276 research outputs found
Effects of Rice Genotypes and Iron Plaque on Arsenic Accumulation and Speciation in Rice Plants Grown in Guandu Plain Soils
No full text水稻砷污染的問題影響著食品安全及人體健康，因此近年來在全世界受到相當大的關注。位於台灣北部的關渡平原由於地質特性的關係，水稻田土壤受到嚴重的砷污染。儘管土壤中有高濃度的砷，過去的調查卻發現稻米中砷的累積量普遍低於 0.5 mg kg-1，本研究將探討其原因。本研究的目的為，首先探討關渡平原土壤中根部生成之鐵膜對於水稻幼苗砷吸收及累積的影響。接著比較台灣常見的28個水稻品種根部鐵膜生成量及對砷吸收能力之差異對於水稻幼苗砷累積的影響。最後，探討水稻品種間對砷的耐受性、吸收及傳輸之差異對於榖粒砷累積及物種分佈的影響。試驗結果顯示，水稻種植在關渡平原土壤中，根部生成的鐵膜可以阻擋大量砷，降低植體中砷的累積。本試驗證實，在高濃度砷污染的關渡平原土壤中，根部鐵膜為阻擋砷進入水稻植體主要的控制因子。選用的 28 個品種間根部鐵膜生成量及鐵膜累積砷的含量具有顯著差異，並且顯示大部份從土壤吸收的砷 (75.7-92.8 %) 可被累積在鐵膜。然而，由於大部分水稻品種種植於關渡平原土壤根部皆可生成足夠量的鐵膜來阻擋砷，導致品種間鐵膜生成量與植體中砷的累積沒有顯著的負相關。此外，由轉移因子的結果顯示，稉稻中砷由根部轉移至地上部的能力及地上部砷累積大於秈稻，代表砷在植體中的轉移能力對於植體中砷的累積可能也扮演重要的角色。因此，本試驗建議篩選砷吸收能力及轉移能力低的水稻品種種植於砷污染的關渡平原土壤。試驗結果也發現水稻受砷的毒害、根部表面高含量的鐵膜以及選用穀粒砷累積量較低的稉稻品種為關渡平原土壤穀粒砷濃度低的可能原因。然而，本結果同時也發現，水稻雖然種植於低砷濃度的關渡平原土壤，水稻穀粒卻有高濃度砷的累積，此因在水稻正常生長的狀態下，對於砷的吸收及在植體內的傳輸效率較高所導致。此外，水稻穀粒中主要的砷物種為雙甲基砷酸和三價砷， 榖粒中雙甲基砷酸所佔的比例會隨總砷濃度增加而增加，相反的，三價砷則是呈現下降的趨勢。本研究的結果除了有助於釐清影響關渡平原稻米砷累積的因子外，也可瞭解不同品種間砷吸收、傳輸及穀粒砷累積及物種分佈的差異。The problem of arsenic (As)-contaminated rice affects the food safety and human health, therefore, it received more concerns in recent years around the world. In the Guandu Plain located in northern Taiwan, the paddy soils suffered from serious As contamination due to the geological factors. Despite the high As concentration in the soils, the concentrations of As in rice grains were found to be below 0.5 mg kg-1 based on the past survey, we will investigate the reasons in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of iron plaque formation on rice roots on the uptake and accumulation of As in rice seedlings grown in Guandu Plain soils, and to compare the differences in the amounts of iron plaque and capability of As uptake of 28 commonly rice genotypes planted in Taiwan and to investigate the effect on the As accumulation in rice seedlings. Finally, to investigate the influence of the As tolerance, As uptake and translocation capability on the As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes. The results show that the iron plaque formation on rice roots can sequester most of As uptake from soils, reducing the accumulation of As in rice plants. This study provides evidence that iron plaque is the main controlling factor in limiting the uptake of As into the rice plants grown in Guandu Plain soils. There were significantly differences in the amounts of Fe and As in iron plaque of rice roots among 28 tested rice genotypes, and 75.7-92.8 % of As uptake from soils could be sequestered in iron plaque. However, due to the enough amounts of iron plaque formation on roots of all tested rice genotypes grown in Guandu Plain soils, leading to there were no significant negative correlations between the amounts of Fe in iron plaque and As in rice plants. In addition, the results of translocation factor indicates that the translocation capability of As from roots to shoots and the accumulation of As in shoots of japonica genotypes were higher than indica genotypes, it reveals that the As translocation capability in rice plants may also play a important role in the As accumulation in rice plants. Therefore, low As uptake and translocation capability genotypes of rice selected from this study can be recommended to be grown in As-contaminated Guandu Plain soils. It also found that the As phytotoxicity, high amounts of iron plaque on roots and select the low As accumulation japonica genotypes were