5 research outputs found
What makes a cherry red?: an investigation into flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit.
No full textColour is an important fruit quality indicator because many consumers make their selections based primarily on this trait. Inheritance of colour has been studied within sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) populations and as a result fruit colour is thought to be determined by three genetic factors. A flesh colour factor (F) and the major skin colour factor (A) are the main determinants of fruit colour, where red pigmentation is incompletely dominant over yellow. A third factor, the minor skin colour factor (B), can produce blush skin but is epistatically masked by a dominant A allele. The pigments that colour fruit are known as anthocyanins, synthesised via the transcriptionally regulated flavonoid pathway, which also synthesizes the related secondary metabolites, condensed tannins and flavonols. In other fruit and flower species, mutations in flavonoid pathway or regulatory genes can lead to non-functional alleles that explain the inheritance of colour. However the genes encoding the genetic colour factors are not known in sweet cherry. Therefore, this research has endeavoured to study the cherry flavonoid pathway and its transcriptional regulation, with a view to determining the genetic differences responsible for yellow, blush, red and black cultivars. To achieve this aim, genes encoding flavonoid pathway enzymes and putative regulators of flavonoid synthesis were isolated from the red sweet cherry cultivar ‘Lapins’. PaMYBA1, an R2R3-MYB factor, possessing a high degree of sequence similarity with characterised anthocyanin regulators and conserved C-terminal motifs common within this type of protein, was identified. Functional characterisation of PaMYBA1 demonstrated its ability to activate transcription from the promoters of chalcone synthase (MdCHS), which encodes an enzyme that performs the first committed step in the synthesis of flavonoids, and the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene UDP-glycosyl:flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase (MdUFGT). Furthermore, correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and the expression profile of PaMYBA1 in developing ‘Lapins’ fruit and light-treated blush-skinned ‘Ranier’ fruit suggest that PaMYBA1 might be an important colour factor. Transcript analysis revealed that PaMYBA1 is necessary for the production of colour in cherries; PaMYBA1 is not expressed in the solid yellow fruit of ‘Yellow Glass’ that lacks anthocyanins. However, similar levels of expression of PaMYBA1 in blush, red and black sweet cherry fruit indicate that there are additional factors that contribute to differences in colour intensity. The intense colour and increased flavonoid levels of the black sweet cherry ‘Sam’, compared with the blush and red fruits tested, correlated with a large increase in the expression of the putative tannin regulator PaMYBPA1 in this cultivar. In a functional assay, PaMYBPA1 could trans-activate not only the promoters of the tannin genes anthocyanidin reductase (VvANR) and leucaonthocyanidin reductase (VvLAR), but also of MdCHS and MdUFGT. Therefore, it is possible that PaMYBPA1 could regulate both tannin and anthocyanin synthesis, particularly when expressed at high levels. Taking into consideration the expression of flavonoid pathway genes in different sweet cherry cultivars and tissues, and under different environmental conditions, together with published scientific observations of the genetic factors contributing to fruit colour, we have developed a working model for flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry fruit. Aspects of the model remain to be determined, such as the involvement of two additional anthocyanin-type MYB factors PaMYBA2 and PaMYBA3 in fruit pigmentation. However, it provides a general understanding of differences in the activity of the flavonoid pathway between sweet cherry cultivars, and moves us closer to knowing the identity of the inherited factors that determine skin and flesh colour in sweet cherry fruit.Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 201
New mite invasions in citrus in the earlyyears of the 21st century
No full textSeveral mite species commonly attack cultivated citrus around the world. Up to
104 phytophagous species have been reported causing damage to leaves, buds and fruits,
but only a dozen can be considered major pests requiring control measures. In recent years,
several species have expanded their geographical range primarily due to the great increase
in trade and travel worldwide, representing a threat to agriculture in many countries. Three
spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) have recently invaded the citrus-growing areas
in the Mediterranean region and Latin America. The Oriental red mite, Eutetranychus
orientalis (Klein), presumably from the Near East, was detected in southern Spain in 2001.
The Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), is widely distributed in North,
Central and South America. It was first reported in Europe in 1999 on citrus in Portugal;
afterwards the mite invaded the citrus orchards in southern Spain. In Latin America, the
Hindustan citrus mite, Schizotetranychus hindustanicus (Hirst), previously known only
from citrus and other host plants in India, was reported causing significant damage to citrus
leaves and fruits in Zulia, northwest Venezuela, in the late 1990s. Later, this mite species
spread to the southeast being detected on lemon trees in the state of Roraima in northern
Brazil in 2008. Whereas damage levels, population dynamics and control measures are
relatively well know in the case of Oriental red mite and Texas citrus mite, our knowledge
of S. hindustanicus is noticeably scant. In the present paper, information on pest status,
seasonal trends and natural enemies in invaded areas is provided for these species, together
with morphological data useful for identification. Because invasive species may evolve during the invasion process, comparison of behavior, damage and management options
between native and invaded areas for these species will be useful for understanding the
invader s success and their ability to colonize new regions.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) Brazil provided a research fellowship to the second author. We thank Greg Evans and Gary Miller, USDA, for comments on an early draft, and Debbie Creel for help with references. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.Ferragut Pérez, FJ.; Navia, D.; Ochoa, R. (2013). New mite invasions in citrus in the earlyyears of the 21st century. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 59(1-2):145-164. doi:10.1007/s10493-012-9635-9S145164591-2Abanorte (2008) Cresce exportação de limão tahiti. www.abanorte.com.br/noticias/noticias-da-pagina-inicial/cresce-exportacao-de-limao-tahiti . 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Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy
No full textBackground
The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy.
Methods
In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation.
Results
Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89·6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60·6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0·17, 95 per cent c.i. 0·14 to 0·21, P < 0·001) or low (363 of 860, 42·2 per cent; OR 0·08, 0·07 to 0·10, P < 0·001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high‐HDI countries (risk difference −9·4 (95 per cent c.i. −11·9 to −6·9) per cent; P < 0·001), but the relationship was reversed in low‐HDI countries (+12·1 (+7·0 to +17·3) per cent; P < 0·001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30‐day perioperative mortality (OR 0·60, 0·50 to 0·73; P < 0·001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low‐ and middle‐HDI countries.
Conclusion
Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low‐HDI countries was half that in high‐HDI countries
Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study
No full textBackground: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. Methods: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. Results: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33–4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76–2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6% ) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42–0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14–0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11–0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09–0.45). Conclusion: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. Trial registration: NCT02179112
Bacterias anaerobias: procesos que realizan y contribuyen a la sostenibilidad de la vida en el planeta
No full text<p>Se realiza una revision sobre los aspectos degradativos de materia organica, obtención de energia y nutrientes de las bacterias anaerobias. La importancia de estos microorganismos es el papel que desempenan en los procesos que contribuyen al mantenimiento de la vida misma. Dentro del metabolismo para la descomposicion de macromoleculas, estos microorganismos realizan varios procesos: hidrolisis, acetogenesis y metanogenesis, entre otros, cobija reacciones que se realizan dependiendo de las caracteristicas particulares de la bacteria y de las funciones que cumplen dentro del ciclo degradativo, para la obtencion de nuevos productos dependiendo de las rutas bioquimicas o procesos fermentativos que alli se desarrollan.</p></jats:p
