33 research outputs found
Pyrolysis Process of Organic Waste into Bio-Oil as an Alternative Fuel
No full textOne of the abundant potential energy sources in Indonesia is organic waste in the form of biomass waste, which amounts to 60% of the total waste in Indonesia. Organic waste from various parts of plants can be converted into fuel in the form of bio-oil through a fast pyrolysis process. The effectiveness of this process really depends on the temperature in the reactor and the type of material being processed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of process temperature and type of raw material on yield and the quality of the bio-oil produced. The raw materials used are sawdust, rice husks, or mango plant leaves, which have been cut into pieces to a maximum size of 3 cm. Then the raw material is put into the pyrolysis reactor and heated to a temperature to be varied, namely 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. This heating produce vapour, which is then condensed into liquid bio-oil, and be purified until it is equivalent to fuel oil, as well as non-condensable gas, which can also be used as an alternative fuel. The results of raw material analysis show that sawdust has lower water and ash content as well as a greater calorific value compared to rice husks and mango leaves. Meanwhile, the experiments show that in the pyrolysis process, the higher of the temperature have increased the yield of bio-oil produced, up to a temperature of 500°C, where the yield have decreased at even higher temperatures. The highest yield was achieved in the pyrolysis of sawdust at a temperature of 500°C, namely 30%. Meanwhile, for the heating value, the higher of the temperature have increased the heating value of the bio-oil. The highest heating value was obtained in sawdust pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C, namely 1,35 joules per gram
Implementasi Algoritma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Rijndael untuk Proteksi File Audio
No full textDengan memanfaatkan kriptografi di masa modern ini, proteksi file audio bukanlah mustahil untuk dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menjaga legalitas dari pemilik hak cipta file audio tersebut. Algoritma kriptografi Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Rijndael merupakan standar enkripsi dengan kunci simetris yang diadopsi oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat, AES Rijndael telah dianalisis secara luas dan sekarang digunakan diseluruh dunia, seperti halnya dengan pendahulunya Data Encryption Standart (DES). Dalam penelitian ini penulis akan menerapkan algoritma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) untuk melakukan enkripsi pada tiap karakter yang terdapat pada file audio tersebut dan menyimpan Cipher-text dari hasil enkripsi ke dalam format file Audio yang sama, dan melakukan dekripsi pada file audio yang telah dienkripsi ke bentuk File aslinya. Aplikasi yang dirancang dalam penelitian ini telah mampu melakukan proses penyandian file Audio dengan Algoritma Advanced Encryption Standart Rijndael. Diharapkan aplikasi yang dihasilkan dapat berguna bagi pihak yang ingin menjaga kerahasiaan file audio miliknya.Using cryptography nowadays, audio file protection is possible to do in order to protect legality of the file who owns its copyright. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Rijndael’s algorithm is the standard of encryption with symetric key adopted by US government. Rijndael’s AES has been analysed extensively and currently used worldwide just like the former standard, Data Encryption Standard (DES). In this study, the author will apply Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm to encrypt every character that lies in the audio file and save the Cipher-text from encryption process in the same format, wich is audio file. And decrypting the encrypted-audio file to its original form. The application that developed in this study has been able to encrypt an audio file using Rijndael’s Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm. The author expecting creation of this application can be used by everyone who wants to keep secret their legal audio file.69 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
MALAYSIA AND MAHATHIR IN THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE
