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Undocumented ::how immigration became illegal /
No full text"This book looks at the role illegality or undocumentedness plays in our society and economy. It shows how the status was created, and how and why people, especially Mexicans and Central Americans, have been assigned this status. The first three chapters look at the histories of social exclusion. One looks specifically at the Mexican and Guatemalan contexts to understand why such large numbers of people from these countries enter the United States without documents, and how those who do so understand their own motivations. Two chapters focus on the role of illegality in the economy. Undocumented people tend to work in three different kinds of jobs: jobs that have been historically marginalized, like those in agriculture; jobs that have been downgraded from well-paid, unionized work to low-wage labor, like meatpacking; and newly booming job categories that underlie post-war consumerist prosperity like landscaping and childcare work. One chapter looks at children and families, focusing especially on the experiences of undocumented youth and youth with undocumented parents, and at the leadership role that undocumented youth have taken in the undocumented rights movement. One looks at the dizzying complexity of status to point out that virtually nobody really understand what "illegal" means. It looks at the detention system and the interests behind it. Finally, the last chapter explores the different "solutions" to the problem of undocumentedness that have been proposed and implemented over time, and shows why they have failed. Undocumentedness is deeply imbedded in global and national political and economic systems, and the concept itself must be understood and challenged in order to create a more just system. "-
Immigration and the US Economy
No full textLos trabajadores migrantes mexicanos han jugado un papel importante en el desarrollo económico de EU como fuerza de trabajo explotable y despojada de sus derechos legales a partir del siglo XIX. La indocumentalidad, sin embargo, conforma un fenómeno reciente, que se ha vuelto cada vez más importante para la economía estadunidense desde fines del siglo XX. Hasta antes de la época de los Derechos Civiles, el mero hecho de que un trabajador fuera mexicano era suficiente para justificar su subordinación jurídica y económica. Los mexicanos fueron considerados bajo un trato especial previsto en la ley de inmigración, ya que, se les concibió como trabajadores temporales necesarios, no como inmigrantes potenciales que debían ser admitidos o excluidos. Fueron discriminados legalmente –pero no por tener su entrada restringida–. Los mecanismos jurídicos e ideológicos para mantener una mano de obra mexicana barata y explotable cambiaron en la década de 1960, en tanto la discriminación racial abierta se hizo menos aceptable. A partir de 1965, y especialmente después de 1986, nuevas exclusiones, así como una nueva ideología y estructura de una supuesta raza ciega a su “ilegalidad” se convirtieron en el principal medio para justificar la marginación de trabajadores mexicanos y, crecientemente, de migrantes de otros países latinoamericanos, paradójicamente, en la misma medida en que se volvían aún más importantes para la economía de EU. La reestructuración económica global de la segunda mitad del siglo XX expandió la necesidad de mano de obra explotable en áreas como la agricultura, donde los migrantes mexicanos ya estaban empleados, así como en áreas como la construcción y el empacamiento de carne que habían sido des-sindicalizadas y reestructuradas, y en nuevos empleos en los servicios, mismos que sostenían tanto a las nuevas élites como a la conflictiva clase media creada por la desindustrialización y la austeridad neoliberal.Mexican migrant workers played an important role in U.S. economic development as an exploitable labor force deprived of legal rights starting in the nineteenth century. Undocumentedness, though, is a recent phenomenon, becoming important to the economy in the late twentieth century. Until the Civil Rights era, the mere fact that a worker was Mexican was enough to justify legal and economic subordination. Mexicans were consistently accorded special treatment under immigration law because they were seen as necessary, temporary workers rather than as potential immigrants to be admitted or excluded. They were legally discriminated against—but not by having their entry restricted. The legal and ideological mechanisms for maintaining a cheap, exploitable Mexican labor force changed in the 1960s as overt racial discrimination became less acceptable. After 1965, and especially after 1986, new exclusions and a new ideology and structure of supposedly race-blind “illegality” became the principal method of justifying the marginalization of Mexican, and increasingly other Latin American, workers, even as they became even more important to the U.S. economy. Global economic restructuring in the second half of the twentieth century expanded the need for exploitable labor in areas like agriculture where Mexican migrants were already employed, in areas like construction and meatpacking that were de-unionized and relocated, and in new service jobs that sustained both the new elites and the struggling middle class created by deindustrialization and neoliberal austerity
Undocumented ::how immigration became illegal /
No full text"This book looks at the role illegality or undocumentedness plays in our society and economy. It shows how the status was created, and how and why people, especially Mexicans and Central Americans, have been assigned this status. The first three chapters look at the histories of social exclusion. One looks specifically at the Mexican and Guatemalan contexts to understand why such large numbers of people from these countries enter the United States without documents, and how those who do so understand their own motivations. Two chapters focus on the role of illegality in the economy. Undocumented people tend to work in three different kinds of jobs: jobs that have been historically marginalized, like those in agriculture; jobs that have been downgraded from well-paid, unionized work to low-wage labor, like meatpacking; and newly booming job categories that underlie post-war consumerist prosperity like landscaping and childcare work. One chapter looks at children and families, focusing especially on the experiences of undocumented youth and youth with undocumented parents, and at the leadership role that undocumented youth have taken in the undocumented rights movement. One looks at the dizzying complexity of status to point out that virtually nobody really understand what "illegal" means. It looks at the detention system and the interests behind it. Finally, the last chapter explores the different "solutions" to the problem of undocumentedness that have been proposed and implemented over time, and shows why they have failed. Undocumentedness is deeply imbedded in global and national political and economic systems, and the concept itself must be understood and challenged in order to create a more just system. "-
Linked labor histories : New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class /
No full textExploring globalization from a labor history perspective, Aviva Chomsky provides historically grounded analyses of migration, labor-management collaboration, and the mobility of capital. She illuminates the dynamics of these movements through case studies set mostly in New England and Colombia. Taken together, the case studies offer an intricate portrait of two regions, their industries and workers, and the myriad links between them over the long twentieth century, as well as a new way to conceptualize globalization as a long-term process.Includes bibliographical references (pages 357-372) and index.The Draper Company: from Hopedale to Medellín and back -- The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company: labor-management collaboration and its discontents -- Guns, butter, and the new (old) international division of labor -- Invisible workers in a dying industry: Latino immigrants in New England textile towns -- The cutting edge of globalization: neoliberalism and violence in Colombia's banana zone -- Taking care of business in Colombia: U.S. multinationals, the U.S. government and the AFL-CIO -- Mining the connections: where does your coal come from?Exploring globalization from a labor history perspective, Aviva Chomsky provides historically grounded analyses of migration, labor-management collaboration, and the mobility of capital. She illuminates the dynamics of these movements through case studies set mostly in New England and Colombia. Taken together, the case studies offer an intricate portrait of two regions, their industries and workers, and the myriad links between them over the long twentieth century, as well as a new way to conceptualize globalization as a long-term process
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Review of \u3cem\u3eMexican Voices of the Border Region.\u3c/em\u3e Laura Velasco Ortiz & Oscar E Contreras (Eds.). Reviewed by Aviva Chomsky.
Get PDFBook review of Laura Velasco Ortiz & Oscar F. Contreras, Eds. (2011). Mexican Voices of the Border Region. Temple University Press, 29.95 (paperback)
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