13 research outputs found
La mutualité à l'école : guide pratique / par Henri Gilbault,... ; avec une lettre-préface de J.-C. Cavé
No full textContient une table des matièresAvec mode text
The sugar‐responsive circadian clock regulator bZIP63 modulates plant growth
No full textSummary ? Adjustment to energy starvation is crucial to ensure growth and survival. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this process relies in part on the phosphorylation of the circadian clock regulator bZIP63 by SnRK1, a key mediator of responses to low energy. ? We investigated the effects of mutations in bZIP63 on plant carbon (C) metabolism and growth. Results from phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of bZIP63 mutants prompted us to investigate the starch accumulation pattern and the expression of genes involved in starch degradation and in the circadian oscillator. ? bZIP63 mutation impairs growth under light-dark cycles, but not under constant light. The reduced growth likely results from the accentuated C depletion towards the end of the night, which is caused by the accelerated starch degradation of bZIP63 mutants. The diel expression pattern of bZIP63 is dictated by both the circadian clock and energy levels, which could determine the changes in the circadian expression of clock and starch metabolic genes observed in bZIP63 mutants. ? We conclude that bZIP63 composes a regulatory interface between the metabolic and circadian control of starch breakdown to optimize C usage and plant growth
The complex genetic architecture of shoot growth natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana
No full textOne of the main outcomes of quantitative genetics approaches to natural variation is to reveal the genetic architecture underlying the phenotypic space. Complex genetic architectures are described as including numerous loci (or alleles) with small-effect and/or low-frequency in the populations, interactions with the genetic background, environment or age. Linkage or association mapping strategies will be more or less sensitive to this complexity, so that we still have an unclear picture of its extent. By combining high-throughput phenotyping under two environmental conditions with classical QTL mapping approaches in multiple Arabidopsis thaliana segregating populations as well as advanced near isogenic lines construction and survey, we have attempted to improve our understanding of quantitative phenotypic variation. Integrative traits such as those related to vegetative growth used in this work (highlighting either cumulative growth, growth rate or morphology) all showed complex and dynamic genetic architecture with respect to the segregating population and condition. The more resolutive our mapping approach, the more complexity we uncover, with several instances of QTLs visible in near isogenic lines but not detected with the initial QTL mapping, indicating that our phenotyping accuracy was less limiting than the mapping resolution with respect to the underlying genetic architecture. In an ultimate approach to resolve this complexity, we intensified our phenotyping effort to target specifically a 3Mb-region known to segregate for a major quantitative trait gene, using a series of selected lines recombined every 100kb. We discovered that at least 3 other independent QTLs had remained hidden in this region, some with trait- or condition-specific effects, or opposite allelic effects. If we were to extrapolate the figures obtained on this specific region in this particular cross to the genome- and species-scale, we would predict hundreds of causative loci of detectable phenotypic effect controlling these growth-related phenotypes. Author summary The question of the complexity of the genetic variants underlying diversity in plant size and shape is central in evolutionary biology to better understand the impacts of selection and adaptation. In this work, we have combined the high resolution of a robotized platform designed to grow Arabidopsis plants under strictly-controlled conditions and the power of quantitative genetics approaches to map the individual genetic components (the 'QTLs') controlling diverse phenotypes, and hence reveal the so-called 'genetic architecture' of these traits. We show that the more we increase our resolution to map QTLs, the more complex of a genetic architecture we reveal. For instance, by focusing all of our mapping power on a small region representing 2.5% of the genome in an unprecedented phenotyping effort, we reveal that several independent QTLs had remained hidden in this region beyond a major-effect QTL that is always clearly visible. If this region is representative of the genome, this means that our current understanding misses potentially hundreds of variants finely controlling traits of evolutionary or agronomical interest
Principal component analysis of phenotypic traits.
No full textA to C show the results of the PCA based on the 2D plane corresponding to the first 2 axes. D to F show the results of the PCA based on the 2D plane corresponding to axes 1 and 3. A and D: circles of correlations with projected variables on the 2D plane. B and E: individual lines (RILs) projected on the 2D planes, clustered and colored according to the watering conditions as indicated. C and F: individual lines (RILs) projected on the 2D planes, clustered and colored according to the RIL set as indicated. B, C, E and F: Ellipses are centered on the gravity center of the individuals and encompass 67% of the individuals.</p
Extracting phenotypic information from zenithal images.
