1,720,958 research outputs found
Tendencies of euroscepticism in European Union: Brexit case.
No full textUnprecedented occurrence, named “Brexit” by the media, causes turmoil and encourages a discussion concerning issues in the EU and possible future perspectives. A noticeable tendency in member states – increasing attention to national interest, not focusing on the global perception of the world. Problem of the paper: Increasing Euroscepticism and empirical evidence of the occurrence in the context of United Kingdom leaving the EU. In order to analyze the topic, and to explain current processes forming Eurosceptic disposition, the divide of the theoretical model of neoliberalism and the empirical evidence as well as theoretical analysis of Euroscepticism is utilized. The aim of the paper – to analyze the effect of growth of Euroscepticism on the results of the referendum in the UK. In order to reach the aim, the following aims were set: to analyze which factors are in place to affect the expression of Eurosceptic sentiment in EU social and political processes; to explain the reasons of radical though formation as well the increase of popularity of aforementioned thoughts; to analyze the process of decision-making in the political elite in the UK and possible economic outcomes for the UK economy. The following hypothesis is provided: UK referendum concerning leaving the EU (BREXIT) was affected by development of Eurosceptic tendencies. During the research, four conclusions have been made: 1.) According to P. Taggart’s method, Euroscepticism and its growth is best noticeable in largest EU member states, which gradually move from soft approach Euroscepticism towards hard approach Euroscepticism. 2.) The process of leaving the EU is extremely complicated and time-consuming. It is thought that the impact of “Brexit” will affect the UK economy the most. 3.) Hypothesis – partially confirmed. Euroscepticism is evident in the country, nevertheless the Anglo-Saxon behavioral tradition and perception of non-continental Europe has a bigger impact
On the variable of strategic culture: Modus operandi of military interventions in the Middle East
No full textThe research subject of this article is the variable of strategic culture that has been subjected to some academic inertia since the Cold War period. The aim of this article is to define practical implications of the strategic culture through the prism of the neoclassical realist theory. It supports the argument that military interventional precedents in the Middle East since 2011 have been revealing adaptive considerations of the strategic culture as an intervening variable that implies interventional military decisions by the U.S. and its coalition partners. The first part of the article defines the precise role of this intervening variable as military interventional precedents are researched. This task is conducted by defining the general understanding of interventional initiatives, revealing structured assumptions of the neoclassical realist theory, and reconsidering the role of the strategic culture within that theoretical framework.The second part of the article shifts the attention to supportive empirical considerations regarding the strategic culture and perception of operational ideas – two specifi cally highlighted neoclassical realist assumptions. The article discloses that Western strategic culture is a changing intervening variable with a different level of permissiveness. A changing continuum of permissiveness is implied by interventional experiences that shape perception of the structural environment and dictate preferences for the power scale of interventional decisions. From this, the level of the structural environment’s permissiveness is defined. This permissiveness is associated with capabilities for implementing political objectives without further escalations of military power. Once the systemic environment becomes more permissive, the possibility of activating military intervention of various force-escalation becomes more conceivable
Neo-Orientalism in the U.S. Foreign Policy: Tendencies and Consequences for the Development of International Relations
No full textŠiame darbe atliekamo tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti neo-orientalizmo sampratų kaitos tendencijas bei sąsajas su ilgalaike diplomatine bei karine-operacine patirtimi arabų ir musulmonų dominuojamuose regionuose. Tam, kad šis tikslas būtų pasiektas, keliami tarpiniai uždaviniai, kuriais remiantis plėtojamos atskiros tyrimo dalys. Pirmoje darbo dalyje suformuojamas dviejų lygių teorinis modelis, kuriuo siekiama atskleisti kintančių neo-orientalistinių pažiūrų aktualumą užsienio ir saugumo politikoje tiek tarp vidinių JAV veikėjų, tiek sąveikoje su išorinės erdvės elementais. Antrojoje darbo dalyje atskleidžiamos kokybinės neo-orientalizmo raiškos tendencijos tarp JAV vidinių veikėjų. Galiausiai, trečiojoje dalyje tyrimas perkeliamas į tarptautinės erdvę, kur karinių intervencijų fone besiplėtojanti karinių pajėgų ir diplomatinio korpuso sąveika su įvairiais išorės veikėjais taip pat įtakoja neo-orientalizmo sampratų kaitą. Tyrimo metu pasiektose išvadose nustatoma, jog neo-orientalizmas kaip chronologinė tradicinių orientalistinių pažiūrų tąsa išlieka aktualus šiuolaikinių JAV užsienio politikos iniciatyvų formavime. Antra vertus, kokybinis šių pažiūrų sklaidos tyrimas patvirtina, jog neo-orientalizmas atsiskleidžia dviejose skirtingose sampratose, kurios kinta priklausomai nuo tarptautinės erdvės vertinimų, grėsmių šaltinių traktavimo bei politinio elito inicijuojamų užsienio ir saugumo politikos tikslų specifikos.The objective of this research is to define changing tendencies of neo-orientalism