts, the specificity of the insertion of the author?s political thought in the Brazilian political thought field is discussed, which is based on two variables: the filiations and the receptions
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