Institutional Repository of the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
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Recruitment to Professional Military Service in Lithuania: Motivating and Limiting Factors /
No full textFollowing the Russian military invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Lithuania faced an increased external military threat, forcing the recruitment of new military personnel into the Armed Forces. As new recruits tend to be young, it is necessary to look for new motivational factors. The objective of this research is to investigate the compatibility and intersection between the subjective motives and limiting factors for becoming a military professional. Based on motivation theories, the subjective factors that motivate people to choose a career in the military may include a sense of patriotism, self-realisation, the need to belong, identity, etc. In late modernity, which is characterised by individualisation, the latter factors have become extremely important. Conversely, the extent to which individual motives are realised depends on numerous external factors. At the macro level, these include the country's geopolitical and economic situation and unemployment rates. At the meso level, these factors may include family commitments and dependence on particular social groups, e.g. religious groups. At the micro level, they may include individual attitudes towards the military and war and physical status. The research is based on the quantitative data collected in Lithuania, 2025, under the project ‘Factors of attracting staff to professional military service in Lithuania: incentives, motives, potential candidates and a value proposition’ (grant No.S-REP-25-5), funded from the Research Council of Lithuania. Preliminary research results reveal that young people from smaller settlements, where there are limited attractive job opportunities, often have no choice but to join the military, meaning their dreams about their future profession may be limited by macro-level factors. Meanwhile, young people from big cities and well-off families have more opportunities to choose from a variety of professions. For them, the motivating factors for choosing a career in the military may be patriotism, self-realisation, or even a desire for adventure
Factors and its Dynamics of Retention of Military Personnel in the Lithuanian Armed Forces /
No full textGeopolitical tensions, particularly Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in 2022, have prompted many European countries to bolster their Armed Forces. This includes increasing military personnel numbers. The idea behind the research is that small countries like Lithuania have limited resources for recruiting new personnel; therefore, it is important to retain existing military personnel. However, the military service struggles to retain personnel due to its greedy nature. In the evolving world order featuring a transition towards individualisation, fragmentation and permanent change, the boundaries between the military and civilians are becoming blurred. In this context, the military profession takes on a new meaning and role in individuals' professional careers. It has become commonplace to leave the Armed Forces at a relatively young age with the intention of moving into a civilian profession. In other words, the military profession is competing with numerous other professions in today’s labour market. The research aim is to explore how interrelation between motives to become a military professional predict a long-lasting stay in the armed forces, and what is dynamics of such interrelation. The research is based on the data of continuous quantitative surveys collected in Lithuania between 2020-2024, i.e. before and after military invasion into the Ukraine, and in the context of an increased external military threat to the country. The primary results reveal interrelation between non-material motives to become military professional and stay in the Armed Forces for long-lasting period. While material motives at the start, in the long run shorten stay in the Armed Forces. At the same, it is evident that trends change together with service duration, and over years. The research was performed under project ‘Factors of attracting staff to professional military service in Lithuania: incentives, motives, potential candidates and a value proposition’ (grant No.S-REP-25-5), funded from the Research Council of Lithuania
Emotional resilience for wellbeing and employability: the role of learning and training : volume II /
No full textThe Reflection of Lithuania in Hungarian Digital Media in 2022–2024 in the Light of the Recent European Security Situation.
