1,721,003 research outputs found
La influencia del historicismo crítico en La disputa del Nuevo Mundo de Antonello Gerbi
Full text linkEntre 1929 y 1931 Antonello Gerbi asistió en Berlín a las clases de Friedrich Meinecke, uno de los padres del historicismo crítico alemán. La significativa influencia de este autor sobre los estudios de Gerbi se entremezcló con el influjo ejercido, en los mismos años, por Benedetto Croce. En este ensayo se ofrecen varios ejemplos, fundados en comparaciones bibliográficas, de la cercanía filosófica de Gerbi al gran estudioso sajón, subrayando en particular el papel primario que tuvo la perspectiva del historicismo en la escritura de La disputa del Nuevo Mundo.While in Berlin between 1929 and 1931, Antonello Gerbi was Friedrich Meinecke’s, student. Meinecke is one of the founding fathers of German critical historicism. The meaningful influence of this author on Gerbi’s studies intermingle with the influence exerted, in the same period, by Benedetto Croce. This essay aims to provide some examples, based on bibliographical comparisons, of the closeness of Gerbi’s philosophical position to that of Meinecke, particularly highlighting the prominence of the historicist perspective in The dispute of the New World
Genesi di un’utopia del moderno, tra sistema mediale e distopici rovesciamenti
No full textThe condition of contemporary man is increasingly dependent on so-called digital technologies. Within them, the image has gained, in the span of a few years, a communicative centrality that has allowed it to become a decisive tool in the dynamics for the domination of globalized economic flows. Indeed, the image, through the specific contribution of new media, has been essential for the affirmation of a market system – based on simplification and commodification – aimed at the control and management of data. This process takes on the semblance of a dystopian utopia that primarily relies on images, as well as the screens that project them and the Internet network that disseminates them.La condizione dell’uomo contemporaneo è sempre più dipendente dalle cosiddette tecnologie digitali. In esse, l’immagine ha raggiunto nel volgere di pochi anni una centralità comunicativa che le ha permesso di diventare uno strumento decisivo nelle dinamiche per il dominio dei flussi economici globalizzati. L’immagine, infatti, attraverso l’apporto determinate dei new media, è stata essenziale per l’affermazione di un sistema di mercato – basato sulla semplificazione e sulla mercificazione – finalizzato al controllo e alla gestione dei dati. Tale processo assume le sembianze di un’utopia distopica che poggia le sue fondamenta proprio sulle immagini, ma anche sugli schermi che le proiettano e nella Rete Internet che le diffonde
L’essere contro l’umano. Preludi per una filosofia della surmodernità
Full text linkL'opera si struttura in due parti distinte, anche se strettamente connesse. Nella prima è affrontata la tematica augeana della surmodernità che, attraverso una rilettura originale, è utilizzata per sostenere la centralità dell'essere umano, e del suo essere creativo, all'interno delle dinamiche di un mondo inteso, nietzschianamente, come "caos". Nella seconda invece è approfondita la relazione tra surmodernità e Rete. In particolare , ricostruendo le posizione dei principali teorici del settore, da Pierre Levy a Tim Berners-Lee, da Carlo Formenti a Paul Virilio, si concentra su alcuni concetti chiave, come "digitalità", "weblog" e "Digital Divide", divenuti oramai fondamentali per comprendere l'epoca nella quale viviamo
OPTIMAL SETTING OF EARTHQUAKE-RELATED IONOSPHERIC TEC (TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT) ANOMALIES DETECTION METHODS: LONG-TERM VALIDATION OVER ITALY AND MEDITERRANEAN AREA
No full textIn this thesis an optimal setting and long-term validation of the methodological inputs used for the detection of earthquake-related anomalies of the ionospheric-Total Electron Content (TEC) was made. The setting was optimized using own made R-coded machine learning techniques and using for the first time multi-year time series of TEC satellite data and multi-year time series of seismic data relating to the Italian and Mediterranean area.
Analyses on seismic-connected parameters have been developed for some decades now, during which national research groups have been established in various countries of the World (e.g. Japan, former USSR, China, Taiwan and USA [1]), space missions specifically dedicated to research on these phenomena have been carried out and several thousands of scientific publications on various ionospheric, atmospheric and lithospheric parameters, proposed as potential seismic precursors, have been produced (here are some exhaustive reviews that collect the main scientific works of the last decades: [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]).
However, during the first periods of research very mixed results were found, the proposed analyses were often not confirmed by subsequent observations and this increased scepticism around the research sector and consequently often led to funding cuts by the governments.