the possible causes of the low As concentrations in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils. However, it discovered that the high concentrations of As accumulated in rice grains grown in low As concentrations soils, it may result from the high As uptake and translocation efficiency under normal growth conditions. In addition, Arsenic species in rice grains was dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenite (As(III)), and the percentage of DMA increased with total As concentrations, and conversely, the percentage of As(III) decreases. The results of this study not only help to clarify the reasons of As accumulation in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils, but also understand the differences in As uptake, translocation in rice plants, and As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes.目錄
摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 x
第一章、緒言 1
1.1 砷的來源 1
1.2 砷的污染 5
1.3 土壤中砷的生物化學特性 6
1.4 砷對人體的危害 10
1.5 砷對植物的毒害 11
1.6 水稻對砷的吸收及代謝機制 12
1.7 鐵膜與砷 16
1.8 水稻穀粒砷的累積及物種分佈 19
1.9 研究動機及目的 21
第二章、材料與方法 23
2.1 評估種植於砷污染關渡平原土壤之水稻根部鐵膜對水稻吸收砷的影響 23
2.1.1 供試土壤 23
2.1.2土壤基本性質測定 23
2.1.3 供試土壤前處理 25
2.1.4土壤浸水孵育試驗 25
2.1.5 盆栽試驗 26
2.1.6 水稻根部鐵膜分佈觀察 28
2.1.7萃取水稻根部鐵膜 28
2.1.8 XANES 分析鐵膜上砷之物種分佈 28
2.1.9 植體總砷、鐵、磷含量分析 29
2.1.10 統計分析 29
2.2比較不同水稻品種根部鐵膜砷累積及水稻植體吸收砷的差異 31
2.2.1供試土壤與基本性質測定 31
2.2.2 土壤浸水孵育試驗 31
2.2.3 盆栽試驗 31
2.2.4 統計分析 33
2.3 比較不同水稻品種對砷的吸收特性及榖粒砷累積及物種分佈之差異 34
2.3.1 供試土壤採集與基本性質測定 34
2.3.2 土壤孔隙水分析 34
2.3.3 盆栽試驗 34
a. 試驗使用之水稻品種 34
2.3.4 植株砷物種分析 36
a. 樣品製備 36
2.3.5 統計分析 37
第三章、結果與討論 41
3.1評估水稻根部鐵膜對水稻吸收砷的影響 41
3.1.1 供試土壤基本性質及總砷濃度 41
3.1.2 土壤溶液中鐵及砷的濃度 43
3.1.3 水稻根部鐵膜的生成 47
3.1.4 鐵膜中砷的累積 50
3.1.5 鐵膜中砷的物種分佈 52
3.1.6 砷在植體中的分佈 54
3.2比較不同水稻品種根部鐵膜砷累積及植體吸收砷的差異 57
3.2.1 供試土壤基本性質及總砷濃度 57
3.2.2 土壤溶液砷、鐵及可溶性有機碳濃度的變化 59
3.2.3 不同水稻品種根部鐵膜的生成 63
3.2.4 不同水稻品種鐵膜中砷的累積 63
3.2.5 植體中砷的累積 67
3.2.6 鐵膜中砷的物種分佈 67
3.2.7 砷在水稻植體中的分佈 71
3.3不同水稻品種對砷於榖粒累積及物種分佈的影響 75
3.3.1 供試土壤基本性質及總砷濃度 75
3.3.2 土壤孔隙水砷、鐵及可溶性有機碳濃度的變化 77
3.3.3 植物生長及榖粒產量 81
3.3.4 土壤砷濃度對水稻穀粒砷濃度的影響 85
3.3.5 不同水稻品種對水稻穀粒砷濃度的影響 91
3.3.6 不同土壤砷濃度及水稻品種對水稻穀粒砷物種的影響 92
第四章、結論 99
第五章、參考文獻 100
第六章、附錄 113
圖目錄
圖一、環境中砷物種轉變之途徑……………………………………………………8
圖二、砷在不同pH值與Eh值下物種之變化...……………………………………9
圖三、水稻田土壤中的砷物種轉變及移動性……………………………………...14
圖四、植物對砷的吸收及代謝……………………………………………………...15
圖五、種植於平鎮 (Pc) 、太康 (Tk) 、將軍 (Cf) 與關渡平原 (Gd3) 之水稻根部照片…………………………………………………………………………..……18
圖六、(a) 10 ppb 混合砷物種標準品和 (b) 白米參考物質 (ERM BC-211) 的 HPLC-ICP-MS 圖譜………………………………………………………………...39
圖七、穀粒總砷濃度與砷物種加總濃度之相關性………………………………...40
圖八、浸水孵育期間關渡平原土壤 (a) 溶液pH及 (b) 氧化還原電位的變化...44
圖九、浸水孵育期間關渡土壤溶液 (a) 鐵及 (b) 砷濃度的變化……………….45
圖十、鮮根橫切面正立顯微鏡圖像 (a) 根部表面鐵膜 (b) DCB萃取鐵膜後….48
圖十一、在不同砷濃度土壤中水稻幼苗不同部位的鐵濃度……………………...49
圖十二、在不同砷濃度土壤中水稻幼苗不同部位的砷濃度……………………...51
圖十三、三價砷、五價砷標準品及根部樣品的K-edge XANES 圖譜………….53
圖十四、浸水孵育期間關渡平原土壤 (a) 溶液pH及 (b) 氧化還原電位的變化 ……………………………………………………………………………………60
圖十五、浸水孵育期間關渡平原土壤溶液 (a) 可溶性有機碳 及 (b) 鐵濃度的變化……………………………………………………………………………………..61
圖十六、浸水孵育期間關渡平原土壤溶液砷及砷物種濃度的變化……………...62
圖十七、種植於關渡平原土壤中28個水稻品種根部鐵膜中 (a) 鐵及 (b) 砷含量 …………………………………………………………………………………....65
圖十八、種植於關渡平原土壤中28個水稻品種根部鐵膜中 (a) 鐵與砷及 (b) 鐵與磷之相關性………………………………………………………………………..66
圖十九、種植於關渡平原土壤中28個水稻品種 (a) 根部及 (b) 地上部砷含量
…………………………………………………………………………………..……68
圖二十、三價砷、五價砷標準品及 10 個水稻品種根部樣品的 K-edge XANES 圖譜……………………………………………………………………………………..69
圖二十一、種植於關渡平原土壤中28個水稻品種 (a) 根部鐵膜中砷與植體 (根部+地上部) 中砷含量及 (b) 鐵膜中鐵與植體中砷含量之相關性……………....73
圖二十二、浸水狀態下關渡平原土壤 (a) pH及 (b) 氧化還原電位的變化……78
圖二十三、浸水狀態下關渡平原土壤孔隙水 (a) 可溶性有機碳 及 (b) 鐵濃度的變化…………………………………………………………………………………..79