No full textThe aim of this study is to analyze Mahathir’s policy through a historical approach to the political developments and challenges in Malaysia. In addition, the author uses secondary data in order to collect several resources related to the topic. The comeback of Mahathir Mohammad, the Father of Malaysian modernization, in the Malaysian 14th general election after leaving the political stage for more than a decade draws many global eyes. As the great critics of the corruption and downturn of Malaysian economic conditions, he decided to run in Malaysia once again. During his previous administration, his mega-project named Pembangunan Putra Jaya and his famous foreign policy “Look East Policy” became a part of his identity. The “Look East Policy” was developed in order to increase domestic economic growth and because Malaysia needed to learn and adopt cultural features from Japan and Korea, such as discipline and hard work. Through this policy, Malaysia began cooperating with East countries (Japan and Korea). In addition, Mahathir had been opposing Western values and deemed them incompatible with Asia. The West considers Mahathir to be an obstacle in uniting Western and Asian countries following the emergence of Asian values since the 1990s. Overall, this study suggests that Mahathir is only focused on his country’s national interest and sovereignty and maintaining Malaysia’s international standing.Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Tujuan paper ini adalah untuk menganalisis kebijakan Mahathir melalui perspektif sejarah terhadap perkembangan politik dan tantangan di Malaysia. Selain itu, Penulis menggunakan data sekunder untuk mengumpulkan berbagai literatur terkait dengan topik tersebut. Kembalinya Mahathir Muhammad, Bapak Modernisasi Malaysia, dalam Pemilihan Umum ke-14 setelah meninggalkan panggung politik lebih dari satu dekade telah menarik perhatian masyarakat global. Sebagai kritikus pada korupsi dan kemunduran ekonomi Malaysia, dia memutuskan untuk maju dalam pemilihan umum sekali lagi. Selama pemerintahan sebelumnya, Mahathir dengan proyek megah yaitu Pembangunan Putra Jaya dan kebijakan luar negerinya, terkenal dengan “Look East Policy” menjadi bagian dari identitasnya. Kebijakan “Look East Policy” dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi domestik dan karena Malaysia perlu belajar dan mengadopsi budaya dari Jepang dan Korea, seperti kedisiplinan dan kerja keras. Melalui Kebijakan tersebut, Malaysia telah melakukan kerjasama dengan negara Timur (Jepang dan Korea). Selain itu, Mahathir menolak penerapan nilai-nilai Barat dan menganggap bahwa nilai Barat tidak sesuai dengan Asia. Negara-negara Barat menganggap Mahathir sebagai penghalang persatuan negara Barat dengan negara Asia sejak berkembangnya paham “Asian Values” pada tahun 1990an. Secara Keseluruhan, paper ini berpendapat bahwa Mahathir hanya fokus kepada kepentingan dan kedaulatan negaranya dan menjaga eksistensi Malaysia di dunia internasional.
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING A SOLAR-POWERED ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS
No full textHydrogen is a promising energy alternative to substitute fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The electrolysis method is one of the most developed methods for hydrogen production. The electrolysis process requires energy, so renewable energy sources such as solar energy can make hydrogen production cleaner and more sustainable. This research aims to find out how much hydrogen is produced from domestic wastewater using an electrolysis process whose electrical energy comes from solar energy. This research used samples of domestic liquid waste from kitchen washing in the canteen at Universitas Proklamasi 45, with equipment in the form of an off-grid solar power generator, a set of electrolysis equipment, as well as a monitoring and measurement system. The yield of hydrogen produced by the electrolysis process of domestic wastewater with varying concentrations of NaOH (0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1 M, 1.25 M, and 1.5 M). The total amount of hydrogen produced during the electrolysis process increases as the concentration of NaOH does. In the other hand, On the other hand, the best COD removal was obtained under neutral solution pH conditions, namely when NaOH was added with a concentration of 0.01M. The energy savings obtained from using electrical energy for the electrolysis process of domestic liquid waste using solar energy is 25 Wh
INFLUENCE OF RESIDENCE TIME TO THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUID PRODUCT FROM PLASTIC WASTE PYROLYSIS
