1,720,976 research outputs found
Necessity to License Copyrighted Works: Perspective of Different Creative Economies
No full textUnder the current international framework of copyright, rights are automatically granted to all creators of eligible works regardless of their will. Elimination of formalities, formerly a necessary condition for grant of copyright, deprived creators of choice as to whether obtain rights with accompanying obligation for others or not. Copyright legislation has primarily been established for satisfaction of interest of creators pursuing monetary gain, who are often interested in control of works. However, contrary to simplistic formula ‘interests of right holders vs. interests of general public’, many creators do not need exclusive rights, legal tools enabling exclusion of others from use of works, as their motivations for creativity often involve possibilities to share fruits of their labour. The law mostly does not differentiate between interests of creators with different motivations. Works of all creators cannot be used without their prior authorisation for the whole duration of copyright, excluding cases falling under limitations and exceptions to copyright. If right holders would like their works to be used they have to give authorisations, as unauthorised use is generally illegal. Legal instruments normally do not specify form of authorisations, however, in order for users to have some kind of proof of acquisition of necessary authorisations, they have to be in written form, typically in form of licenses. This creates necessity to license. Potential user have to ask for licenses and right holders if they consent, regardless of whether they create with intent of monetary profit or with other non-monetary motivations, have to license use of their works, as almost the only internationally accepted way to eliminate doubt in legality of use of copyrighted works, and thus avoid allegation in ‘piracy’. Provisions of copyright law are generally not sensitive to different interests of creators and, consecutively, right holders. Right holders realise their interests through licenses by establishing legal setting suitable for their needs. In this thesis, all creators are viewed as participants of three different creative economies: commercial, sharing and hybrid – classification not new, but relatively recently gaining support. Participants of different economies have different interests, nonetheless, they all have to license. The thesis explores issues related to compliance with the necessity to license copyrighted works by participants of commercial, sharing and hybrid economies
Permissibility of Non-Voluntary Collective Management of Copyright under EU Law – The Case of the French Law on Out-of-Commerce Books
Full text linkThe possibility of the EU member states to adapt copyright legislation to new circumstances and to address unforeseen issues is limited by the list of exceptions and restrictions of the InfoSoc Directive. In spite of this constraint, the EU copyright framework provides for a possibility of introduction of non-voluntary forms of collective rights management that can help to tackle some of the contemporary problems with remuneration and access.
This article is an attempt to deepen the understanding of non-voluntary collective management and its possible use. First, it provides a detailed description of the French mechanism adopted for facilitating mass digitization and making out-of-commerce books available, which was implemented through a new form of collective management of copyright. Then, it examines the mechanism’s compatibility with the InfoSoc Directive through comparison with the extended collective licensing
La rémunération et l’accès à la culture dans le marché unique de l’Union européenne : la construction de la gestion collective multiterritoriale du droit d’auteur
No full textLa thèse enquête sur les façons de construire la gestion collective multiterritoriale du droit d’auteur et des droits voisins. La recherche se base sur l’hypothèse que la gestion multiterritoriale est indispensable pour le développement du marché unique de l’UE, pour assurer la rémunération aux ayants droit et l’accès à la culture. La thèse examine le cadre réglementaire applicable à la gestion collective, comprenant le droit d’auteur, le droit de la concurrence, les règles relatives à la prestation de services ainsi que les droits de l’homme et les normes sur la diversité culturelle. Une attention particulière est accordée à l’étude des pratiques et arrangements contractuels entre les organismes de gestion collective permettant l’utilisation multiterritoriale et aux dispositions de la Directive de l’UE sur la gestion collective concernant l’octroi de licences multiterritoriales. Il est soutenu que la coopération et la concentration d’organismes de gestion collective contribuent à surmonter le fractionnement de droits et de leur exercice. De telles coopérations et concentrations, y compris au niveau international, pourraient être facilitées par des dispositions législatives.The thesis inquires into how multi-territorial collective management of copyright and related rights could be constructed. The research builds on the hypothesis that the multi-territorial collective management is indispensable for the development of the EU Single Market, ensuring remuneration to rightholders and access to culture. The thesis examines the regulatory framework applicable to collective management, covering copyright law, competition law, rules on the provision of services as well as human rights and cultural diversity norms. Particular attention is devoted to the study of practices and contractual arrangements between collective management organisations enabling multi-territorial use and of provisions on multi-territorial licensing of the EU Collective Management Directive. It is argued that cooperation and concentration of collective management organisations help to overcome the fragmentation of rights and of their exercise. Such cooperation and concentration, including on the international level, could be facilitated by legislative provisions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Permissibility of Non-Voluntary Collective Management of Copyright under EU Law – The Case of the French Law on Out-of-Commerce Books
No full textThe possibility of the EU member states to adapt copyright legislation to new circumstances and to address unforeseen issues is limited by the list of exceptions and restrictions of the InfoSoc Directive. In spite of this constraint, the EU copyright framework provides for a possibility of introduction of non-voluntary forms of collective rights management that can help to tackle some of the contemporary problems with remuneration and access.
