21 research outputs found
Essai méthodologique sur des stéréotypes régionaux au Canada
Get PDFL'auteur, cartographe-géographe, s'est proposé trois objectifs :— un essai de géographie psychologique sur les images mentales régionales, se rattachant à la géographie du comportement ;— un essai méthodologique utilisant quelques procédés simples de statistique descriptive.— une recherche sur la transmission comparée d'informations par procédés graphiques et par procédés statistiques.Les données utilisées ont été recueillies à l'aide de 75 questionnaires à quatre voletsconcernant un Québécois, un Torontois, un Français, un citoyen des Etats-Unis. Malgré la faiblesse numérique des échantillons, des représentations régionales contrastées ont pu être dégagées.As a geographer and a cartographer, the author had in mind a threefold scope :—• to bring a contribution to psychological and behavioral geography, by analyzing regional mental images ;— to get students acquainted with simple quantitative methods of descriptive statistics ;— to initiate a cartographical research dealing with noises in the transmission of informations, by comparing graphs and figures.The datas were collected through 75 four pages questionaries, in order to get descriptions of a Quebec-City citizen, a Toronto citizen, a Frenchman, and a U.S. citizen. In spite of the numerical scantiness of the samples, regional differences were noticeable
Le développement de la théorie de l'esprit chez l'enfant de 4 à 7 ans (articulation des concepts de savoir et de croyance en situation d'incertitude)
No full textLa théorie de l esprit est au centre de notre conception de l être humain ; elle nous permet d expliquer et de prédire nos comportements en référence à nos représentations. Sa compréhension constitue donc un enjeu à la fois social et épistémique. Grâce à cinq expériences auprès d enfants de 4 à 7 ans, cette thèse explore le développement cognitif à travers les attributions de croyances et de savoir en situation d'incertitude. Cette forme d ignorance est différente de la situation de fausse croyance classique dans laquelle une croyance unique, opposée au réel, doit être identifiée. En situation d incertitude, les multiples croyances d un agent intentionnel ne se définissent plus par rapport à la réalité (croyances vraies et fausses), mais en terme de croyances possibles ou impossibles. Cette étude montre que le concept de croyance s affranchit progressivement de la réalité : Au premier stade (avant 4 ans) les croyances doivent correspondre à la réalité en tous points ; au deuxième stade (entre 4 ans et 6 ans ) l'incertitude est levée par l'attribution systématique des croyances qui sont soit conformes soit opposées à la réalité ; au troisième stade, les enfants parviennent à attribuer des croyances en situation d'incertitude indépendamment de la réalité. Au-delà de cette actualisation du développement des concepts épistémiques, l auteur propose une lecture dynamique du développement de l enfant. Il met à jour les changements dans la structure du raisonnement et suggère de prendre en compte les heuristiques que l enfant utilise pour palier à un déficit conceptuel lors du passage d une structure stable à une autreTheory of mind is in the centre of our design of human person; it enables us to explain and predict our behaviours in reference to our representations. Its comprehension constitutes both a social and an epistemic stake. Based on five experiments for children aged from 4 to 7-years-old, this thesis explores their attributions of beliefs and knowledge in situation of uncertainty. This type of ignorance is different from the standard situation of false belief in which a single belief, opposed to reality, has to be identified. In uncertain situations, the multiple beliefs of an intentional agent are not defined on the basis of reality (true and false beliefs), but in term of possible or impossible beliefs. This study shows that the concept of belief is gradually independent from reality: At the first stage (before 4 years) beliefs must correspond to reality in all points; at the second stage (between 4 years and 6 years ) uncertainty is raised by beliefs systematic attributions either in conformity or opposed to reality; at the third stage, the child manage to attribute beliefs in situation of uncertainty independently of the state of the world. Beyond this actualisation of the development of the epistemic concepts, the author proposes a dynamic reading of the child development. He updates the changes in the structure of the reasoning and suggests taking into account the heuristics that the child uses to make for a conceptual deficit when growing from a stable structure to another oneBESANCON-BU Lettres (250562101) / SudocSudocFranceF
Location and Identification on Chromosome 3B of Bread Wheat of Genes Affecting Chiasma Number