圖二十四、浸水狀態下關渡平原土壤溶液 (a) 砷及 (b) 砷物種濃度的變化….80
圖二十五、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 根部及 (b) 稻草生質量
………………………………………………………………………………………..82
圖二十六、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 根長及 (b) 株高……….83
圖二十七、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種榖粒產量……………………...84
圖二十八、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 榖粒 (精白後)、(b) 米糠及 (c) 稻殼之砷含量…………………………………………………………………...87
圖二十九、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 劍葉、(b) 稻草及 (c) 根部之砷含量……………………………………………………………………………..88
圖三十、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同品種根部鐵膜中 (a) 鐵及 (b) 砷含量….90
圖三十一、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 榖粒 (精白後)、(b) 米糠及 (c) 稻殼之砷物種百分比…………………………………………………………...94
圖三十二、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種 (a) 劍葉及 (b) 稻草之砷物種百分比………………………………………………………………………………..95
圖三十三、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種間穀粒三價砷百分比與米糠三價砷百分比之相關性…………………………………………………………………..96
圖三十四、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種間 (a) 穀粒總砷濃度與砷物種濃度及 (b) 穀粒總砷濃度與砷物種百分比之相關性…………………………….97
表目錄
表一、不同國家土壤砷的背景濃度………………………………………………....3
表二、不同國家水稻榖粒砷含量範圍………………………………………………4
表三、修正之木村氏B配方水耕栽培液………………………………………….27
表四、感應耦合電漿質譜分析儀測定總砷之操作條件…………………………...30
表五、高效能液相層析儀串聯感應耦合電漿質譜分析儀分離砷物種之操作條件
………………………………………………………………………………………38
表六、 關渡平原砷污染土壤之基本性質…………………………………………42
表七、種植於不同濃度關渡平原土壤中的水稻幼苗根長、株高及生質量……...46
表八、砷在植體中的含量、分佈及轉移因子……………………………………...56
表九、 關渡砷污染土壤基本性質…………………………………………………58
表十、10個水稻品種根部鐵膜砷物種分佈的LCF結果…………………………70
表十一、種植於關渡平原土壤中水稻植體中砷的含量、分佈及轉移因子……...72
表十二、關渡平原砷污染土壤之基本性質………………………………………...76
表十三、種植於關渡平原土壤下不同水稻品種植體中砷在不同部位間之轉移因子 ……………………………………………………………………………………8
Growth inhibition of rice (Oryza saliva L.) seedlings in Ga- and In-contaminated acidic soils is respectively caused by Al and Al plus In toxicity
No full textLimited information exists on the effects of emerging contaminants gallium (Ga) and indium (In) on rice plant growth. This study investigated the effects on growth and uptake of Ga and In by rice plants grown in soils with different properties. Pot experiment was conducted and the rice seedlings were grown in two soils of different pH (Pc and Cf) spiked with various Ga and In concentrations. The results showed concentrations of Ga, In, and Al in soil pore water increased with Ga- or In-spiking in acidic Pc soils, significantly decreasing growth indices. According to the dose-response curve, we observed that the EC50 value for Ga and In treatments were 271 and 390 mg kg−1 in Pc soils, respectively. The context of previous hydroponic studies suggests that growth inhibition of rice seedlings in Ga-spiked Pc soils is mainly due to Al toxicity resulting from enhanced Al release through competitive adsorption of Ga, rather than from Ga toxicity. In-spiked Pc soils, both In and Al toxicity resulted in growth inhibition, while no such effect was found in Cf soils due to the low availability of Ga, In and Al under neutral pH conditions
The growth and uptake of Ga and In of rice (Oryza sative L.) seedlings as affected by Ga and In concentrations in hydroponic cultures