During the last decade, thanks to the availability of historical satellite observations, which have begun to be significantly large, and thanks to the exponential growth of machine learning techniques, which allow processing on large amounts of data, a considerable amount of statistically robust study (multi-year analysis) on seismic-related parameters have been developed, relaunching the research sector.
In 2018, in the wake of this newfound enthusiasm on the subject, as a result of an international collaboration between China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) was launched into orbit, the second satellite ever (after the French micro-satellite DEMETER launched in 2004) specifically dedicated to the study of atmospheric and ionospheric seismic-related phenomena.
Today the observations of earthquake-related parameters using satellite techniques are the most widespread and performing (also for the measurement on the Earth's surface), thanks to the fact of ensuring adequate spatial resolution of historical data. The literature references that include the most substantial and statistically significant observations of seismic-related parameters mainly concern: ionospheric parameters (total electron content [10], [11], [12], electron density [13], etc.), electromagnetic perturbations [14] and ground temperature parameters, i.e. increases in the ground thermal emission observed in the infrared band (Thermal InfraRed emission, TIR), see [15], [16] and references within [17].
The TEC (Total Electron Content) is probably the atmo-ionospheric parameter that has most contributed to the growth of studies on seismic-related anomalies in recent years, as it is the only one measurable through the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) constellations, which today provide an over twenty-year data series on a global scale from a number of satellites that currently (February 2022) reaches 134 units.
The difficulties historically encountered in the correlation studies between TEC anomalies and seismic events are mainly two:
1. Establishing when the behaviour of the TEC parameter (as well as the other ionospheric parameters) can be defined anomalous is extremely complicated, because the ionosphere noise sources are many, of various nature (known and unknown) and produce disturbances (mainly governed by the influence of the Sun) in time and space, which can be even stronger than the anomalies themselves.
2. It is equally complicated to establish when the identified anomalies are actually correlated to the seismic activity in progress, since the correlation should be established in the spatial, temporal and magnitude domains.
To address these problems, many methods have been proposed over time for the study of seismic-related ionospheric anomalies, which in turn contain further diversified methodological inputs (filters, thresholds, domain limits). Some methods have recently been validated on a large number of seismic events, analysing the weeks/months preceding and following earthquakes. What was still missing were analyses that also involve the remaining periods, that is those of seismic inactivity, this represents the most important innovation that we have introduced in our research project. The validation even on periods of seismic inactivity (refutation) makes the findings more consistent, as it drastically reduces the chances that the results obtained are random.
Moreover, despite a large amount of studies, the theoretical basis on the subject are very few, because the theoretical hypotheses formulated are difficult to prove. Consequently, the methods for the detection of seismic-related anomalies are based on a mostly empirical approach. This is the reason why the proposed methodological inputs are so many and so different. Sorting out the multitude of input variables proposed would allow research efforts to be focused in the right direction.
Today, thanks to the enormous availability of historical data and to the great added value that machine learning has brought to the world of research, it is possible to overcome these problems.
In this thesis work, after an in-depth review of the existing literature on the subject, having recognized the previously described methodological non-uniformities and employing as a working basis the most widely used method in the literature for the identification of TEC anomalies, named InterQuartile Range (IQR), we proceeded to test various input elements in the method, either chosen from the literature researches that returned the best performances, or proposed by us on the basis of analyses made on the TEC variation sources.
To this aim, we used our R-coded machine learning techniques combining 11 multi-year time series of TEC satellite data and the related multi-year time series of seismic catalogues, simulating their behaviours in tens of thousands of possible combinations according to a predetermined set of input elements and classifying these methodological inputs according to criteria established a priori.
The main elements of innovation made with respect to the state of the art are the following:
- For the first time, multi-year time series (mostly ~20-year, overall in the time interval from 2001 to 2021) are analysed without time interruptions (i.e. also involving periods of seismic inactivity);
- For the first time an optimal setting of the methodological inputs for the detection of seismic-related anomalies is realized;
- For the first time a long-term TEC earthquake-related anomalies detection method is applied over Italy and Mediterranean area;
- It is proposed and tested a new filter to eliminate/minimize the effects of solar activity on the TEC.
Three categories of inputs were tested:
- Inputs used to define the statistically anomalous behaviour of the TEC parameter;
- Inputs used to set the earthquakes magnitude-space-time (MST) domain;
- Thresholds to mark the difference between standard and anomalous behaviour.