No full textA: Pictures of plants on the Phenoscope at different selected days after sowing. B: Representation of the rosette-encompassing convex hull (red shape) used to calculate the compactness (here illustrated at day 29). C: Growth kinetics obtained by extracting the projected rosette area from the daily images. D: Relative Expansion Rate calculated between two dates (for instance RER16-29 was integrated from day 16 to 29). C and D: Blue: 'WW' = Well Watered (soil water content at 60%); Orange: 'WD' = Water Deficit (soil water content at 30%).</p
Genomic Basis of Adaptation to a Novel Precipitation Regime
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Energy production and metabolism are intimately linked to ecological and environmental constraints across the tree of life. In plants, which depend on sunlight to produce energy, the link between primary metabolism and the environment is especially strong. By governing CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration, leaf pores, or stomata, couple energy metabolism to the environment and determine productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE). Although evolution is known to tune physiological traits to the local environment, we lack knowledge of the specific links between molecular and evolutionary mechanisms that shape this process in nature. Here, we investigate the evolution of stomatal conductance and WUE in an Arabidopsis population that colonized an island with a montane cloud scrubland ecosystem characterized by seasonal drought and fog-based precipitation. We find that stomatal conductance increases and WUE decreases in the colonizing population relative to its closest outgroup population from temperate North Africa. Genome-wide association mapping reveals a polygenic basis of trait variation, with a substantial contribution from a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in MAP KINASE 12 (MPK12 G53R), which explains 35% of the phenotypic variance in WUE in the island population. We reconstruct the spatially explicit evolutionary history of MPK12 53R on the island and find that this allele increased in frequency in the population due to positive selection as Arabidopsis expanded into the harsher regions of the island. Overall, these findings show how adaptation shaped quantitative eco-physiological traits in a new precipitation regime defined by low rainfall and high humidity
La médaille de sculpteur, essor d’un genre à l’époque de la « médaillomanie » (1880-1920)
No full textBetween the 1880s and 1920s, the phenomenon of "medaillomania" leads some sculptors to reconsider the medal as a support for their sculptural production and to appropriate its relief in order to experiment. The majority are interested in the medal for rare attempts (A. Bartholomé, F.-R. Carabin, G. Granger, H. Greber, P. Roger-Bloche or V. Ségoffin). Others give themselves up to it completely (F. Gilbault, H. Lefebvre, J.-P. Legastelois, P. Roche or C. Theunissen) and claim a practice of "sculptor-medallist" (V.-P. Dautel, P.-A. Morlon, P.-F. Niclausse, H. Nocq and O. Yencesse). The originality of their approach is confirmed by comparison with the achievements of medal engravers who remain respectful of the conventions of their art due to their academic training. Between sculpture and medal, there remain real differences in scale, in the definition of the bas-relief and in technique, such as the obligation to master the actual engraving on steel. The minting process is the fundamental axis of the constitution of the corpus. Based on the legal deposit collections held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Monnaie de Paris, we focused on the sculptor's medal and not on the cast medallions. We would like to understand why sculptors switch to an artistic field so different from theirs own, apart from the contextual reasons – for example the increase in medals of honor, market deregulation, the need for new designs for popular audiences, development of the exhibition and of the medal’s entry into museums, use of mechanical processes such as the reducing machine...This study is based on the cataloging of a neglected artistic production. So far it is placed apart from sculpture work. By following a prosopographic model, the goal is to identify a “school of sculptors-medallists” (1898-1907) invested in breaking down the boundary between medal and sculpture. This permeability changes the status of the artist, the aesthetics of the production and the using of the object. The medal is no longer just for souvenir or award. The artists use the “field” of the medal like any artistic medium and transform it into an object of decoration or a work of delight. The study of the discussions between art historians and numismatists gives to reconsider the history of the techniques, the models of transmission and the reception to understand the aftereffect in the formation, engraving and modelling practices, and in the creations of medal engravers. Finally, this study aims to enrich the sculpture history by showing how it could have become an issue in the upsurge of the medal.Entre les années 1880 et 1920, le phénomène de « médaillomanie » conduit certains sculpteurs à reconsidérer la médaille comme support de leur production sculpturale et à s’approprier son relief pour se livrer à l’expérimentation. Quand la majorité succombe à la médaille pour de rares tentatives (A. Bartholomé, F.-R. Carabin, G. Granger, H. Greber, P. Roger-Bloche ou V. Ségoffin), d’autres s’y abandonnent complètement (F. Gilbault, H. Lefebvre, J.