No full textLimited information is available on the effects of gallium (Ga) and indium (In) on the growth of paddy rice. The Ga and In are emerging contaminants and widely used in high-tech industries nowadays. Understanding the toxicity and accumulation of Ga and In by rice plants is important for reducing the effect on rice production and exposure risk to human by rice consumption. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of Ga and In on the growth of rice seedlings and examines the accumulation and distribution of those elements in plant tissues. Hydroponic cultures were conducted in phytotron glasshouse with controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions, and the rice seedlings were treated with different levels of Ga and In in the nutrient solutions. The growth index and the concentrations of Ga and In in roots and shoots of rice seedlings were measured after harvesting. A significant increase in growth index with increasing Ga concentrations in culture solutions (<10 mg Ga L−1) was observed. In addition, the uptake of N, K, Mg, Ca, Mn by rice plants was also enhanced by Ga. However, the growth inhibition were observed while the In concentrations higher than 0.08 mg L−1, and the nutrients accumulated in rice plants were also significant decreased after In treatments. Based on the dose-response curve, we observed that the EC10 (effective concentration resulting in 10% growth inhibition) value for In treatment was 0.17 mg L−1. The results of plant analysis indicated that the roots were the dominant sink of Ga and In in rice seedlings, and it was also found that the capability of translocation of Ga from roots to shoots were higher than In. In addition, it was also found that the PT10 (threshold concentration of phytotoxicity resulting in 10% growth retardation) values based on shoot height and total biomass for In were 15.4 and 10.6 μg plant−1, respectively. The beneficial effects on the plant growth of rice seedlings were found by the addition of Ga in culture solutions. In contrast, the In treatments led to growth inhibition of rice seedlings. There were differences in the phytotoxicity, uptake, and translocation of the two emerging contaminants in rice seedlings
Arsenic phytotoxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings grown in arsenic-contaminated soils as influenced by the characteristics of organic matter amendments and soils
No full textOrganic matter (OM) application into soils is a common agricultural practice. Previous studies have shown that in arsenic (As)-contaminated paddy soils, OM has the potential to alter the behavior of As and affects the growth and As accumulation of rice plants. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in the amounts of As released into soil solutions, its toxicity, and accumulation in rice seedlings caused by application of three different OM amendments [soybean meal (SB), sugarcane dreg compost (SC), and cattle-dung compost (CD)]. These OM amendments were each applied to three As-contaminated soils, Guandu (Gd), Pinchen (Pc), and Chengchung (Cf), which have different characteristics. The results indicate that after addition of two easily decomposable OMs (SB and SC), the As toxicity and concentrations increased in rice plants, especially in As-spiked Cf soils which had low As retention capacity. This was the result of elevated As concentration in soil solutions due to a decrease in soil redox potential and competition between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and As for sorption sites, as well as the formation of As-DOC complexes. However, there were no significant effects on plant growth and As accumulation in rice seedlings after treatments with CD (not easily decomposable OM). Another important finding was that the amount of iron plaque on the surface of rice roots increased with OM amendments in the Gd soils rich in iron oxides and hydroxides, thus reducing the As uptake by rice plants. These results suggest that the characteristics of OM and soils should be considered when OM amendments are applied to As-contaminated soils