Get PDFInternational audienceUnderstanding meiotic crossover (CO) variation in crops like bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is necessary as COs are essential to create new, original and powerful combinations of genes for traits of agronomical interest. We cytogenetically characterized a set of wheat aneuploid lines missing part or all of chromosome 3B to identify the most influential regions for chiasma formation located on this chromosome. We showed that deletion of the short arm did not change the total number of chiasmata genome-wide, whereas this latter was reduced by ~35% while deleting the long arm. Contrary to what was hypothesized in a previous study, deletion of the long arm does not disturb the initiation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) in early meiotic stages. However, progression of the SC is abnormal, and we never observed its completion when the long arm is deleted. By studying six different deletion lines (missing different parts of the long arm), we revealed that at least two genes located in both the proximal (C-3BL2-0.22) and distal (3BL7-0.63-1.00) deletion bins are involved in the control of chiasmata, each deletion reducing the number of chiasmata by ~15%. We combined sequence analyses of deletion bins with RNA-Seq data derived from meiotic tissues and identified a set of genes for which at least the homoeologous copy on chromosome 3B is expressed and which are involved in DNA processing. Among these genes, eight (CAP-E1/E2, DUO1, MLH1, MPK4, MUS81, RTEL1, SYN4, ZIP4) are known to be involved in the recombination pathway
The Spoken Word, the Book and the Image in the Work of Evangelization
No full textLittle is known about the ‘material’ equipment of the early missionaries who set out to evangelize pagans and apostates, since the authors of the sources focused mainly on the successes (or failures) of the missions. Information concerning the ‘infrastructure’ of missions is rather occasional and of fragmentary nature. The major part in the process of evangelization must have been played by the spoken word preached indirectly or through an interpreter, at least in the areas and milieus remote from the centers of ancient civilization. It could not have been otherwise when coming into contact with communities which did not know the art of reading, still less writing. A little more attention is devoted to the other two media, that is, the written word and the images. The significance of the written word was manifold, and – at least as the basic liturgical books are concerned (the missal, the evangeliary?) – the manuscripts were indispensable elements of missionaries’ equipment. In certain circumstances the books which the missionaries had at their disposal could acquire special – even magical – significance, the most comprehensible to the Christianized people (the examples given: the evangeliary of St. Winfried-Boniface in the face of death at the hands of a pagan Frisian, the episode with a manuscript in the story of Anskar’s mission written by Rimbert). The role of the plastic art representations (images) during the missions is much less frequently mentioned in the sources. After quoting a few relevant examples (Bede the Venerable, Ermoldus Nigellus, Paul the Deacon, Thietmar of Merseburg), the author also cites an interesting, although not entirely successful, attempt to use drama to instruct the Livonians in the faith while converting them to Christianity, which was reported by Henry of Latvia
High-Resolution Mapping of Crossover Events in the Hexaploid Wheat Genome Suggests a Universal Recombination Mechanism
No full textAbstract
During meiosis, crossovers (COs) create new allele associations by reciprocal exchange of DNA. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), COs are mostly limited to subtelomeric regions of chromosomes, resulting in a substantial loss of breeding efficiency in the proximal regions, though these regions carry ∼60–70% of the genes. Identifying sequence and/or chromosome features affecting recombination occurrence is thus relevant to improve and drive recombination. Using the recent release of a reference sequence of chromosome 3B and of the draft assemblies of the 20 other wheat chromosomes, we performed fine-scale mapping of COs and revealed that 82% of COs located in the distal ends of chromosome 3B representing 19% of the chromosome length. We used 774 SNPs to genotype 180 varieties representative of the Asian and European genetic pools and a segregating population of 1270 F6 lines. We observed a common location for ancestral COs (predicted through linkage disequilibrium) and the COs derived from the segregating population. We delineated 73 small intervals (&lt;26 kb) on chromosome 3B that contained 252 COs. We observed a significant association of COs with genic features (73 and 54% in recombinant and nonrecombinant intervals, respectively) and with those expressed during meiosis (67% in recombinant intervals and 48% in nonrecombinant intervals). Moreover, while the recombinant intervals contained similar amounts of retrotransposons and DNA transposons (42 and 53%), nonrecombinant intervals had a higher level of retrotransposons (63%) and lower levels of DNA transposons (28%). Consistent with this, we observed a higher frequency of a DNA motif specific to the TIR-Mariner DNA transposon in recombinant intervals.</jats:p