The IQR is a method of detecting anomalies based on the comparison between the observed TEC value and comparison samples containing data collected in the same time slot (and geographical location) of the data under investigation and in a certain number of previous days (typically 15) which define the sample size. The comparison samples express the parameter standard behaviour.
Given the empirical nature of the study, several conclusions coming from the results of our analysis were drawn. Our conclusions should be considered valid for applications at mid-latitudes, since the behaviour of the parameter is extremely variable as a function of latitude. The main of these conclusions are set out below.
The following are the conclusions that our results firmly confirm.
- Within the IQR method, due to the strong solar activity influence on the TEC, the 27-day comparison sample proves to be significantly more efficient than the (most widely used) 15-day sample for the detection of the TEC anomalies;
- The detection of seismic-TEC anomalies can be more efficient looking for punctual rather than persistent phenomena (from the temporal point of view);
- Earthquakes with hypocentral depth greater than 50 km are less likely to affect the ionosphere.
- Due to the fact that the IQR comparison samples are non-Gaussian (mainly right-tailed) the thresholds used (positive and negative) for the anomalies detection should be set independent of each other;
The following conclusions require further confirmation.
- Data obtained from the individual GNSS receivers are useful for capturing local earthquake-ionospheric effects (Magnitude ≥ 4; Distance ≤ Dobrovolsky radius);
- Data obtained from multiple GNSS receivers (portions of Global Ionospheric Maps, GIMs) prove to be particularly effective in detecting large-scale earthquake-ionospheric effects. Following the multitude of analyses carried out for the setting of the MST (magnitude-space-time) domain, we propose the use of the following inputs:
Magnitude ≥ 5.5;
Radius of influence equal to 1250 km;
Depth of the hypocenter less than 50 km;
Alert time window ranging from 90 days before (after) to 30 days after (before) the seismic event (the ionospheric anomaly).
REFERENCES
1. S. Uyeda and T. Nagao (2018) “Historical Development of Pre-Earthquake Phenomena Studies” in Pre‐earthquake processes. A multidisciplinary approach to earthquake prediction studies. Editors D. Ouzounov, S. Pulinets, K. Hattori, and P. Taylor (John Wiley & Sons), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119156949.ch1
2. Park, S. K., Johnston, M. J. S., Madden, T. R., Morgan, F. D., and Morrison, H. F. (1993). Electromagnetic Precursors to Earthquakes in the Ulf Band: A Review of Observations and Mechanisms. Reviews of Geophysics 31 (2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG00820
3. Geller, R. J. (1997). Earthquake Prediction: a Critical Review. Geophys. J. Int. 131 (3), 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x
4. Johnston, M. J. S. (1997). Review of Electric and Magnetic fields Accompanying Seismic and Volcanic Activity. Surveys in Geophysics, Netherlands: Springer. 18. Issue 5, 441–476. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006500408086
5. Tronin, A. A. (2006). Remote Sensing and Earthquakes: A Review. Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C 31 (4–9), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.024
6. Helman, D. S. (2020). Seismic Electric Signals (SES) and Earthquakes: A Review of an Updated VAN Method and Competing Hypotheses for SES Generation and Earthquake Triggering. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 302, 106484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106484
7. Sorokin, V. M., Chmyrev, V. M., and Hayakawa, M. (2020). A Review on Electrodynamic Influence of Atmospheric Processes to the Ionosphere. Open J. Earthquake Res. 09 (02), 113–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2020.92008
8. Picozza P, Conti L and Sotgiu A (2021) Looking for Earthquake Precursors From Space: A Critical Review. Front. Earth Sci. 9:676775. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.676775
9. Conti, L., Picozza, P., and Sotgiu, A. (2021). A Critical Review of Ground Based Observations of Earthquake Precursors. Front. Earth Sci. Sec. Geohazards Georisks. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.676766
10. Kon, S., Nishihashi, M., and Hattori, K. (2011). Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated with M⩾6.0 Earthquakes in the Japan Area during 1998-2010: Case Studies and Statistical Study. J. Asian Earth Sci. 41 (4), 410–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.10.005
11. Liu, J. & Chen, C.H. & Tsai, Ho-Fang. (2013). A Statistical Study on Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies of the Total Electron Content for the Period of 56 M≥6.0 Earthquakes Occurring in China during 1998-2012. Chin J Space Sci. 33. 258-269.