No full textPirolisis adalah sebuah metode daur ulang yang digunakan untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari sampah plastik di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, karakteristik dari produk minyak pirolisis sampah plastik jenis Low Density Poly Ethylena (LDPE) telah dipelajari dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu tinggal pada rendemen dan properti produk cair (minyak pirolisis) yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor batch skala kecil yang dilengkapi dengan sebuah siklon, kondensor, steam-atomizing burner, dan sistem flare. Pirolisis dilakukan dalam waktu 30, 60, dan 90 menit pada suhu 3500C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu tinggal akan menghasilkan jumlah minyak dan gas yang lebih besar, namun menghasilkan arang yang lebih kecil. Produk minyak tersebut memiliki sifat fisik yang mendekati kerosene dengan nilai kalor 20.019–20.047 BTU/lb, massa jenis 0.7754–0.7802 g/ml, viskositas kinematik 1.392–1.603 mm2/s, dan titik nyala di abwah 11°C. Minyak tersebut juga mengandung asam asetat, metil oleat, 1-hidroksi-2-propanon, furan metanol, and metil siklopentan sebagai senyawa-senyawa yang utama
Proses Gasifikasi Limbah Padat Aren Menggunakan Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier dengan Variasi Jenis Bahan
No full textSalah satu potensi sumber energi di Indonesia adalah limbah biomasa berupa limbah padat industri aren. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis bahan terhadap suhu reaktor dan efisiensi proses gasifikasi limbah padat aren. Bahan baku yang digunakan didapatkan dari Sentra Industri Tepung Aren di Dusun Daleman, Kecamatan Tulung, Kabupaten Klaten. Sebelum diproses bahan dikeringkan terlebih dahulu dengan dijemur di bawah sinar matahari selama sehari, kemudian dilakukan analisa proksimat. Variabel penelitian adalah jenis bahan berupa limbah padat aren murni, campuran limbah padat aren dan tempurung kelapa, serta tempurung kelapa murni. Proses gasifikasi diawali dengan memasukkan bahan ke dalam reaktor tipe Fixed-bed Updraft Gasifier, kemudian dinyalakan sampai keluar gas yang bisa terbakar dan diuji selama satu jam. Syn gas yang terbentuk dianalisa kandungan gasnya, kemudian dibakar untuk mengetahui efisiensinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis bahan mempengaruhi suhu proses di dalam reaktor, dimana suhu optimal dicapai pada gasifikasi tempurung kelapa murni, yaitu proses pengeringan pada suhu 120 °C, pirolisis 340 °C, Reduksi 650 °C, dan oksidasi 721 °C. Gas yang dihasilkan tersebut dapat terbakar selama 15 menit, dibandingkan campuran limbah padat aren - tempurung yang terbakar 8 menit dan limbah padat aren murni yang hanya mampu terbakar 1 menit.One of the potential energy sources in Indonesia is biomass waste in the form of palm sugar solid waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the type of material on the reactor temperature and the efficiency of the sugar palm solid waste gasification process. The raw materials used were obtained from the Palm Sugar Flour Industrial Center in Daleman Hamlet, Tulung District, Klaten Regency. Before processing the material is first dried by drying it in the sun for a day, then proximate analysis is done. The research variable is the type of material in the form of pure sugar palm solid waste, a mixture of palm sugar solid waste and coconut shell, and pure coconut shell. The gasification process is initiated by inserting the material into the Fixed-bed Updraft Gasifier type reactor, then igniting the flammable gas and testing it for one hour. The syn gas formed is analyzed for its gas content, then burned to find out its efficiency. The results showed that the type of material influences the process temperature inside the reactor, where the optimum temperature is achieved in pure coconut gas gasification, namely the drying process at 120 °C, pyrolysis 340 °C, Reduction 650 °C, and oxidation 721 °C. The resulting gas can burn for 15 minutes, compared to a mixture of aren solid waste - shells that burn for 8 minutes and pure aren solid waste that can only burn for 1 minute
Analysis of Methods and Sources of Interpretation of the Book of Tafsir Al Kasyif in Surah Al Fatihah Verses 1-7
