1,721,072 research outputs found
Business Lobbying and Public Policy
No full textThis chapter examines business lobbying and its role in policymaking. It begins with a discussion on what is meant by “business” in the field. The chapter then proceeds to assess the motivation behind business engagement with policymakers, the factors impacting its evolution over time, and the key characteristics it holds. It then discusses the trajectory of corporate political activity (CPA), considering its fast-paced evolution. The rise of populism, political and social activism, and continuous exogenous shocks have actively drawn the firm into politics. Policies such as environmental and social governance (ESG) are examples of government bringing politics to business, rather than the traditional opposite route that saw business engage with politics. At the same time, in uncertain political environments, corporate political offices provide a useful tool that can provide certainty. The chapter discusses its impact, and how and when business conducts its lobbying. Theoretically, we draw from political science, public policy, and business and managements studies to theorize the firm's activity
Business and government: an inter-disciplinary and multi-level perspective
No full textBusiness and government relations are central to both politics and the economy. This chapter discusses the increasing role of business in our day-to-day life and introduces the key
concepts used to study this role in this book: the concepts of asset specificity and market
concentration in economics; institutional complementarities and interest intermediation in
comparative political economy; revolving doors in political economy; the concepts of
political lobbying in political science; and the strategic deployment of resources and
capabilities in management
Lobbying in the European Union: Multi-venue & Multi-actor Strategies in the European Union
No full textLobbying activity has expanded dramatically in the European Union (EU) over the last 30 years as a result of deeper economic and political integration. Reflecting the growth of the EU market and its concurrent legislative and regulatory expansion, the density and diversity of interest groups mobilizing in Brussels has changed dramatically. Exploring the total interest group universe, we see that business interests are still by far the largest set of actors in Brussels. However, we argue that their relative dominance has been challenged in recent years, as EU institutions sought to encourage input from societal interests. In addition to the increase in the number and type of interest groups in Brussels, we observe the emergence of new lobbying venues and adaptation in the strategies groups use to gain access and influence. Specifically, we explore how the European Parliament's empowerment as a co-legislator made it a standard lobbying venue. The emergence of “elite pluralism” and the complexity of the policy processes have contributed to EU lobbying's professionalization. This has been complemented by the expansion of consultancies as businesses and NGOs aim to navigate the EU's multiple levels and diverse institutional venues. This new interest group environment has made lobbying alliances and strategies ever more fluid, with public and private interests joining forces to increase their chances of access and influence
Network governance and multi-level delegation : European networks of regulatory agencies
No full textEuropean networks of regulators in industries such as telecommunications, securities, energy and transport have been cited as important examples of the growth of network governance in Europe. Using a principal-agent perspective as a starting point, the article examines why a double delegation to networks of regulators has taken place. It looks at how and why the European Commission, national governments and independent regulatory agencies have driven the creation of networks, their institutional character and their implications for regulatory governance in Europe. It argues that problems of co-ordination were the main factor advanced to justify establishing networks of regulators. The new networks have been given a wide range of tasks and broad membership, but enjoy few formal powers or resources. They are highly dependent on the European Commission and face rivals for the task of co-ordinating European regulators. Thus in institutional terms the spread of network governance has in fact been limited.The project ‘After Delegation: The Evolution of European Regulatory Networks’ was funded by the EU 6th Framework Project as part of the EUI NewGov consortium
Reshaping European regulatory space : an evolutionary analysis
No full textThe article examines European institutions for implementing EU regulation. It assesses their development using seven different models that have been introduced or discussed for organising implementation. It argues that the development of European regulatory space has followed an evolutionary pattern involving gradual reshaping through a series of steps, with previous stages influencing later stages and institutions being built on existing structures. Despite pressures and frequent discussions of comprehensive change, existing organisations have managed to limit and shape reforms. The result has been institutional ‘layering’ and ‘conversion’ instead of streamlining, and a gradual strengthening of networks of national independent regulatory agencies. The analysis therefore suggests that evolutionary analysis based on historical institutionalist approaches seems highly appropriate to the EU. Equally, it shows how even if there are strong demand-side pressures for centralisation of regulation, existing institutional arrangements and organisations limit and shape the supply of new institutions, so that debates about radical change coexist with a fragmented, cluttered and complex European regulatory space
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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