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Artemis Accords and Resource Mining in Outer Space
No full textThis book explores the timely intersection of international law, space exploration, and global equity, focusing on the implications of the Artemis Accords. As humanity embarks on a new era of space exploration, driven by technological advancements and geopolitical competition, the Artemis Accords represent a pivotal milestone in shaping the legal frameworks for outer space activities. These non-binding agreements, established by NASA and the U.S. Department of State, facilitate international cooperation in civil exploration and the peaceful use of the Moon, Mars, and other celestial bodies. The Accords outline a structure for resource mining on the Moon while emphasizing peaceful exploration. However, they also raise questions about governance, ownership, and accountability, particularly regarding private enterprises and international competition.
The book critically examines the potential for space resource mining to perpetuate global inequities, drawing parallels with historical patterns of colonialism. It emphasizes the need for more equitable frameworks that allow nations, including those from the Global South, to benefit from space exploration. The contributors, experts in space law and policy, provide diverse perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of resource mining in outer space, addressing ethical and environmental considerations to promote sustainability. Through case studies and analysis, the book offers innovative solutions for ensuring a just and inclusive future for space exploration, making it an essential resource for legal scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in space law and global equity
Artemis Accords as Evolutive Law-Making: Lunar Space Mining and the Rise of Space Militarisation
No full textThe new age of technological developments continues to bring humanity much closer to Moon surface mining. Tapping the lunar economy could provide humanity with the potential to expand its presence on the Moon, as well as further into the solar system. In this context, the Artemis Accords and the geopolitics around it are shaping new complexities of lunar resource extraction. While exploiting the lunar economy is the primary objective of the Artemis Accords, the non-binding principles apply to civil activities in outer space, and all activities that may take place on the Moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids, including their surfaces and subsurfaces, as well as in orbit of the Moon or Mars, in the Lagrangian points for the Earth-Moon system, and in transit between these celestial bodies and locations. The United States drafted the Accords is building consensus, and as of January 2025, the number of signatories has grown to 53. The Artemis Accords express a soft obligation to ‘reinforce and implement the Outer Space Treaty, the Registration Convention, the Agreement on the Rescue and Return of Astronauts’ and ‘other norms of behaviour that NASA and its partners have supported’. However, some of the principles raise concerns about its consistencies with the fundamentals of space law as it introduce concepts such as safety zones, resource extraction and use and interoperability. It creates new challenges that raise questions about sovereignty, commercial rights, sustainability in space and potential military use of the lunar environment, as nations may leverage lunar activities for strategic dominance. This chapter explores the Artemis Accords as a new form of evolutive lawmaking redesigning global space governance through unipolarism masquerading as multilateralism. The chapter primarily focuses on how the Accords can foster competitive dynamics among spacefaring nations, which may accelerate the development of dual-use technologies under the facade of peaceful exploration. By placing the Accords within the broader context of astropolitical diplomacy, this chapter explores the future of lunar space mining and how the Accords will shape the future norms of militarisation and commercial exploitation of the lunar environment
The contribution of the United Nations to the development of international space law
No full textThe international legal framework for outer space activities has largely been developed through the consensus process within the Vienna-based United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), the primary multilateral fora dealing with the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. The UNCOPUOS has made a remarkable contribution to the development of the international regulatory framework for space through the adoption of five binding Treaties, five sets of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Principles, as well as an array of other ‘soft law’ instruments. This chapter examines the development of this international regulatory framework within the UNCOPUOS, and the major role it continues to play in promoting international cooperation in the field of space exploration. Lastly, it discusses the evolution of this framework within the security perspective of space activities addressed by the First Committee of the UNGA and in the Conference on Disarmament (CD)
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Aerodrome Governance in Asia ::Legal and Managerial Perspectives /
No full textThis book disseminates valuable information from both legal and managerial sides related to airport governance in Asia. With the expansion of existing airports and construction of new airports, legal and managerial aspects have become most significant for different stakeholders. Recognizing the continuous rising importance of the sector, aviation law and management courses are also being offered across the globe. The book caters to the needs of a wide spectrum of readers including scholars, researchers and students of law, aviation management, international relations and related fields; policymakers, regulators and government officials who are involved in regulating, managing and developing aerodromes in Asian countries; and professionals in aviation industry; including airport operators, airlines, aviation consultants and legal practitioners
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Chemicals and Hazardous Waste Management: International Norms and their Implementation in India
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to analyse the status of Chemicals and Hazardous waste management in India. Chemicals and hazardous wastes generated in the current industrialised world cause serious damage to human health and the environment. India is a party to five international instruments, namely the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Minamata Convention on Mercury, and the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), to protect the environment from the evil effects of chemicals and hazardous wastes. Financial and technological constraints, lack of awareness, the attitude of indifference of industrial units, the developmental needs of the country, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms have severely affected Indian compliance status vis-a-vis international norms. Evaluating the present scenario, especially to unearth the problems faced in grassroots-level implementation and to address them adequately, is indispensable to prevent the looming catastrophe.
We have discussed the five international instruments and India’s obligations as a member state in the first part of the paper followed by the status of chemicals and hazardous management in the country by analysing the national inventory of hazardous wastes from 2016-2022. In the final segment, we have summarised our findings and provided our independent opinion on measures that may be taken for the sound management of chemical and hazardous wastes in the country
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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