No full textInterpretation as a result or product of the dialectic between the reasoning of an interpreter and the text, and the context that surrounds it, requires continuous dynamics, interpretation has no stopping point. That is why the product of interpretation needs to be studied. This writing aims to analyze the methods and sources of interpretation used in the book Tafsir al Kasyif by Muhammad Jawwad Mugniyah, especially in surah al Fatihah verses 1-7. The author uses a qualitative method through literature study with various reference sources, both primary and secondary based on books, journals, and others that support this research. The special methods presented by Tafsir al Kasyif include: presenting a special discussion on Isti'adzah and Basmallah; mentioning the name of the surah; writing one surah as a whole; presenting various opinions about where it was revealed; explaining the naming of surah al Fatihah first; Interpreting the Qur'an verse by verse; explaining the rules of language; explaining the meaning and prioritizing the opinion of Ali Zainal Abidin; Explaining vocabulary; explaining the differences in readings (qiraat). Muhammad Jawwad uses a general method: Tahlili, in presenting his tafsir work, along with a special method that tends towards linguistic rules to examine each meaning, and is accompanied by a variety of opinions that prioritize opinions oriented towards the fanaticism of his sect's ideology. If there are differences in readings or qiraat, he presents these differences, but does not explain them in depth and includes strong sources, only as informative
Analysis on logistic company action toward the access restriction policy on freight vehicle
No full textPengaruh Bahan Bakar Terhadap Arus dan Tegangan yang Dihasilkan oleh Polymer Electrolite Membrane Fuel Cell yang Terintegrasi dengan Gasifier Sampah Organik
No full textSaat ini, kebutuhan bahan bakar fosil semakin meningkat dan ketersediannya semakin menipis. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan bahan bakar alternatif seperti Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Teknologi ini mampu mengkonversi hidrogen yang dihasilkan dari biomasa melalui proses gasifikasi, menjadi sumber energi listrik. Akan tetapi, kinerja PEMFC sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya adalah kualitas bahan bakar yang digunakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas bahan bakar terhadap kinerja PEMFC yang terintegrasi dengan Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier. Bahan baku yang digunakan pada proses gasifikasi adalah biomasa berupa tempurung kelapa yang diproses di dalam gasifier menghasilkan syn gas, untuk kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam PEMFC dengan variabel syn gas yang dimurnikan maupun tanpa pemurnian, serta hidrogen murni sebagai kontrol. Peralatan yang digunakan adalah satu set alat Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier yang diintegrasikan dengan PEMFC. Tahap awal pengujian adalah proses gasifikasi tempurung kelapa di dalam gasifier menghasilkan syn gas yang akan langsung ditampung di dalam gas holder. Pengujian berikutnya dilakukan dengan cara yang sama, tetapi syn gas tersebut kemudian dimurnikan melalui satu set peralatan cyclone, filter, scrubber, dan condensor. Produk syn gas tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam PEMFC dengan pompa serta adanya penambahan oksigen menggunakan blower. Sebagai kontrol, dilakukan pengujian menggunakan hidrogen murni sebagai bahan baku PEMFC dengan laju alir 2,5 liter/menit dan tekanan gas 2 kg/cm2. Analisa dilakukan dengan indikator arus dan tegangan untuk mengethaui daya yang dihasilkan dari Fuel Cell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa syn gas hasil gasifikasi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar PEMFC, namun arus dan tegangan yang dihasilkan sangat kecil. Untuk syn gas hasil pemurnian, arus yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,1 Ampere dan Tegangan 1 Volt dan lampu indikator bisa menyala agak redup. Hasil ini berbeda dengan pengujian menggunakan bahan bakar gas hidrogen murni, dimana mampu menghasilkan arus sebesar 1,4 Ampere dan tegangan 7 volt, serta lampu indikator bisa menyala dengan terang. Sementara untuk syn gas tanpa pemurnian, arus dan tegangan yang dihasilkan sangat kecil sehingga tidak terbaca oleh indikator. Kata kunci : Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier, Syn Gas, Hidrogen, ListrikAbstrackAlternative fuels such as the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). This technology is able to convert hydrogen produced from biomass through a gasification process, into a source of electrical energy. However, PEMFC\u27s performance is strongly influenced by several factors, including the quality of the fuel used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fuel quality on PEMFC performance integrated with the Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier. The raw material used in the gasification process is biomass in the form of a coconut shell which is processed in the gasifier to produce syn gas, to then be incorporated into PEMFC