5 research outputs found
Stingless bee Meliponula Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) ground nest architecture and traditional knowledge on the use of honey in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia
No full textStingless bees constitute an important component of tropical ecosystems. The present study reports on the ground nest architecture of the Meliponula stingless bees, impact of agricultural activities on the stingless bee population and traditional use of stingless bee honey in three districts—Wegera, Libo Kemkem and Alepha—of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The ground nests were located with the help of indigenous knowledge. The parameters of the Meliponula ground nests were measured and compared with published data. The impact of agricultural activities and the use of stingless bee honey (locally known as tazima or tazma mar) in ethnomedicine were documented through interviewing local communities and briefly discussed. It has been noted that stingless bee honey is used locally as a treatment for both infectious and non-infectious conditions and as an effective pain-relief measure. However, the stingless bee populations in the Amhara Region are endangered by traditional agricultural practices and habitat destruction. It has been suggested that development of appropriate meliponiculture technology is most essential to conserve the stingless bee diversity in Ethiopia and to effectively utilize their honey for human benefit.
አብስትራክትንቦች ለሞቃታማ ሥነ ምህዳሮች ሙሉነት አስፈላጊ አካል ናቸው፡፡ የዚሀ ጥናት ዓላማ የሚያተኩርው የግብርና ሥራዎች እና በባህላዊ መንገድ የጣዝማ ማር አሰባስብ ዘዴ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ሰርተው በሚኖሩ ንቦች ላይ በተለይም በኢትዮጵያ፤ በአማራ ክልል በሚገኙ ሦስት ወረዳዎች ፦ ወገራ ፣ ሊቦ ከምከም እና አለፋ ናቸው:: በመሬት ውስጥ ጎጆ ሰርተው የሚገኙ ንቦችን በአገሬው ተወላጅ እውቀት በመታገዝ መራቢያቸውን ጎጆ በቀላሉ ማግኘት ተችሏል፡፡ ከጥናቱ የተገኘውን የንቦች የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ይዘትና ባህሪያት በተለያዩ መለኪያዎች ተለክተው ከታተመው መረጃ ጋር ተነጻጽረዋል:: የግብርና እንቅስቃሴዎች እና በባህላዊ መንገድ የጣዝማ ንብ ማር አሰባስብ የሚያደርሰው ተፅእኖ ከአካባቢያዊ ማህበረሰቦች ጋር ቃለ-መጠይቅ ተደርጎ በአጭሩ ያመጣውን ችግር አስረድተዋል፡፡ የጣዝማ ንብ ማር በባህላዊ መድሐኒት አዋቂ ሰዎች ተላላፊ የሆኑና ያልሆኑ በሽታዎችን ለማከም እንዲሁም ውጤታማ የህመም ማስታገሻ ዘዴ ሆኖ እንደሚያገለግል ተገልጻል፡፡ ሆኖም በአማራ ክልል ውስጥ ባህላዊ የግብርና ሥራዎች እና የተፈጥሮ ሥነ-ምህዳር መዛባት የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ሰርተው ለሚኖሩ ንብ ዝርያዎች ለመጥፋት መንስኤ መሆኑ ተርጋግጧል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የማይናቅ የንብ ብዝሃነትን ለማቆየት እና ማርቸውን ለሰው ልጅ ጥቅም ለማዋል ተገቢውን እንክብካቤ እና የማላመድ ባህል ልማት ቴክኖሎጂ እጅግ አስፈላጊ ነው ተብሏል::
To cite: Wondmeneh Jemberie, Worku Negash, Kassahun Alemu, Alemu Tarekegn, Malede Brhan & Nagappan Raja. 2020. Stingless bee Meliponula Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) ground nest architecture and traditional knowledge on the use of honey in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (1): 147–162.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4588315urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0F4D41F3-79E4-4E14-AAA2-33A1F05994F
Vestlandskedler og malede glas
No full textVestland Cauldrons and Painted GlassVestland cauldrons have been thoroughly treated and discussed by authorities such as A. Bjørn, G. Ekholm and C. Hawkes). Denmark has not in the past been - nor is it now - able to offer any considerable material for the understanding of these cauldrons. Two new discoveries have, however, come to light during the past few years containing Vestland cauldrons, and this fact should justify the treatment here of this class of vessels.Two main groups can be identified within the class of Vestland cauldrons (fig. 2): group A, the neck and shoulder of which are slightly offset in relation to each other; and group B, where the neck and shoulder either form a more or less definite angle with each other or else form practically a continuous whole. Group A is, so far as the present author is aware, only represented by the vessel from Filzen); its offset is here very small, almost reduced to a groove, but nevertheless unmistakable; its date, to judge by the other objects found with it, can hardly be later than about 300 A. D. Among the vessels of group B the following variants can be distinguished: the Kvitsleby variant, characterized by a vertical neck, a distinct shoulder and a definite obtuse angle between the shoulder and the neck; the Børte variant, characterized by a vertical neck running without a break into a short but definite outcurving shoulder; and finally the Sebø variant, characterized by a neck and shoulder all in one, sloping outwards and downwards. The following is a description of the existing Danish Vestland cauldrons: The Kragehul Mose cauldron (fig. 3) was sent in to the National Museum in 1865 and illustrated by Engelhardt in the publication of Kragehul. It had been beaten flat but the identification of group and variant appears clear: group B, Kvitsleby variant. Like the actual Kvitsleby cauldron (Ekholm No. 116) the Danish specimen possesses a groove between the neck and the shoulder. The remainder of the Kragehul board must be dated partly to the Late Roman Iron Age and partly to the Early Germanic Iron Age.The Hjortdal cauldron (fig. 4) was found in 1943 and is now in Thisted Museum. This too belongs to the Kvitsleby variant and possesses a