12. Liu J.Y., Chen C.H., Tsai H.F. A statistical study on seismoionospheric precursors of the total electron content associated with 146 M 6.0 earthquakes in Japan during 1998-2011, Earthquake Prediction Studies: Seismo Electromagnetics, ed. Hayagawa, M (TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 2013), 17-30.
13. De Santis, A., Marchetti, D., Pavón-Carrasco, F.J. et al. Precursory worldwide signatures of earthquake occurrences on Swarm satellite data. Sci Rep 9, 20287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56599-1
14. Zeren Zhi-Ma, Shen Xu-Hui, CAO Jin-Bin, ZHANG Xue-Min, Huang Jian-Ping, Liu Jing, Ouyang Xin-Yan, Zhao Shu-Fan. Statistical analysis of ELF/VLF magnetic field disturbances before major earthquakes[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2012, 55(11): 3699-3708. https://doi.org/10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.017
15. Filizzola, C.; Corrado, A.; Genzano, N.; Lisi, M.; Pergola, N.; Colonna, R.; Tramutoli, V. (2022) RST Analysis of Anomalous TIR Sequences in Relation with Earthquakes Occurred in Turkey in the Period 2004–2015. Remote Sens., 14, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020381
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Oltre il visibile: alcune riflessioni sui nuovi media
No full textIn this interview, Timothy Morton critically reflects on new media, challenging the traditional divide between “traditional media” and “new media”. According to Morton, the act of “mediating” is not a phenomenon exclusive to modern technologies, but an intrinsic feature of language and human communication in general. While recognizing the potential offered by digital platforms, Morton also explores, and above all, their contradictions, such as the spread of fake news and the increasingly blurred line between control and censorship. In this context, it becomes essential to “do and learn philosophy”, even from a young age, as it represents perhaps the only kind of knowledge capable of developing the ability to navigate, consciously, the vast and sometimes oppressive digital landscape.En esta entrevista, Timothy Morton ofrece algunas reflexiones sobre los nuevos medios, cuestionando la tradicional separación entre medios «tradicionales» y «nuevos». Según Morton, el acto de «mediar» no es un fenómeno exclusivo de las tecnologías modernas, sino una característica intrínseca del lenguaje y la comunicación humana en general. Al tiempo que reconoce el potencial que ofrecen las plataformas digitales, Morton explora también y sobre todo sus contradicciones, como la difusión de noticias falsas y la frontera cada vez más difusa entre control y censura. En este contexto, resulta por tanto esencial «hacer y aprender filosofía», incluso desde una edad temprana, ya que esta última representa, tal vez, el único tipo de conocimiento capaz de desarrollar la capacidad de orientarse conscientemente en el vasto y a veces opresivo paisaje digital.In questa intervista, Timothy Morton propone alcune riflessioni sui nuovi media, mettendo in discussione la tradizionale separazione tra media “tradizionali” e “nuovi”. Secondo Morton, l’atto di “mediare” non è un fenomeno esclusivo delle tecnologie moderne, ma una caratteristica intrinseca al linguaggio e alla comunicazione umana in generale. Pur riconoscendo le potenzialità offerte dalle piattaforme digitali, Morton esplora anche e soprattutto le loro contraddizioni, come la diffusione delle notizie false e il confine sempre più labile tra controllo e censura. In questo contesto, diventa dunque fondamentale “fare e imparare filosofia”, addirittura fin dalla giovane età, poiché quest’ultima rappresenta, forse, l’unico tipo di conoscenza in grado di sviluppare quella capacità di orientarsi, consapevolmente, nel vasto e talvolta opprimente paesaggio digitale
Leopoldo Zea: originalidad y filosofía sin más
Full text linkThe issue that most identified Leopoldo Zea’s large cultural output is the analysis of the link between Latin American culture and the Western world. The aim of this study is to analyze, through the philosophy of Zea, how the Western culture has influenced the Latin American, how and in what extent the latter has its own characteristics. The idea of the Mexican specialist is that the Americans should participate in the Western culture, not through a simple and unproductive imitation, but proposing matters as a tangible expression of their history and their world
Tra utopia e distopia, alcune riflessioni: intervista a Sossio Giametta
No full textIntervista di Roberto Colonna al filosofo e traduttore Sossio Giametta in cui viene affrontato il tema dell’utopia sia in senso critico, sia in relazione ad alcuni ambiti quali la politica, le religioni, la storia e la letteratura. Inoltre, una parte della discussione si è concentrata anche sul tema della distopia e della sua funzione di analisi critica del reale
Sull’utopia distopica dell’immagine
