2,745 research outputs found
Intramolecular allylboration of γ-(ω-formylalkoxy)allylboronates for syntheses of trans- or cis-2-(ethenyl)tetrahydropyran-3-ol and 2-(ethenyl)oxepan-3-ol
No full text3-Alkoxy-1-alkynes 4 were hydroborated with pinacolborane (HBpin) to give 3-alkoxy-1-alkenylboronates 5. The latter gave (E)-3-alkoxyallylboronates (8: (E)-(MeO)2CHCH2(CH2)nCH2OCH=CHCH2Bpin, n=1–3) when they were subjected to iridium-catalyzed isomerization of the double bond. The corresponding (Z)-isomers 10 were synthesized by nickel-catalyzed isomerization of 5. Both allylboronates underwent intramolecular allylboration leading to the formation of trans-2-(ethenyl)tetrahydropyran-3-ol or 2-(ethenyl)oxepan-3-ol from 8 and the corresponding cis-isomers from 10 in the presence of Yb(OTf)3 (20 mol%) in aqueous acetonitrile at 90°C
Agricultural trade liberalization in the Uruguay Round : one step forward, one step back?
No full textAfter evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by"dirty tariffication:"the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.Trade Policy,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Export Competitiveness,Rules of Origin,Trade Policy,Rules of Origin,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research
MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY OF BUTAN-2-OL - CONFORMATIONS, COMPLEXES AND CLUSTERS
No full textA. K. King and B. J. Howard Chem. Phys. Lett. 348(343), 2001. A. K. King and B. J. Howard J. Mol. Spectrosc., Submitted for publication. A. K. King and B. J. Howard J. Mol. Spectrosc. 201/1(38), 2001.Author Institution: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department, University of OxfordThe first rotationally-resolved spectrum of a van der Waals complex formed between two chiral molecules will be presented. The complex is a hetero-chiral dimer of butan-2-ol and the spectrum was observed by Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy in a supersonic . The results of the ab initio calculations used to identify the dimer will also be presented. The microwave spectrum of a complex formed between a butan-2-ol molecule and an argon atom will also be discussed, including a limited amount of structural . This too will be accompanied by an ab initio study. Finally, mention will be made of the detection of six of the nine possible conformational isomers of the butan-2-ol molecule in expansions of argon and . There are still a large number of unassigned lines in the spectrum of butan-2-ol, some of which must be due to the homo-chiral dimer. Work to assign them is ongoing, any new results will be presented
A Critique on the Book Haqiqat-ol Hadiqat: Selections & Selections & Excerpts of All Chapters of Sanai Ghaznavis Hadiqat-ol Haqiqat
No full text“Haqiqat-ol Hadiqat: Selections & Excerpts of All Chapters of Sanai Ghaznavis Hadiqat-ol Haqiqat” is a book compiled by Homeira Zomorodi, with the aim of providing a selection from “Sanai Ghaznavis Hadiqat-ol Haqiqat” book and related commentary. Was the book successful in achieving its purpose of familiarizing Persian literature readers and students with this significant Persian literary work? In order to evaluate the text accuracy, the author refers to valid sources such as Persian dictionaries, the original text of Sana’i Ghaznavi’s book, old Persian texts sharing common anecdotes with the original text, and commentaries and explications. As a result of such evaluation, few shortcomings have been found, some of which can be cited as various writing, editing, and printing-related flaws in the text, and the citations of verses in many cases are incorrect. In several instances, there are also inaccurate interpretations of verses, incorrect presentation of anecdotes and allusions origins, and flawed translation of cited Arabic phrases. Also, many verses are left unexplained
Introducing Kholasat ol-Maqamat and its stylistic and lingual characteristics
No full textAbstract
Kholasat ol-Maqamat is a manuscript on spiritual stations of famous mystic and Sofi, Sheikh Ahmad Jam. This manuscript has been written by Ab ol-Makarem Ibn Alaâ ol-Molk Jami, one of Sheikh Ahmad's descendants, in the time of Shahrokh Mirzaâs reign (840) to whom that manuscript was presented.