No full textThe paper analyses the representation of Lithuania in the five most visited Hungarian news websites (Index, Telex, Portfolio, 24, 444) in the period from 1 January 2022 to 30 June 2024 aiming to evaluate in which thematic contexts and in what ways Lithuania is being represented in the Hungarian language media in the light of the recent European security situation. The study revealed that the Hungarian news websites analysed in the research covered various issues related to Lithuania providing a broad panoramic view on topicalities of Lithuania. These news were divided into two parts: the security news, covering anything related to Russia‘s war against Ukraine and European security issues, and also all the other news. The study revealed that Lithuania during the researched period was mainly represented in the light of the Russian war against Ukraine and the European security situation, yet there were also many other regularly appearing references to Lithuania in the Hungarian media reflecting Lithuanian topicalities. The study aims to contribute to the discussions about the bilateral Lithuanian and Hungarian relations in the twenty first century also aspiring to focus on the European integration dimension in the media in the light of unity within NATO and EU
Assessment of the Link Between Urban Quality of Life and Migration Flows: The Case of Lithuania /
No full textOne of the main reasons for migration is the search for a better quality of life. The concept of quality of life is very broad, encompassing economic, social, political, and cultural factors. According to the World Migration Report 2022, 3.6 percent of the world’s population are migrants. This number is growing due to geopolitical reasons. Increasing migration flows affect the growth of the part of the population living in urban areas, that is, urbanisation. The scale of migration is growing along with the search for a better life. In Lithuania, according to the Department of Statistics, as well as throughout the world, the number of people living in cities is constantly growing; for comparison, a 3% growth has been observed over 4 years, in the European Union, according to the World Bank, 1%, and in the world—1%. The term urbanisation also describes social changes that are determined by the concentration of the population. To ensure quality of life, cities face challenges such as ensuring security, integration of migrants into society and the labour market, the functioning of the health and education system, and sustainable development of cities. Despite growing interest, the impact of migrant flows on the quality of life in cities has not been sufficiently studied in the world scientific literature. Most research is focused on the causes of migration, migrant integration, demographic changes, or labour market interactions. However, less attention is paid to how the dynamics of migrant flows affect the quality of life in cities. Comprehensive assessment is lacking. The goal is to assess the link between quality of life and the dynamics of migration flows in urbanised areas. The article, which conducted a systematic and comparative analysis of concepts published in the scientific literature, formed the concept of quality of life in urban areas, identified the factors that determine quality of life, and studied the link between the quality of life in the city and the dynamics of migration flows. This assessment will allow us to combine the factors that determine quality of life in terms of changes in migrant flows into a common system. To achieve this goal, statistical processing, correlation analysis, and CRITIC methods will be applied
Building Adaptive and Resilient Distance Military Education Systems Through Data-Driven Decision-Making /
No full textDistance learning has become essential to higher education, yet its application in military officer training presents unique academic, operational, and security challenges. For Lithuania’s future officers, remote education must foster not only knowledge acquisition but also decision-making, leadership, and operational readiness—competencies traditionally developed in immersive, in-person environments. This study addresses these challenges by integrating System Dynamics Modelling, Contemporary Risk Management Standards (ISO 31000:2022; Dynamic Risk Management Framework), and Learning Analytics to evaluate the interdependencies among twelve critical factors influencing the system resilience and effectiveness of distance military education. Data were collected from fifteen domain experts through structured pairwise influence assessments, applying the fuzzy DEMATEL method to map causal relationships between criteria. Results identified key causal drivers such as Feedback Loop Effectiveness, Scenario Simulation Capability, and Predictive Intervention Effectiveness, which most strongly influence downstream outcomes like learner engagement, risk identification, and instructional adaptability. These findings emphasize the strategic importance of upstream feedback, proactive risk planning, and advanced analytics in enhancing operational readiness. By bridging theoretical modelling, contemporary risk governance, and advanced learning analytics, this study offers a scalable framework for decision-making in complex, high-stakes education systems. The causal relationships revealed here provide a blueprint not only for optimizing military distance education but also for enhancing overall system resilience and adaptability in other critical domains
Human-centric approach to cyber threat identification: the role of cognition, experience, and education in decision-making /
No full textThis study explores the impact of human factors on cybersecurity, emphasizing how cognitive biases and the blend of knowledge, experience, and education affect cyber threat detection. It reveals that specialized education and experience enhance the ability to identify complex threats. The research, using a gamified questionnaire, assesses decision-making in simulated cyber attacks, highlighting the value of domain expertise in critical tasks like threat identification and response. It suggests further research into confidence and self-efficacy's roles in cybersecurity and underscores the need for focused training to improve detection skills and incident reporting, aiming to bolster cybersecurity defences