GEOGRAPHIC SPACE, TOPOGRAPHY, CARTOGRAPHY AND URBAN PLANNING
Get PDF[EN] Urbanism is a discipline that converges the study of occupied space by a given territory and their management. The physical, geographical and historical characteristic of this territory are known through its topography and cartography, and these disciplines are the graphic base on which the organization is supported. Above them is reflected the current state of the territory under study; it identifies planning guidelines and reformed spelling territory, making it indispensable in the process of transformation and planning.The present article presents and justifies the need to use topography and cartography in the analysis of geographical space to order, as well as the relationship between geography, cartography and planning.[ES] El urbanismo es una disciplina que converge entre el estudio del espacio ocupado por un determinado territorio y su ordenación. Las características físicas, geográficas e históricas de ese territorio se conocen a través de la topografía y la cartografía, y son estas disciplinas la base gráfica sobre la que se sustenta la ordenación. Sobre ellas se plasma el estado actual del territorio objeto de estudio, se señalan las pautas de la planificación y se grafía el territorio reformado; haciéndolas pues indispensables en el proceso de transformación y ordenación territorial.En el presente artículo se expone y se justifica la necesidad de emplear la topografía y la cartografía en el análisis del espacio geográfico a ordenar, así como la relación existente entre la geografía, la cartografía y la planificación territorialMaza Vázquez, F. (2015). Espacio geográfico, topografía, cartografía y planificación. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 20(25):218-227. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2015.3675SWORD2182272025Arocha, J. L., 1978, Fundamentals of Cartography. Caracas. JOLAR author editions. Fourth Edition.Bunge, W., 1962. Theoretical Geography. Lund. C.W.K. Gleerup, Publishers. Second Edition. 290 pp, 1973. First Edition.Chías Navarro, P., 2009. "The historical maps in the study of the construction of territory and landscape. Maps and drawings of civil lawsuits in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.". EGA. Journal of Architectural Graphic Expression, vol. 14, p. 50-59.Cuenin, R., 1972. Cartographie générale. Paris. Editions Enrolles. Tome 1: Notions générales et d'élaborations. 324 pp. Take 2: Méthodes et techniques of production, pp 208.Harvey, D., 1983, Theories, laws and models in geography, Alianza Editorial. Madrid.Joly, F., 1979. Cartography. Editorial Ariel. Barcelona.Maza Vazquez, F., 2008. Evolution of Guadalajara as spatial mapping. Edit: Board of Culture of the City of Guadalajara, 2008.Rimbert, S., 1968. Deletions of thematic mapping, SEDES, Paris., 139 pp.Robinson, A.H .; Sale, R.D .; Morrison, J. L. and Muehrcke, Ph.C., 1987. Elements of Cartography. Barcelona. Omega.Salitschev, K. A., 1983. Cartographic Communication: A Theoretical Survey. Progress in Contemporay Cartography, Volume 2 Wiley, pp 11-35.Wooldridge, SW., 1957. Meaning and Purpose of Geography. Buenos Aires. Editorial Mora, 1957
Le paysage de la gentrification à Barcelone
Get PDFCet article présente en quoi le paysage urbain permet d’appréhender le phénomène de gentrification. En mettant en évidence la rareté des travaux espagnols sur la gentrification et en s’appuyant sur un corpus photographique de Ciutat Vella (le centre médiéval et pré-XIXe siècle de Barcelone), l’auteur cherche à souligner l’apport de cette méthodologie pour comprendre un phénomène qui modifie en profondeur le paysage urbain et social. L’article s’appuie sur la lecture du paysage urbain élaborée par S. Rimbert et les réflexions de D. Mendibil et J.-M. Schaeffer sur la photographie. Il propose un parcours photographique autour de l’opération de rénovation de la « Rambla del Raval » dans le quartier du Raval (district de Ciutat Vella), spécifique par son histoire, son contexte socio-économique et son rôle dans l’imaginaire collectif à l’échelle de l’agglomération. Cette lecture complète l’approche quantitative et met en évidence la juxtaposition de phénomènes contradictoires autour de la Rambla del Raval, entre dégradation et gentrification en cours.Hovig Ter Minassian, The landscape of gentrification in Barcelona This article examines the way in which the urban landscape makes it possible to apprehend the phenomenon of gentrification. Pointing to the scarcity of Spanish studies on issues of gentrification and drawing on a corpus of photographs of Ciutat Vella, i.e. the medieval and pre-19th century centre of Barcelona, the author seeks to underline the contribution of this methodology to understand a phenomenon which deeply modifies the urban and social landscape. The article draws on S. Rimbert’s conceptualization of urban landscape and on the writings of D. Mendibil and J.-M. Schaeffer on photography. It offers a photographic route around the operation of renovation of the “Rambla del Raval” in the area of the Raval (district of Ciutat Vella), specific by its history, its socio-economic context and its role in the collective imaginary of the whole agglomeration. This methodology is conceived of as complementary to the quantitative approach and highlights the juxtaposition of contradictory phenomena around the “Rambla del Raval”, between degradation and gentrification in progress