The style of this book is similar to that of Asrar ot-Towhid and as it appears from its name, it is a concise of some books on maqamat written in Sheikh Jam's time. Therefore, maqamt is a name applied generally to papers written about spiritual stations of special characters. Historically, it so happened that this work probably belongs to Sheikh Ahmad's time, because at that time or afterwards some books have been written on his spiritual stations which we will point out. We believe works of this kind which has been written afterwards, such as Asrar ot-Towhid on Abu Saeed's spiritual stations are affected by the method of maqamat-writing in the time of Ahmad Jam, and Kholasat ol-Maqamat is an anthology of early works on this subject.
To write this book, Alaâ ol-Molk, in addition to Mohammad Ghaznavi's Maqamat which is a description of the Ahmad Jam's Maqamat, has used four Maqamats: Imam razi od-Din Ilias Taybadi's Maqamat, Sheikh Ahmad Tarkhestani's Maqamat, Taj ed-Din Mahmoud buzjani's Maqamat and Darwish Ali Buzjani's Maqamat.
Moreover, he has benefited from Khaje Mohammad Heisamâs History, Jameâ ol-Osul, Some of Sihahe Sitte and Masanid Arbaâe, apparently complete works of Several poets including Sheikh Attar Neishaburi and also some works of Sheikh Jam (Ons ot-Taebin, Seraj os-Saâerin, Rawzat ol-Moznebin, Konuz ol-Hekme, Miftah on-Nijat, Bihar ol-Haqiqe and a collection of Sheikh Jamâs poems). Additionally, this book contains mystical, geographical, historical benefits and stylistic and lingual characteristics.
This manuscript is distinguishable for some reasons such as availability of some other manuscripts titled maqamat of which the author made used, all have been written in jam's time by his cohorts. Each of them has a great value, since that time is probably the beginning of writing maqamat. Because on the basis of notes remained, Alaâol-Molk has used four maqamats named Imam Razi od-Din Ilias Taibadi, Sheikh Ahmad Tarkhestani, Darvish Ali Buzjani that now there is no information about. This point increases the value of Kholasat ol-Maqamat.
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He had also some of his ancestor's works that contain more accurate and detailed subjects as well as more complete information about family and descendents of Sheikh than Mohammad Ghaznavi's Maqamat.
Three manuscripts of Kholasat ol-Maqamat are available with different mode of hand writing: Manuscript in Ganj Bakhsh library of Lahur, manuscript in theology faculty of University of Mashhad and digital library of parliament.
Finally, necessary to say, this manuscript indicates Sheikh's spiritual stations happened to and written by his cohorts at that time. Since that papers except Mohammad Ghaznavi's Maqamat have been disappeared, Kholasat ol-Maqamat which is the extract of those maqamats could be known as the most important and exquisite manuscript about Sheikh's spiritual stations and Keramat.
Actually, recognition, introduction and emendation of this manuscript will be an effective and fruitful step to know more about Sheikh Ahmad Jam and his spiritual stations and tunes and the style of writing maqamat which is of high importance for researchers in getting information about Sheikh's dignity and styles of writing maqamat. There is a hope that this book has the success of unveilin
Stylistics of Nafthat ol-Masdur by Zeidari Nasvi
No full textAbstractStructuralism theory is accepted as one of the most effective theories in the current century.  This theoryâs final goal is to discover the hidden secret and linguistic aspects of a literary work via structural elements of a work based on this theory. In structural analysis of a work, implications beyond the text are not important and just the text is considered, and also the meaning is wanted from the structure. According to this theory, the current essay tries to study the structure and the interactions of the numerous elements in Nafthat ol-Masdur from three points of view: content, lingual technic and form, to achieve the hidden layers of the writers mind patterns. Besides these internal elements, two external elements, i.e. social and political structure and the writerâs taste and thought are considered. The fiction-narrative pattern of Nafthat ol-Masdur is analyzed with biographical content of this work as well. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a major historical book which is written by Zidari Nasvi, one of the great authors of 7th century. It is the description of hardships of Sultan Jalal od-Din Khwarazmshah. The author also describes his own hardships in the book. The content of the book is historic-autobiography which is explained in literary-artistic form. The author has adopted fictional-narrative form for his writing and with his subtle and precise viewpoint illustrates the governing policy of the society of his time and speaks the issues of the government. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a narrative story in which the narrator -the author- recounts the events with general overview; events which he had witnessed himself and were tied to his emotions and feelings. He expresses his internal reflections in a descriptive-narrative method. The book is skillfully written in figurative prose and it is decorated with the diverse literal and semantic figures and arrays. Using words with compound and derivative structures, especially for verbs, is one of the morphological features of the book. But, heavy and formal sentence structure is a syntactic feature of Nafthat ol-Masdur. Verbosity of the author, redundancy and using scientific terms affected the style, morphology and syntax of his language. One of the salient features of the book is the use of expressive and innovative arrays by which the author has decorated his prose. Although it tends towards sophistication and formality, the author narrates the story with their mask. Recognition which is the most vivid and dynamic metaphor, is a prominent feature of the book; namely, literal arrays by which the author in addition to aesthetic measures, has highlighted the language. However, the story is event-driven. Sometimes, he describes and illustrates the characters in such a way that it becomes character-driven. One of the issues that is very prominent in characterization of Nafthat ol-Masdur is the offensive attack to the negative characters of the story. The scenery in Nafthat ol-Masdur is a real description as if the audience or the reader is present in the scene. Zidari has coordinated the moods of sadness, joy, fear and panic in each part with the events and incidents of the story. One of the story-telling tools is the narrator being the first-person with prolocutor and narrative style that recounts the events. The author with a general view which is called âbird-like viewâ opens up and illustrates his memories. The most important motifs of his story can be noted as escape and evasion, treachery, mean-breeding of the time, gratitude and loyalty to the masters, conflict, dispute and the description of hardships. Nafthat ol-Masdur has a story frame; the author is quite familiar with scribing and teaching words and it is possible to find out the style and manner of teachers of that time from his writings; the style and manner which preserves the concept of redundancy. Nested tales are also seen in Nafthat ol-Masdur so that sometimes they disrupt the sequence of the events. The author, in accordance with the society and the available prose, adopted the mix of Arabic and Persian prose and this is one of the effects of socio-political structure on his prose. The presence of different social classes in his book reflects the interaction between literature and society.ReferencesAhmadi, Babak (2009). Creation and Beauty: Hermeneutics and Aesthetic Queries; 5th ed., Tehran: Markaz press.---------------------(2009). Structure and Interpretation of the text, 10th ed., Tehran: Markaz press.Alavi Moghadam, Mahyar (1998). Contemporary Literary Criticism Theories (Formalism and Structuralism). 1st ed., Tehran: The organization of the study and compiling humanities books for universities (SAMT).Boudaryar et al (1995). Perplexity of Signs (examples of postmodern criticism). Babak Ahmadi et al (trans.), 1st ed., Tehran: Markaz press.Don Stewart (2004). Structuralism and Post-Structuralism; Abolfazl Sajedi (trans.), Journal of Hoze and University, No 36.Eagleton, Terry (2007). A prelude to literary theory; Abbass Mokhber (trans.), Tehran: Markaz Publishers.Ghiasi, Mohammad Taghi (1989). An Introduction to Structural Stylistics, Tehran: Shole Andishe.Hossein Panah, Farahnaz (2007). Aesthetics of Dolat Abadi Prose, Development and teaching Persian language and literature Magazine; vol 20, No 4.Kazazi, Mirjalal (2006). Aesthetics of Persian Speech; Expression, 7th ed., Tehran: Markaz Publishers.Khatibi, Hossein (2007). Prose Technique in Persian Literature, 3rd ed., Tehran: Zavvar.Khosravi, Abouzar (2008). Historian Politician, Ataâolmolk Joveini, Mah book of history and Geography, No 126.Khosrow beigi, Hooshang (2007). Memoir writing of Shahab od-Din Nasvi; Zamane, 6th year, No 64.-------------------------------- (2006). Shahab-al-din Nasvi and his Morality, Mah book of history and Geography.Meghdadi, Bahram (1999). Culture and Literary Terminology from Plato to Modern Time, 1st ed., Tehran: Fekre Ruz.Mirsadeghi, Jamal (2004). Story and Literature, 1st ed., Tehran: Aye Mehr. Nadvi, Mohammad Ibne Ahamad (2006). Nafsat-al-Masdoor Amir Hassan Yazdgerdi (emend.), 2nd ed., Tehran: Tous.Najafi, Abolhassan (1992). Foundation of Linguistics and its Application in Persian, 2nd ed., Tehran: Niloofar.