No full textIn these first twenty years of the XXI Century, the hybridization between real and virtual has undergone a significant acceleration whose effects - being a process still in progress - have not yet fully unfolded. This epochal transformation has betrayed the libertarian logic that the first theorists of the Net had proposed, and has imposed a socio-economic model based on the consumption of goods and men which has assumed the appearance of a contradictory utopia. A utopia that becomes a dystopia because it aims not to improve society but to affirm an simplification which impoverishes the processes of transmission of culture through an innovative use of images, that can exploit the potential expressed by the artifacts of contemporary technology. The dystopian utopia of the image has in fact three closely interconnected cornerstones: the images, the screens that project them and the Internet that disseminates them. This complex architecture is aimed at data management which data has become for this reason one of the most sought-after raw materials in current modernity.En las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI, la hibridación de lo real y lo virtual ha experimentado una importante aceleración, cuyos plenos efectos -al formar parte de un proceso en curso- aún no se han manifestado plenamente. Esta transformación epocal ha traicionado los ideales libertarios propuestos por los primeros teóricos de la Red, imponiendo en su lugar un modelo socioeconómico basado en el consumo de bienes y personas. Este modelo ha tomado la forma de una utopía contradictoria: una utopía que se convierte en distopía, ya que no pretende mejorar la sociedad, sino imponer una simplificación que empobrece los procesos de transmisión cultural. Esto se consigue mediante un uso innovador de las imágenes, explotando el potencial que ofrecen los artefactos tecnológicos contemporáneos. La utopía distópica de la imagen se articula en torno a tres pilares estrechamente interconectados: las imágenes, las pantallas que las proyectan e Internet que las difunde. Esta compleja arquitectura tiene como objetivo la gestión de los datos, que se han convertido así en una de las materias primas más preciadas de la modernidad.Nei primi due decenni del XXI secolo, l'ibridazione tra reale e virtuale ha subito un'accelerazione significativa, i cui effetti completi – essendo parte di un processo ancora in corso – devono ancora pienamente manifestarsi. Questa trasformazione epocale ha tradito gli ideali libertari proposti dai primi teorici della Rete, imponendo invece un modello socio-economico basato sul consumo di beni e persone. Questo modello ha assunto la forma di un'utopia contraddittoria: un'utopia che si trasforma in distopia, poiché non mira a migliorare la società, ma a imporre una semplificazione che impoverisce i processi di trasmissione culturale. Il tutto si realizza attraverso un uso innovativo delle immagini, sfruttando le potenzialità offerte dagli artefatti tecnologici contemporanei. L'utopia distopica dell'immagine si articola attorno a tre pilastri strettamente interconnessi: le immagini, gli schermi che le proiettano e Internet che le diffonde. Questa complessa architettura è finalizzata alla gestione dei dati, che sono perciò diventati una delle materie prime più preziose della modernità
Responsabilidad y compromiso en el pensamiento de Leopoldo Zea
Full text linkIn several of his works, Leopoldo Zea analyzed the difficult relationship that simultaneously unites and separates Latin America from the West. Zea affirms that Latin American philosophy must be proposed in such a way that it is responsible toward its own past and toward the specificity of its context. Therefore,the acceptance of reality is a commitment that defines individuals’ existence in the world. According to Zea, this commitment is realized mostly through
two different angles: the tacit acceptance of this mechanism, and the eventual modification of the terms of this commitment, based on the new demands that
time and circumstances impose on individuals. The latter angle implies that the commitment is not rigid and immutable; instead, it is subject to social change and it varies from one society to another
A New Model of Solar Illumination of Earth’s Atmosphere during Night-Time
Full text linkIn this work, a solar illumination model of the Earth’s atmosphere is developed. The developed model allows us to determine with extreme accuracy how the atmospheric illumination varies during night hours on a global scale. This time-dependent variation in illumination causes a series of sudden changes in the entire Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere system of considerable interest for various research sectors and applications related to climate change, ionospheric disturbances, navigation and global positioning systems. The use of the proposed solar illumination model to calculate the time-dependent Solar Terminator Height (STH) at the global scale is also presented. Time-dependent STH impact on the measurements of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is, for the first time, investigated on the basis of 20 years long time series of GPS-based measurements collected at the ground. The correlation analysis, performed in the post-sunset hours, allows new insights into the dependence of TEC–STH relation on the different periods (seasons) of observation and solar activity condition
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