Sustainable Approaches in Professional Higher Education: The Role of Distance Learning, Integrity of Teaching Methodology, and Classroom Innovation /
No full textThe rapid digital transformation of higher education creates opportunities and challenges, particularly in professional programmes where students must balance academic learning with preparation for operational duties, such as in medicine, engineering, and defence. While digital technologies are widely used in higher education, their sustainable integration into professional contexts, especially security and defence education, remains underexplored. This study investigates the determinants of perceived e-learning usefulness among undergraduates (cadets) at the Lithuanian Military Academy, applying an adapted technology acceptance model framework. A structured questionnaire was used to measure constructs related to distance learning effectiveness, classroom innovation, security, sustainability of digital systems, and individual learning preferences, with hypotheses tested through mediation and moderated mediation models. The results indicate that the effectiveness of distance learning is the strongest factor influencing intention to use it, supported by the roles of classroom innovation and system security. Perceived usefulness further emerges as both a direct predictor of adoption and a conditional factor shaping the impact of pedagogical and infrastructural design on acceptance. These findings extend traditional technology acceptance frameworks and provide new insights into how sustainable digital teaching can be fostered in higher professional education, where academic quality and operational readiness must be aligned
Attractiveness of the Lithuanian Armed Forces as an employer: An empirical perspective from the military sector /
No full textType of the article: Research Article AbstractNowadays, the challenge of increasing personnel retention by aligning organizational values with the expectations of active-duty soldiers remains relevant in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. Using the parallel mediation modeling method, this study focuses on the value of interest as a symbolic component of employer attractiveness, reflecting the perception of meaningful, intellectually engaging, and purposeful work. The research hypotheses are tested using a sample of 276 Lithuanian active-duty soldiers. The mediation effects are checked using PROCESS v3.5 and bootstrap 5000. The results show that the value of interest significantly predicts the perception of four main employer attributes: social, economic, developmental, and application values. The validated theoretical framework showed that symbolic perceptions shape several aspects of employer attractiveness. Furthermore, the study shows that developmental value and economic value significantly mediated the relationship between interest value and intention to continue serving, demonstrating that symbolic engagement alone is not sufficient, as soldiers are more likely to remain in service when clear career growth opportunities and adequate financial rewards reinforce such engagement. Conversely, social and applied values did not show a significant mediating effect, suggesting that they are less important in shaping long-term decisions about personnel retention in the military. Overall, the findings offer practical implications for employer branding and human resources strategies, highlighting the need to integrate both symbolic meaning and instrumental benefits to meet the evolving expectations of military personnel. AcknowledgmentWe acknowledge the General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania for financial support in publishing this article
Modeling Dynamic Regime Shifts in Diffusion Processes: Approximate Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Two-Threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Models /
No full textThis study addresses the problem of estimating parameters in a two-threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck diffusion process, a model suitable for describing systems that exhibit changes in dynamics when crossing specific boundaries. Such behavior is often observed in real economic and physical processes. The main objective is to develop and evaluate a method for accurately identifying key parameters, including the threshold levels, drift changes, and diffusion coefficient, within this stochastic framework. The paper proposes an iterative algorithm based on approximate maximum likelihood estimation, which recalculates parameter values step by step until convergence is achieved. This procedure simultaneously estimates both the threshold positions and the associated process parameters, allowing it to adapt effectively to structural changes in the data. Unlike previously studied single-threshold systems, two-threshold models are more natural and offer improved applicability. The method is implemented through custom programming and tested using synthetically generated data to assess its precision and reliability. The novelty of this study lies in extending the approximate maximum likelihood framework to a two-threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and in developing an iterative estimation procedure capable of jointly recovering both threshold locations and regime-specific parameters with proven convergence properties. Results show that the algorithm successfully captures changes in the process dynamics and provides consistent parameter estimates across different scenarios. The proposed approach offers a practical tool for analyzing systems influenced by shifting regimes and contributes to a better understanding of dynamic processes in various applied fields