Sistem Pemerintahan Jepang Pada Muslim Jambi Syu Tahun 1942-1945
No full textThis research is motivated by the author's observations on Japanese heritage in Jambi. Whether in the form of documents, objects and buildings. Meanwhile, the information regarding the Japanese occupation in Jambi is still insufficient and complete. Therefore the authors are interested in raising the title Reconstruction of the Dynamics of the Japanese Occupation Government in Jambi Syu. 1942-1945 AD. The research objective was to describe the state of Jambi prior to the Japanese occupation. Then describe the history of the Japanese entry in Jambi. Next, he describes the government system that was applied during the Japanese occupation in Jambi. This type of research is literature research using descriptive analytical methods with a historical approach using historical method work steps, the researcher will try to describe and tell what the author found in a thesis entitled Reconstruction of the Dynamics of Japanese Occupation Government in Jambi Syu. 1942-1945 AD. The results of this study indicate that before Japan conquered the Jambi residency, Japan first carried out propaganda in various aspects. Only then did Japan conquer. The government system used by Japan is different from the government system applied during the Dutch administration. the government system applied is a militaristic government sistem. This change has had a profound impact on the lives of the people of Jambi. Although using a different government system, the government structure used follows the old structure with changes in the pronunciation of each position into Japanese
Field experiment for determining lead accumulation in rice grains of different genotypes and correlation with iron oxides deposited on rhizosphere soil
No full textPaddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop in Asia. However, heavy metal accumulation in paddy soil poses a health risk for rice consumption. Although plant uptake of Pb is usually low, Pb concentrations in rice plants have been increasing with Pb contamination in paddy fields. It is known that iron oxide deposits in the rhizosphere influence the absorption of soil Pb by rice plants. In this study, 14 rice cultivars bred in Taiwan, including ten japonica cultivars (HL21, KH145, TC192, TK9, TK14, TK16, TN11, TNG71, TNG84, and TY3) and four indica cultivars (TCS10, TCS17, TCSW2, and TNGS22), were used in a field experiment. We investigated the genotypic variation in rice plant Pb in relation to iron oxides deposited in the rhizosphere, as seen in a suspiciously contaminated site in central Taiwan. The results showed that the cultivars TCSW2, TN11, TNG71, and TNG84 accumulated brown rice Pb exceeding the tolerable level of 0.2 mg kg(-1). In contrast, the cultivars TNGS22, TK9, TK14, and TY3 accumulated much lower brown rice Pb (<0.1 mg kg(-1)); therefore, they should be prioritized as safe cultivars for sites with potential contamination. Moreover, the iron oxides deposited on the rhizosphere soil show stronger affinity to soil-available Pb than those on the root surface to formiron plaque. The relative tendency of Pb sequestration toward rhizosphere soil was negatively correlated with the Pb concentrations in brown rice. The iron oxides deposited on the rhizosphere soil but not on the root surface to form iron plaque dominate Pb sequestration in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the enhancement of iron oxide deposits on the rhizosphere soil could serve as a barrier preventing soil Pb on the root surface and result in reduced Pb accumulation in brown rice