This article is an attempt to deepen the understanding of non-voluntary collective management and its possible use. First, it provides a detailed description of the French mechanism adopted for facilitating mass digitization and making out-of-commerce books available, which was implemented through a new form of collective management of copyright. Then, it examines the mechanism’s compatibility with the InfoSoc Directive through comparison with the extended collective licensing
<i>MusicMatic</i> – The French Supreme Court’s Decision on Creative Commons Plus (CC+) Commercial Licensing and Mandatory Collective Management of the Right to Remuneration for Communication to the Public of Commercial Phonograms
Full text linkThe French Supreme Court established that businesses using on their premises devices provided by third parties for making background music are performing an act of communication to the public in the sense of Art. L214-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code (CPI). The Court qualified commercially licensed phonograms, also published under Creative Commons non-commercial licences (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) on the Jamendo online platform, as “phonograms published for commercial purposes”. According to the Court, the right to remuneration for communication to the public of phonograms published for commercial purposes cannot be contractually waived by performers. The right to remuneration is subject to mandatory management by a collective management organisation (CMO) regardless of whether rightholders have explicitly contractually entrusted the exercise of their rights to the CMO. Mandatory collective management of the right to remuneration for communication to the public of phonograms published for commercial purposes is compatible with EU law. The Supreme Court declined to refer the question of the compatibility of mandatory collective management to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), considering that the law is sufficiently clear in this regard
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Study on Dynamic Blocking Injunctions in the European Union, CEIPI study for by EUIPO
No full textL'augmentation de l'activité en ligne, et en particulier de la fourniture et de la consommation en ligne de contenus protégés par le droit d'auteur, a reçu une impulsion supplémentaire en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19. Outre les offres légitimes, il existe également de nombreux sites web proposant des téléchargements illégaux de musique, de films, de jeux et/ou des retransmissions illégales en direct d'événements sportifs et culturels. Cela souligne la nécessité d'étudier plus avant l'efficacité des recours juridiques existants contre les atteintes aux droits de propriété intellectuelle. Ces recours peuvent inclure des injonctions de blocage de sites web par le biais du blocage du système de noms de domaine (DNS), du blocage des adresses de protocole Internet (IP) ou du filtrage des localisateurs de ressources uniformes (URL) et peuvent constituer un moyen efficace d'empêcher la poursuite de l'atteinte aux DPI. Toutefois, les exigences varient d'un État membre à l'autre en ce qui concerne les preuves requises pour obtenir des ordonnances de blocage et, en particulier, des injonctions prospectives (ou injonctions dynamiques), qui peuvent être utilisées pour empêcher la poursuite de l'atteinte aux droits de propriété intellectuelle. Cette étude et la jurisprudence pertinente recueillie en collaboration avec le groupe d'experts juridiques de l'Observatoire fournissent une vue d'ensemble des injonctions de blocage statiques et dynamiques dans l'UE et les États membres à la disposition des titulaires de droits qui souhaitent lutter efficacement contre le piratage en ligne et protéger leurs droits. Il analyse la disponibilité de ces injonctions, leur portée, leur mise en œuvre technique et leur efficacité à réduire les infractions et vise à aider les différentes parties prenantes, les États membres et les autres professionnels du droit à mettre en œuvre et/ou à améliorer l'application des injonctions de blocage dynamique
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