two-lined band between the neck and the shoulder. The cauldron contained calcined human bones, a little melted glass and some charred pieces of ornamented bone (fig. 5). The discovery must be dated either to the Late Roman Iron Age or to the Early Germanic lron Age.The Stenlille cauldron (fig. 7) was found in 1944 and is now at the National Museum. Details of discovery are meagre but the probabilities suggest that the cauldron came from an inhumation grave which also contained a painted glass vessel (fig. 8) and possibly a gold finger ring (fig. 11 a). The cauldron belongs to the Børte variant of group B.A survey of the discoveries made outside Denmark suggests the probability that the Kvitsleby variant (Ekholm No. 117;4)) should be dated to the latest phase of the Late Roman Iron Age, and most likely to the first half of the 4th Century A. D.; that the Børte variant (Bjørn Nos. 14, 12 and 86) should be dated to the Søsdala phase of the Germanic Iron Age,· probably the later part of the 4th Century A. D.; and that the Sebø variant (Bjørn Nos. 53, 72, 37,6)) should be dated to the Sjørup phase of the Germanic Iron Age, the 5th Century A. D.The fragments of the painted glass vessel from Stenlille are stylistically at variance with the painted glass previously known from Danish discoveries, and they form a final link in a chain of development a summary of which follows:About 200 A. D. we find what may be called three-dimensional painting, in which the perspective of the figures is enhanced by the choice of colour and of light and shade and by fine subsidiary lines (fig. 9). About 300 A. D., and during the first half of the 4th Century, glass painting changes its character. More importance is now attached to emphasizing the outlines of the figures, and perspective is no longer stressed by play of colour. The fine subsidiary lines are still found but in general the figures give more an impression of coloured drawings (fig. 10). Turning to the Stenlille glass we see that this painting too, which appears to represent a leopard, has the character of a coloured drawing (fig. 8). The representation of the figure, however, appears more crude than on the glass from Himlingøje, and the fine subsidiary lines are absent, while if we examine a detail such as the beard of the animal we get the impression of a crudes schematic detail, stuck on without any understanding of organic relationship with the remainder of the head. This contrasts with the case of the corresponding animal on the Nordrup glass (fig. 9), and to some degree also with the animal on the Himlingøje glass (fig. 10). An important difference from earlier glassware is that, on the Stenlille glass, the painting extends almost up to the edge of the vessel, leaving no room for the usual horizontal row of dots, which otherwise normally marks the upper edge of the painting and thereby, as it were, unites the illustrated area. This shortage of space suggests that the glass belonged to the low variant of the cylindrical beakers (cf. KUML 1952, p. 87).The various differences described suggests that the painted glass from Stenlille is later in date than the painted glass from Himlingøje, and it may therefore be from the Søsdala phase of the Germanic Iron Age, the period to which the cauldron from Stenlille presumably belongs. A piece of painted glassware of the same stage of development as the Stenlille glass has been found at Enekrogen on Bornholm (fig. 12); no details, however, exist of the circumstances of discovery of this latter specimen.Hans Norling-Christense
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
No full textGlobal, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and induded incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017,1.2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.2 to 1.3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% (95% UI 35.2 to 46.5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2.8%, -1.5 to 6.3). In 2017,697.5 million (95% UI 649.2 to 752.0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9.1% (8.5 to 9.8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3% (95% UI 26.4 to 32.6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1.2%, -1.1 to 3.5). CKD resulted in 35.8 million (95% UI 33.7 to 38.0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1.4 million (95% UI 1.2 to 1.6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25.3 million (22.2 to 28.9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017
No full textBackground Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package-a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1.95 million deaths (95 uncertainty interval 1.87-2.04) and has since decreased to 0.95 million deaths (0.91-1.01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3.16 million, 2.79-3.67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1.94 million (1.63-2.29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36.8 million (34.8-39.2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65.7 in Lesotho to 85.7 in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81 ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90 ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