Effects of phosphate and carbonate on changes in release and speciation of cadmium in polluted soil under flooded condition
No full text在台灣，水稻田常因為肥料的不當施用及工業污水的不當排放，導致土壤受到重金屬的污染，特別是重金屬鎘，水稻對鎘的吸收能力強，容易導致鎘米的產生。瞭解鎘在土壤中的化學型態，對於評估重金屬的移動性及生物有效性是相當重要的議題，然而過去的研究缺乏於浸水狀態下，鎘物種的轉變相對於水稻吸收關係的研究。因此，本研究藉化學固定劑的添加，瞭解於浸水環境下，鎘物種隨反應時間的變化。本實驗使用來自於台灣桃園地區受到鎘污染(27.8 mg kg-1 soil)的紅壤，此農地過去以種植水稻為主。本研究添加磷酸氫二銨[台灣水稻田磷肥推薦用量(13.1 mg P /kg)的1、10、100倍]及碳酸鈣[調整至pH 7的石灰需要量(8.3 cmol/kg)]作為化學固定劑，以個別添加以及混和添加的方式在浸水環境下孵育60天，並於孵育期間抽取土壤溶液及取孵育土壤做連續萃取，觀察土壤溶液鎘濃度及鎘物種分佈的變化。由15次取樣土壤溶液鎘濃度加總的結果顯示，在孵育期間，最高含量的磷酸氫二銨處理(即100倍)會促進鎘釋放至土壤溶液中(由空白組之1.88 mg L-1 升高至3.05 mg L-1)，然而，碳酸鈣處理則會降低土壤溶液中鎘的濃度(0.99 mg L-1)；混合處理的部分則會隨磷酸氫二銨/碳酸鈣的比例增加，溶液中鎘濃度有增加的趨勢(由0.87 mg L-1 增加至1.94 mg L-1)。由連續萃取結果顯示，相較於空白組，添加100倍磷酸氫二銨的處理會增加植物有效性的鎘物種(即增加金屬-有機錯合物鍵結態與水溶態鎘)，而添加碳酸鹽可降低植物有效性的鎘物種(即增加碳酸鹽鍵結碳、容易被還原的金屬氧化物鍵結態與有機鍵結態鎘)；混和處理下，則會隨磷酸氫二銨/碳酸鈣的比例增加，而增加植物有效性鎘物種的趨勢。本研究於浸水狀態下觀察土壤溶液鎘濃度和土壤鎘物種的變化，可真實反映實際水稻生長過程中鎘的移動性、生物有效性及潛在毒性的改變。The paddy soils polluted by heavy metals, resulting mainly from inappropriate applications of fertilizers or receiving metal-containing waters during irrigation, have become a serious agricultural problem in Taiwan. Among these metals, Cd attracts much scientific attention because rice, a major food in Taiwan, can uptake greatly this metal and accumulate in the grains. Understanding the chemical form of Cd in soils is relatively important while evaluating its mobility and bioavailability. However, Cd species correlated to rice uptake was less reported, particularly under a flooded condition. This study aims to investigate the changes of the Cd species correlated to rice uptake upon the addition of chemical immobilization agents into a flooded red soil. In the study, a Cd-polluted (27.8 mg kg-1 Cd) red soil (pH 5.3) was collected, followed by adding the phosphate [13.1, 131, and 1310 mg/kg P, (NH4)2HPO4, denoted as 1, 10, and 100P, respectively) and/or lime (CaCO3, 8.3 cmol/kg) into the soil. The amended soil was saturated and incubated for 60 days, and the Cd concentration in soi solutions and Cd speciation in the soil were periodically examined. The summation of Cd concentrations extracted 15 times by a lysimeter showed that the water-soluble Cd could be enhanced by 100 P treatment [from 1.88 mg L-1 (blank) to 3.05 mg L-1 (100P)]. Conversely, the application of CaCO3 led to a decrease of soluble Cd to 0.99 mg L-1. In addition, mixed treatments demonstrated that soluble Cd increased with an increase in (NH4)2HPO4/CaCO3 ratio [from 0.87 mg L-1(Ca + 1P) to 1.94 mg L-1 (Ca + 100P)]. Sequential extraction of chemical-amended soil indicated that 100P treatment would lead to an increase in phytoavailable Cd, increasing in both metal-organic complex-bound and water soluble Cd). On the other hand, CaCO3 treatment decreased phytoavailable Cd; that is, the carbonate-bound, easily reducible metal oxide-bound, and organic-bound Cd increased with CaCO3 addition. Moreover, the phytoavailable Cd increased with an increase in (NH4)2HPO4/CaCO3 ratio in the amendments. It was concluded that Cd species would be varied along with the changes in the soil redox potential. Therefore, understanding the transformations of Cd species under a flooded condition may be helpful in the evaluation of the mobility, bioavailability and potential toxicity of Cd during the rice growth in the paddy soils.摘要………………………………………………………………… I