-P. Legastelois, P. Roche ou C. Theunissen), passant du monumental au registre minimal, et allant jusqu’à revendiquer une pratique de « sculpteur-médailleur » (V.-P. Dautel, P.-A. Morlon, P.-F. Niclausse, H. Nocq et O. Yencesse). L’originalité de leur approche se confirme en comparaison des réalisations de leurs confrères graveurs en médailles, qui demeurent respectueux des conventions de leur art du fait de leur formation académique.Entre sculpture et médaille, il subsiste de réelles différences d’échelle, de nature du bas-relief et de technique, comme l’obligation de maîtriser la gravure réelle sur acier. La frappe, procédé clé pour la médaille, est l’axe fondamental de la constitution du corpus. À partir des collections du dépôt légal que conservent la Bibliothèque nationale de France et la Monnaie de Paris, l’intérêt se porte spécifiquement sur la médaille de sculpteur et non aux médaillons fondus pour saisir ce qui pousse les sculpteurs à basculer vers un domaine artistique si différent du leur, hormis les raisons conjoncturelles dictées par l’augmentation des distinctions honorifiques promues par la méritocratie républicaine, par la libéralisation du marché de l’édition, par la nécessité de forger de nouveaux modèles pour un public qui se démocratise, par l’essor de l’exposition et de la muséalisation de la médaille, par l’emploi de procédés mécaniques comme le tour à réduire, etc.Cette étude repose sur le catalogage d’une production artistique négligée, car placée à la marge du travail statuaire. En suivant un modèle prosopographique, le but est de cerner les contours d’une « école de sculpteurs-médailleurs » (1898-1907) investie à abattre la frontière entre médaille et sculpture. Cette perméabilité disciplinaire modifie irrémédiablement le statut de l’artiste, l’esthétique de la production et même l’usage de l’objet. En ne se destinant plus uniquement à la commémoration ou à la récompense, les artistes s’emparent de son « champ » comme n’importe quel support artistique et commuent la médaille en objet de décoration ou en œuvre de délectation. L’analyse des débats qui agitent le milieu, en opposant les partisans de la machine et les défenseurs de la main, permet de reconsidérer l’histoire des techniques, les modes de transmission et d’aborder la réception pour comprendre les répercussions dans la formation, les pratiques de gravure et de modelage, ainsi que dans les réalisations des graveurs en médailles. Enfin, en dépassant un discours historiographique contemporain de l’essor médaillistique, cette étude souhaite enrichir l’histoire de la sculpture en montrant comment elle a pu devenir un enjeu du renouveau de la médaille
La médaille de sculpteur, essor d’un genre à l’époque de la « médaillomanie » (1880-1920)
No full textBetween the 1880s and 1920s, the phenomenon of "medaillomania" leads some sculptors to reconsider the medal as a support for their sculptural production and to appropriate its relief in order to experiment. The majority are interested in the medal for rare attempts (A. Bartholomé, F.-R. Carabin, G. Granger, H. Greber, P. Roger-Bloche or V. Ségoffin). Others give themselves up to it completely (F. Gilbault, H. Lefebvre, J.-P. Legastelois, P. Roche or C. Theunissen) and claim a practice of "sculptor-medallist" (V.-P. Dautel, P.-A. Morlon, P.-F. Niclausse, H. Nocq and O. Yencesse). The originality of their approach is confirmed by comparison with the achievements of medal engravers who remain respectful of the conventions of their art due to their academic training. Between sculpture and medal, there remain real differences in scale, in the definition of the bas-relief and in technique, such as the obligation to master the actual engraving on steel. The minting process is the fundamental axis of the constitution of the corpus. Based on the legal deposit collections held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Monnaie de Paris, we focused on the sculptor's medal and not on the cast medallions. We would like to understand why sculptors switch to an artistic field so different from theirs own, apart from the contextual reasons – for example the increase in medals of honor, market deregulation, the need for new designs for popular audiences, development of the exhibition and of the medal’s entry into museums, use of mechanical processes such as the reducing machine...This study is based on the cataloging of a neglected artistic production. So far it is placed apart from sculpture work. By following a prosopographic model, the goal is to identify a “school of sculptors-medallists” (1898-1907) invested in breaking down the boundary between medal and sculpture. This permeability changes the status of the artist, the aesthetics of the production and the using of the object. The medal is no longer just for souvenir or award. The artists use the “field” of the medal like any artistic medium and transform it into an object of decoration or a work of delight. The study of the discussions between art historians and numismatists gives to reconsider the history of the techniques, the models of transmission and the reception to understand the aftereffect in the formation, engraving and modelling practices, and in the creations of medal engravers. Finally, this study aims to enrich the sculpture history by showing how it could have become an issue in the upsurge of the medal.Entre les années 1880 et 1920, le phénomène de « médaillomanie » conduit certains sculpteurs à reconsidérer la médaille comme support de leur production sculpturale et à s’approprier son relief pour se livrer à l’expérimentation. Quand la majorité succombe à la médaille pour de rares tentatives (A. Bartholomé, F.