notions and their possible relation to military operational and diplomatic experience obtained during campaigns in Arab-Muslims regions. Three parts of this research have supplementing aims and are organized in order to meet the stated objective. The first part offers a two-level theoretical model which consists of neoclassical realism and constructivism assumptions. The theoretical model is used as the tool to described tendencies of transforming neo-orientalistic notions among the internal U.S. actors and in their interaction with external players. The second part of the research is based on the quality analysis of different oriental notions spread among the U.S. internal players. Finally, the third part is based on the analysis of interaction of the U.S. military and diplomatic community with a wide range of different actors described as Oriental social groups. The last part also suggests that this interaction enables transformation of contemporary neo-orientalistic notions as well. The concluding remarks will reveal that neo-orientalism is the actual factor influencing the development of the contemporary U.S. foreign and security policy. What is more, neo-orientalism should be defined as chronologically developed traditional oriental notions that have been influenced by several important transformations. The quality analysis of neo-oriental notions suggests that the transformation has been enforced by differing evaluations of external surrounding, definition of different threat sources and transforming aims of foreign policy. All these changes are related to the perception of the external environment – the process with neo-orientalism as a significant factor defining interactions among political elite and social groups
Neoklasikinio realizmo teorija karinių intervencijų tyrimuose: poliheuristinio metodo plėtotė
Get PDF[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Straipsnio tikslas – modifikuoti poliheuristinę užsienio politikos sprendimų tyrimo metodiką ir adaptuoti ją Vakarų valstybių karinių intervencijų Vidurio Rytuose analizei. Poliheuristinė metodika performuluojama, pabrėžiant intervencinės aplinkos pažinimo ir racionalaus pasirinkimo sąveikos svarbą. Šios sąveikos išgryninimui identifikuojami papildomi kintamieji, kurie išvedami nuosekliai gretinant neoklasikinio realizmo prielaidas su poliheuristine metodika. Straipsnyje taip pat demonstruojamos patobulintos metodikos galimybės. Tam pasitelkiamas 2013 m. atvejis, kai Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas Barackas Obama nusprendė nesiimti karinės intervencijos ir neeskaluoti Sirijos pilietinio konflikto
Contemporary Afghanistan outlook: between counterinsurgency and search of the social contract /
No full textThis article is based on reassessment of the contemporary results of counterinsurgency and nation-building in Afghanistan. Nation-building initiatives have been started in the country since the Bonn agreement in December 2001. This agreement brought into reality the current governing system of Afghanistan. Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan has been initiated in full mode since 2009 after a sound success on Iraqi frontier. However, each operational area is bringing its own specifics into play. The same was with Afghanistan. The newly established constitutional presidential republic has faced with inheritance of unresolved sensitive ethnical identity issues, confrontation between different groups for self-governing authority and security of essential resources. These preconditions have brought a diversified and even confrontational social environment into reality. Prolonged military operations in Afghanistan could show that diversified social environment and misevaluated cultural heritage has led to misleading assumptions that centralized presidential governing system could become an effective ruling model for post-Taliban country. One of the key notions of this article is that historical lessons taught by long years of colonialist rule in Afghanistan has not been learned and misevaluation of diversified and confrontational local entities has brought another historical lesson of Afghan tribal resistance. More than that, diversified and confrontational entities of Afghanistan have not been a favorable subject for possible social contract. The term social contract was introduced as explanatory method of national political behavior and systemic structure by Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century Europe. Afghan society has become the subject to this model of political philosophy only as counterinsurgency campaign gained full capabilities around 2009. Reassessment of long term nation building efforts in this article is based on evaluation of Afghan social contract’s progress
On the Clausewitzian Challenge in Eastern Europe /
No full textThis article evaluates contemporary growing tensions to geopolitical changes in Eastern Europe. The current Eastern European geopolitical situation is labelled as a crisis that has been generated by the Ukrainian conflict for more than one year already. In light of the described crisis, the military option has been discussed as a meaningful political tool. This notion has provoked the necessity to evaluate growing tensions in the region through the lens of a traditional Clausewitzian challenge that should define a solution for effective force tasking aimed at the achievement of firm political goals. More than that, the analysis of this article is based on theoretical notions of neoclassical realism suggesting that foreign policy is dependent on international incentives and on domestic evaluations of political entities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
- …