Abstract…………………………………………………………… III
目錄………………………………………………………………… V
表次………………………………………………………………… VIII
圖次………………………………………………………………… X
第一章 前言………………………………………………………… 1
第二章 前人研究…………………………………………………… 3
2.1 土壤鎘污染的來源…………………………………………… 3
2.2 鎘的特性………………………………………………………… 4
2.2.1 溶液中鎘的物種分佈……………………………………… 4
2.2.2土壤中鎘的溶解度………………………………………… 7
2.3 土壤中鎘的移動性及有效性………………………………… 11
2.3.1影響土壤中鎘移動性的因子……………………………… 11
2.3.2 評估鎘移動性及生物有效性的方法................ 13
2.4 浸水土壤…………………………………………………… 16
2.4.1浸水土壤的特性………………………………………….. 16
2.4.2浸水土壤鎘的移動性及物種轉變………………………….. 18
2.5 鎘對水稻生長之影響…………………………………… 20
2.6 土壤重金屬整治方法…………………………………… 22
2.7 磷酸鹽及石灰對鎘的固定……………………………… 26
2.7.1 磷酸鹽對鎘的固定……………………………………… 26
2.7.2 石灰對鎘的固定……………………………………… 27
第三章 材料與方法………………………………………… 29
3.1 土壤特性分析………………………………………… 29
3.1.1 樣區介紹…………………………………………… 29
3.1.2 土壤採集……………………………………………… 30
3.1.3 土壤基本特性分析……………………………… 30
3.2 前置試驗………………………………………………… 33
3.2.1 試驗處理……………………………………………… 33
3.2.2 土壤鎘釋放試驗………………………………………… 34
3.2.3 土壤鎘物種轉變……………………………………… 35
3.3 浸水孵育試驗……………………………………… 40
3.3.1 孵育試驗材料………………………………………… 40
3.3.2 孵育試驗試驗方法……………………………………… 43
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………… 48
4.1 土壤基本特性……………………………………………............. 48
4.2 前置試驗…………………………………………………............. 52
4.2.1 pH、離子強度及反應時間對污染土壤鎘釋放的影響…….. 52
4.2.2 磷酸氫二銨及碳酸鈣對鎘釋放的影響……………...…….. 53
4.2.3 磷酸氫二銨及碳酸鈣對土壤鎘物種轉變的影響…...…….. 58
4.3 浸水孵育試驗……………………………………………............. 72
4.3.1 浸水環境對土壤pH-Eh的影響……….……………...…….. 72
4.3.2 磷酸氫二銨及碳酸鈣處理對浸水土壤鎘釋放的影響…….. 75
4.3.3 磷酸氫二銨及碳酸鈣處理對浸水土壤鎘物種轉變的影響.. 86
4.3.3.1 磷酸氫二銨處理對浸水土壤鎘物種轉變的影響………. 86
4.3.3.2 碳酸鈣及碳酸鈣/磷酸氫二銨混合處理對浸水土壤鎘物種轉變的影響………………………………………………………….. 107
第五章 結論………………………………………………………….. 117
參考文獻………..…………………………………………………….. 119
附錄…………………………………………………………………… 13
Growth Mechanism of Metal Nanowires/Nanotubes and Fabrication of Cu2O-ZnO Junction
No full textAnodic aluminum oxide membranes consisting of a well ordered hexagonal array of bottom-up nanopore were created by a two-step anodization process. The AAO membranes with various diameters have be synthesized by charging applied voltage. We use the AAO membranes as templates to grow (Cu, Ag)/(Zn, Sn) nanowires/nanotubes arrays by electrodeposition method. Well aligned Cu and Zn nanowires have been successfully fabricated. In addition, a double-layered structure of Cu/Zn was synthesized, after oxidization which turns into a p-Cu2O/n-ZnO junction, and can be used for nanoscale light emitting devices.Contents
List of Figures…………………………………………………………. ..Ⅲ
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
References 3
Chapter 2 Background 5
2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 5
2.2 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) 13
References 16
Chapter 3 Growth Mechanism of Metal Nanotubes/Nanowires with AAO as template 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 The structure and fabrication of AAO films 19
3.3 Growth mechanism of AAO 23
3.3.1 Barrier-type AAO films 23
3.3.2 Porous-type AAO films 26
3.4 Experimental details 29
3.5 Results and Discussion 35
References 47
Chapter 4 Cu2O-ZnO P-N Junction 50
4.1 Introduction 50
4.3 Experimental results 57
References 64
Chapter 5 Conclusion 6