------------------------ (1987). Morality of Jalal-al Din or Jalali History, by efforts of Khalil Khatib Rahbar and Mohammad Ali Nasseh (trans.), 2nd ed., Tehran: Saadi.Nasvi, Shahaboddin (1986). The Morality of Jalal-al din Ú©ÙÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙا ÙبÙد; Persian translation from Arabic by an unknown translator in seventh century with correction, introduction and annotations of Mojtaba Minavi; 1st ed., Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi.Perrin, Lawrence (1994). About poems; Fatemeh Rakeâei (trans.), 1st ed., Tehran: Etelaat. Propp, Vladimir (1989). Morphology of the Fairy Tales, Fereydoun Badrei (trans.), Tehran: Tus.Rastgu, Mohammad (2007). An Overview of Nafsat-al-Masdoor; Maâaref: No 16&17.Selden, Raman, Widowson, Peter (2005). A Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory; Abbass Mokhber (trans.), Tehran: Tarhe Nao.Shamisa, Cirrus (2004). Literary Criticism, 14th ed., Tehran: Ferdows.------------------- (2008). Prose Stylistics, 11th ed., Tehran: Mitra. Taheri, Ghodratollah (2003). Structural Review and Analysis of Sonnets- Attar Narratives, Farhang, No 46 &47.Vahidian kamyar, Taghi (1988). Rhyme and Rhythm of Persian Poetry, Tehran: Academic Center of Publication
Superresolution by image scanning microscopy using pixel reassignment
No full textAuthor Posting. © Optical Society of America, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Optical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Optics Letters 38 (2013): 2889-2892, doi:10.1364/OL.38.002889.The effect of detector array size on resolution and signal collection efficiency of image scanning microscopy based on pixel reassignment is studied. It is shown how the method can also be employed if there is a Stokes shift in fluorescence emission wavelength. With no Stokes shift, the width of the point spread function can be sharpened by a factor of 1.53, and its peak intensity increased by a factor of 1.84
Genome-wide screening and physiological responses of saccharomyces cerevisiae to the volatile organic compound 1-octen-3-ol
No full textA major fungal volatile organic compound (VOC) called 1-octen-3-ol or "mushroom alcohol," is produced by most fungal species and is responsible for much of their characteristic musty odor. We believe that fungal VOCs are serving as chemical compounds that signal within a single organism or signal within members of a single species. Also, fungal VOCs may cause “sick building syndrome” (SBS). In this study, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for understanding 1-octen-3-ol toxicity on a genome-wide level. A yeast growth assay using solid media prepared in plates sealed with Parafilm was developed. Conditions were identified which permitted reproducible yeast growth measurements when cultures were exposed to 1-octen-3-ol, a challenge due to the volatile nature of the compound. At 48 hours, 300 ppm of 1-octen-3-ol was found to completely inhibit growth of BY4741, a wild type strain. To identify genes and pathways involved in 1-octen-3-ol resistance, we carried out a high-throughput viability assay using the non-essential yeast knockout (KO) library. Of the ~ 4976 strains, we found that 92 (1.8%) showed resistance to 300 ppm of 1-octen-3-ol of which 21 (22.8%) are related to endosome transport. More specifically, 1-octen-3-ol is very likely to inhibit cell grow by the ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby David C. P
Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of trans-2-Hexen-1-ol using the Aryl Alcohol Oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii
No full textThe selective oxidation of trans-2-hexen-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde using a recombinant aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii (PeAAOx) is reported. Especially using the two liquid phase system to overcome solubility and product inhibition issues enabled to achieve more than 2.200.000 catalytic turnovers for the production enzyme as well as molar product concentrations, pointing towards an economic feasible reaction.BT/BiocatalysisBN/Greg Bokinsky La
Mercè Rodoreda, the most translated author in Catalan fiction
No full textMercè Rodoreda is the most translated author in Catalan literature. La Plaça del Diamant, which has been translated into 37 languages in dozens of different translations, places her ahead of such internationally famous fiction writers as Jaume Cabré and Albert Sánchez Piñol. This symbolic novel of the human condition, hailed by critics and beloved by a diverse array of readers, is particularly representativ of the author’s literary talent and ambition and can be considered a major 20th-century classic thanks to its extraordinarily high quality.Keywords: Catalan literature, translation, fiction, Mercè Rodoreda, La Plaça del Diamant
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