131,419 research outputs found
The epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries amongst World Cup Biathletes- a one-year retrospective study.
No full text• Purpose – This one- year retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by the International Biathlon Union (IBU) to investigate about the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries amongst World Cup Biathletes.
• Methods – A total of 116 athletes conducted an online survey during the first IBU World Cup competition of the season 2008/2009. The online questionnaire consisted of 17 specific questions to collect data about location and type of injury, onset, start, severity and cause of injury.
• Results - Amongst the study population 47 (40,5%) athletes reported to have at least one injury. A total of 68 injuries were reported. This leads to an injury incidence of 58,6 injuries per 100 athletes per year. The female gender (54,4%) encountered more injuries than male athletes (39,7%). A total of 54,4 % of the injuries was reported to be of gradual onset and 54,4% occurred during training season. Biathlon caused mainly (39,7%) time loss injuries. The main body location reported was the lower back (38,9%), knee (35,7%) and the shoulder (25%). Running is the primary activity to cause an injury (27,9%).
• Conclusion – Biathlon has a high injury incidence, but only of slight severity. Female athletes encounter more injuries than male athletes especially in relation to the lower back and knee. Lower back injuries are the most common injury site. The majority of injuries are caused from training activity such as running and not directly from skiing itself
Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among elite biathletes: a preliminary study
No full textOBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence and severity of musculoskeletal injuries among elite biathletes. DESIGN: One-year retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: The survey was conducted during the first Biathlon World Cup event 2008/2009. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 116 athletes filled out an anonymous online survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire gathered data about location, type, onset, severity, and cause of injury. RESULTS: Among the study population, 47 athletes (40.5%) reported a total of 68 injuries (incidence of 58.6 injuries/100 athletes/year). Female athletes (54.4%) suffered more injuries than male athletes (39.7%). A total of 54.4% of injuries came on gradually, 54.4% occurred during the training season, and 39.7% required removal from competition or training sessions. The most commonly injured body parts were the lower back (38.9%), knee (35.7%), and shoulder (25%). Running was the primary cause of injury (27.9%). The independent variable "years of participation in biathlon" (7 years or more) correlated with an increased risk for injury (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Biathlon is associated with a relatively high incidence of injuries, mostly of slight severity. Female athletes experience more injuries than male athletes. Lower back injuries are the most common injury site. The majority of injuries are caused from training activities such as running
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
Charakterisierung von Fibrinderivaten im Blut von Patientinnen mit gynäkologischen Tumoren
No full textEine venöse Thrombose oder Lungenembolie ist häufig das erste Zeichen einer Krebserkrankung. Insbesondere Adenokarzinom-Zellen führen zu einer Gerinnungsaktivierung und der Nachweis von Fibrinderivaten im Blut ist sowohl bei der Diagnose als auch bei der Verlaufsbeobachtung maligner Erkrankungen hilfreich.
Der am häufigsten eingesetzte Aktivierungsparameter der Gerinnung ist D-Dimer-Antigen. D-Dimer- Antigen entsteht durch kovalente Verbindung von D-Domänen benachbarter Fibrinmonomer-Einheiten des Fibrinkomplexes durch Faktor XIIIa, gefolgt von einer Fibrin-Proteolyse durch Plasmin. Die Messung von D-Dimer erfolgt mittels spezifischer monoklonaler Antikörper. Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die zahlreichen D-Dimer-Testverfahren trotz insgesamt guter Korrelation sehr unterschiedliche numerische Ergebnisse liefern. D-Dimer-Antigen findet sich im Blut in sehr unterschiedlicher Form, von hochmolekularen Fibrinkomplexen, bis zu niedermolekularen Fibrinabbauprodukten. Das kleinste Fibrinabbauprodukt dieser Art ist Fibrinfragment D-Dimer. Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass manche D-Dimer-Test bevorzugt hochmolekulare Fibrinderivate erfassen, andere besser mit niedermolekularen Fibrinabbauprodukten reagieren.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat daher zwei Ziele:
1. Messung von D-Dimer und Fibrinogen/Fibrin-Abbauprodukten im Blut von Patientinnen mit
metastasierenden gynäkologischen Tumoren als Basis für eine zukünftige Anwendung als
Verlaufsparameter (Tumormarker)
2. Verwendung der gewonnenen Plasmaproben zur Validierung einer antikörper-unabhängigen
Messmethode für D-Dimer-Antigen, bei der die in den Blutproben vorhandenen D-Dimere durch Plasmin-Proteolyse sämtlich in Fibrinfragment D-Dimer umgewandelt werden.
Es zeigt sich, dass sich bei nahezu allen Patientinnen mit metastasierenden gynäkologischen Tumoren erhöhte Spiegel von D-Dimer-Antigen finden, was auf eine chronische intravasale Gerinnung hinweist. Gleichzeitig finden sich erhöhte Werte auch für Fibrinogen/Fibrin-Abbauprodukte insgesamt.
Bei der Untersuchung der potentiellen Referenzmethode zeigten sich mehrere wichtige Ergebnisse: D- Dimer Antigen nimmt an der Gerinnselbildung nicht teil, bei Entfernung des Fibrinogens aus den Proben durch Umwandlung in Fibrin nach Zugabe des Thrombin-ähnlichen Schlangengift-Enzyms Batroxobin tritt kein Verlust von D-Dimer-Antigen ein. Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass D-Dimer zumindest bei dem hier untersuchten Probenmaterial tatsächlich als Fibrinabbauprodukt zu interpretieren ist und dimerisierte D-Domänen von "löslichem Fibrin“ nicht erfasst werden. Durch die verwendete Plasmin- Protolyse gelingt es tatsächlich, das komplette D-Dimer Antigen in Fibrinfragment D-Dimer umzuwandeln. Fibrinfragment D-Dimer kann mittels Kapillarelektrophorese und in situ-Immundetektion quantitativ gemessen werden, wobei sich zeigte, dass die Trennung und Detektion nach Spaltung der Schwefelbrücken mit Dithiothreitol und Immundetektion mittels eines Antikörpers, der nicht die komplette D-Domäne, sondern nur die kovalent verbundenen („dimerisierten“) gamma-Ketten des Fibrinderivats erfassen, eine bessere Erfassung von D-Dimer-Antigen ergibt.
Die Methode erlaubt es, den tatsächlichen Gehalt an D-Dimer-Antigen in Eichmaterial und Plasmaproben für Vergleichsmessungen von D-Dimer Testverfahren zu ermitteln
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
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