Dual Roles of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the Natural History of Murine Autoimmune Cholangitis: IL-30 and Implications for Precision Medicine
No full textPrimary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a progressive autoimmune liver disease with a long natural history. The pathogenesis of PBC is thought to be orchestrated by Th1 and/or Th17. In this study, we investigated the role of CD4(+) helper T subsets and their cytokines on PBC using our previous established murine model of 2-OA-OVA immunization. We prepared adeno-associated virus (AAV)-IFN-gamma and AAV-IL-4 and studied their individual influences on the natural history of autoimmune cholangitis in this model. Administration of IFN-gamma significantly promotes recruitment and lymphocyte activation in the earliest phases of autoimmune cholangitis but subsequently leads to downregulation of chronic inflammation through induction of the immunosuppressive molecule IL-30. In contrast, the administration of IL-4 does not alter the initiation of autoimmune cholangitis, but does contribute to the exacerbation of chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis. Thus Th1 cells and IFN-gamma are the dominant contributors in the initiation phase of this model but clearly may have different effects as the disease progress. In conclusion, better understanding of the mechanisms by which helper T cells function in the natural history of cholangitis is essential and illustrates that precision medicine may be needed for patients with PBC at various stages of their disease process
Metafora Al-Qur’an: Majaz Mursal dalam Surat Asy-Syu’ara’
No full textMetaphor in the Qur\u27an is a form of beauty in the language of the holy book which is one part of literary construction. In addition, it also influences the interpretation. In parrot science it is called majaz. The style of language that puts the meaning of the branch on the original meaning, such as the majaz mursal in the letter Asy-Syu\u27ara which is meticulously written. The reason for the author to research and study it is, first, the style of majaz influences, expands the meaning of the wording in the Qur\u27an and understands the meaning desired by Allah Swt. Second, it has implications for translation and interpretation. Third, in the Surah Ash-Syu\u27ara, Allah Swt uses majaz in the verse of the doom of the previous prophets. Fourth, the verses are interesting both in sentence composition and rhetorically (balÄghiyyah). This study uses a descriptive-analytical method of majaz mursal in surah Asy-Syu\u27ara, using a linguistic approach, especially balagah, by analyzing the verses in the letter, detailing the types of majaz mursal and its \u27alÄqah, explaining the interpretation and message. From this research, it can be seen, first, in the letter Asy-Syu\u27ara, there are two majaz mursal in two verses, namely in QS. Ash-Syu\u27ara: 105 with \u27alÄqah kulliyah and in QS. Ash-Syu\u27ara: 208 with \u27alÄqah mahalliyyah. Second, the two verses depart with different contexts, as well as different themes. In verse 105, regarding Noah\u27s people who denied Noah and the teachings of monotheism. Meanwhile, verse 208 deals with polytheists who reject the Qur\u27an and ask Allah SWT to hasten the punishment. In addition, the language of majaz is also used in conveying stories as ibrah or lessons. For example in the story of Noah
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