with a variable syn gas that is purified or without purification, and pure hydrogen as a control. The equipment used is a set of Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier tools that are integrated with PEMFC. The initial stage of testing is the process of gasification of the coconut shell in the gasifier to produce syn gas which will be directly accommodated in the gas holder. Subsequent tests were carried out in the same way, but the syn gas was then purified through a set of cyclone equipment, filters, scrubbers, and condensers. The syn gas product is then put into PEMFC with a pump and the addition of oxygen using a blower. As a control, testing was conducted using pure hydrogen as PEMFC raw material with a flow rate of 2.5 liters / minute and a gas pressure of 2 kg / cm2. Analysis is carried out with current and voltage indicators to determine the power generated from the Fuel Cell. The results showed that the syn gas produced from gasification can be used as PEMFC fuel, but the current and voltage produced are very small. For syn gas purification results, the resulting current is 0.1 Ampere and 1 Volt Voltage and the indicator light can be lit somewhat dimly. This result is different from testing using pure hydrogen gas fuel, which is able to produce a current of 1.4 Amperes and a voltage of 7 volts, and the indicator lights can be lit brightly. While for syn gas without purification, the current and voltage produced are so small that they cannot be read by indicators. Keywords: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier, Syn Gas, Hydrogen, Electricit
Potensi Campuran Kotoran Sapi dan Limbah Cair Rumah Pemotongan Ayam Sebagai Sumber Energi Penghasil Biogas
No full textAbstrakKetersediaan energi alternative merupakan tantangan yang harus dihadapi sebagai solusi adanya krisis energi Sumber energi alternatif yang mudah untuk dikembangkan di masyarakat salah satunya adalah biogas, sebagai hasil dekomposisi bahan organik dengan proses fermentasi anaerob. Pada penelitian ini biogas diibuat dari kombinasi antara kotoran sapi dan limbah cair rumah pemotongan ayam sebagai substrat bahan biogas. Biogas yang dihasilkan dapat diketahui komposisi yang optimal, volume biogas terbanyak, dan uji nyala api yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Jetis Prenggan, Sidokarto, Godean, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian adalah analisa deskriptif dengan tahapan persiapan digester, pembuatan substrat, proses fermentasi anaerob, analisa pH, analisa suhu, analisa tekanan biogas, analisa volume biogas, dan uji nyala biogas. Variasi yang digunakan adalah campuran kotoran sapi dan limbah cair rumah pemotongan ayam yaitu digeter A (5 liter : 2 liter), digeter B (3,5 liter : 3,5 liter), digester C ( 2 liter : 5 liter) dilakukan pengulangan dengan kapasitas digester 25 liter dan lama waktu fermentasi 30 hari. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa digester B merupakan komposisi yang optimal dan menghasilkan volume biogas tercepat pada hari ke-4 dengan volume tertinggi sebesar 11,32 liter dengan hasil uji nyala api yang berwarna biru.AbstrackThe energy crisis is a challenge to develop alternative energy sources to support the availability of existing energy sources. One of the energy sources that is easy to develop in the community is biogas. It is the result of decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic fermentation process which produces bio gas in the form of combustible methane gas. This study used cow dung and a mixture of liquid chicken slaughterhouse waste as a substrate for biogas with the aim of knowing the optimal composition, the largest volume of biogas, and the resulting flame test. The research was located in Jetis Prenggan, Sidokarto, Godean, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This is a descriptive analysis with research stages including preparation of anaerobic fermentation digester, manufacture of substrate, fermentation process in the digester, pH analysis, temperature analysis, biogas pressure analysis, biogas volume analysis, and biogas flame test. This study used 3 variations of a mixture of cow dung and liquid waste of a chicken slaughterhouse, namely digeter A (5 liters: 2 liters), digeter B (3.5 liters: 3.5 liters), digester C (2 liters: 5 liters) and repeated. with a digester capacity of 25 liters and a long fermentation time of 30 days. The results obtained show that digester B is the optimal composition and produces the fastest volume of biogas on day 4 with the highest volume of 11.32 liters with a blue flame test result