-R. Carabin, G. Granger, H. Greber, P. Roger-Bloche ou V. Ségoffin), d’autres s’y abandonnent complètement (F. Gilbault, H. Lefebvre, J.-P. Legastelois, P. Roche ou C. Theunissen), passant du monumental au registre minimal, et allant jusqu’à revendiquer une pratique de « sculpteur-médailleur » (V.-P. Dautel, P.-A. Morlon, P.-F. Niclausse, H. Nocq et O. Yencesse). L’originalité de leur approche se confirme en comparaison des réalisations de leurs confrères graveurs en médailles, qui demeurent respectueux des conventions de leur art du fait de leur formation académique.Entre sculpture et médaille, il subsiste de réelles différences d’échelle, de nature du bas-relief et de technique, comme l’obligation de maîtriser la gravure réelle sur acier. La frappe, procédé clé pour la médaille, est l’axe fondamental de la constitution du corpus. À partir des collections du dépôt légal que conservent la Bibliothèque nationale de France et la Monnaie de Paris, l’intérêt se porte spécifiquement sur la médaille de sculpteur et non aux médaillons fondus pour saisir ce qui pousse les sculpteurs à basculer vers un domaine artistique si différent du leur, hormis les raisons conjoncturelles dictées par l’augmentation des distinctions honorifiques promues par la méritocratie républicaine, par la libéralisation du marché de l’édition, par la nécessité de forger de nouveaux modèles pour un public qui se démocratise, par l’essor de l’exposition et de la muséalisation de la médaille, par l’emploi de procédés mécaniques comme le tour à réduire, etc.Cette étude repose sur le catalogage d’une production artistique négligée, car placée à la marge du travail statuaire. En suivant un modèle prosopographique, le but est de cerner les contours d’une « école de sculpteurs-médailleurs » (1898-1907) investie à abattre la frontière entre médaille et sculpture. Cette perméabilité disciplinaire modifie irrémédiablement le statut de l’artiste, l’esthétique de la production et même l’usage de l’objet. En ne se destinant plus uniquement à la commémoration ou à la récompense, les artistes s’emparent de son « champ » comme n’importe quel support artistique et commuent la médaille en objet de décoration ou en œuvre de délectation. L’analyse des débats qui agitent le milieu, en opposant les partisans de la machine et les défenseurs de la main, permet de reconsidérer l’histoire des techniques, les modes de transmission et d’aborder la réception pour comprendre les répercussions dans la formation, les pratiques de gravure et de modelage, ainsi que dans les réalisations des graveurs en médailles. Enfin, en dépassant un discours historiographique contemporain de l’essor médaillistique, cette étude souhaite enrichir l’histoire de la sculpture en montrant comment elle a pu devenir un enjeu du renouveau de la médaille
Applications Of Qcm, Eis And Spr In The Investigation Of Surfaces And Interfaces For The Development Of (bio)sensors [aplicações De Qcm, Eis E Spr Na Investigação De Superfícies E Interfaces Para O Desenvolvimento De (bio)sensores]
No full textThe use of the quartz crystal microbalance process, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance for characterizing thin films and monitoring interfaces is presented. The theorical aspects of QCM, EIS and SPR are introduced and the main application areas are outlined. Future prospects of the combined applications of QCM, EIS and SPR methods in the studies of interfacial processes at surfaces are also discussed.276970979Valcárcel, M., Rios, A., (1999) Anal. Chim. Acta, 400, p. 425Zhang, S., Wright, G., Yang, Y., (2000) Biosens. Bioelectron., 15, p. 273Thévenot, D.R., Toth, K., Durst, R.A., Wilson, G.S., (2001) Biosens. Bioelectron., 16, p. 121Fraser, D., (1997) Biosensors in the Body: Continuous in Vivo Monitoring, , Wiley: New YorkJacobson, G.A., Winkeler, M., (2000) Mater. 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Design, recruitment, logistics, and data management of the GEHA (Genetics of Healthy Ageing) project
No full textIn 2004, the integrated European project GEHA (Genetics of Healthy Ageing) was initiated with the aim of identifying genes involved in healthy ageing and longevity. The first step in the project was the recruitment of more than 2500 pairs of siblings aged 90 years or more together with one younger control person from 15 areas in 11 European countries through a coordinated and standardised effort. A biological sample, preferably a blood sample, was collected from each participant, and basic physical and cognitive measures were obtained together with information about health, life style, and family composition. From 2004 to 2008 a total of 2535 families comprising 5319 nonagenarian siblings were identified and included in the project. In addition, 2548 younger control persons aged 50-75 years were recruited. A total of 2249 complete trios with blood samples from at least two old siblings and the younger control were formed and are available for genetic analyses (e.g. linkage studies and genome-wide association studies). Mortality follow-up improves the possibility of identifying families with the most extreme longevity phenotypes. With a mean follow-up time of 3.7 years the number of families with all participating siblings aged 95 years or more has increased by a factor of 5 to 750 families compared to when interviews were conducted. Thus, the GEHA project represents a unique source in the search for genes related to healthy ageing and longevity