Le paysage de la gentrification à Barcelone
Get PDFCet article présente en quoi le paysage urbain permet d’appréhender le phénomène de gentrification. En mettant en évidence la rareté des travaux espagnols sur la gentrification et en s’appuyant sur un corpus photographique de Ciutat Vella (le centre médiéval et pré-XIXe siècle de Barcelone), l’auteur cherche à souligner l’apport de cette méthodologie pour comprendre un phénomène qui modifie en profondeur le paysage urbain et social. L’article s’appuie sur la lecture du paysage urbain élaborée par S. Rimbert et les réflexions de D. Mendibil et J.-M. Schaeffer sur la photographie. Il propose un parcours photographique autour de l’opération de rénovation de la « Rambla del Raval » dans le quartier du Raval (district de Ciutat Vella), spécifique par son histoire, son contexte socio-économique et son rôle dans l’imaginaire collectif à l’échelle de l’agglomération. Cette lecture complète l’approche quantitative et met en évidence la juxtaposition de phénomènes contradictoires autour de la Rambla del Raval, entre dégradation et gentrification en cours.Hovig Ter Minassian, The landscape of gentrification in Barcelona This article examines the way in which the urban landscape makes it possible to apprehend the phenomenon of gentrification. Pointing to the scarcity of Spanish studies on issues of gentrification and drawing on a corpus of photographs of Ciutat Vella, i.e. the medieval and pre-19th century centre of Barcelona, the author seeks to underline the contribution of this methodology to understand a phenomenon which deeply modifies the urban and social landscape. The article draws on S. Rimbert’s conceptualization of urban landscape and on the writings of D. Mendibil and J.-M. Schaeffer on photography. It offers a photographic route around the operation of renovation of the “Rambla del Raval” in the area of the Raval (district of Ciutat Vella), specific by its history, its socio-economic context and its role in the collective imaginary of the whole agglomeration. This methodology is conceived of as complementary to the quantitative approach and highlights the juxtaposition of contradictory phenomena around the “Rambla del Raval”, between degradation and gentrification in progress
Guidelines to use Transfer Learning for Motor Imagery Detection: an experimental study
No full textInternational audienceBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) based on Motor imagery (MI) shown promising results for motor recovery, intraoperative awareness detection or assistive technology control. However, they suffer from several limitations due to the high variability of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, mainly lengthy and tedious calibration times usually required for each new day of use, and a lack of reliability for all users. Such problems can be addressed, to some extent, using transfer learning algorithms. However, the performance of such algorithms has been very variable so far, and when they can be safely used is still unclear. Therefore, in this article, we study the performance of various state-of-the-art Riemannian transfer learning algorithms on a MI-BCI database (30 users), for various conditions: 1) supervised and unsupervised transfer learning; 2) for various amount of available training EEG data for the target domain; 3) intra-session or inter-session transfer; 4) for both users with good and less good MI-BCI performances. From such experiments, we derive guidelines about when to use which algorithm. Re-centering the target data is effective as soon as a few samples of this target set are taken into account. This is true even for an intra-session transfer learning. Likewise, re-centering is particularly useful for subjects who have difficulty producing stable motor imagery from session to session
Guidelines to use Transfer Learning for Motor Imagery Detection: an experimental study
No full textInternational audienceBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) based on Motor imagery (MI) shown promising results for motor recovery, intraoperative awareness detection or assistive technology control. However, they suffer from several limitations due to the high variability of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, mainly lengthy and tedious calibration times usually required for each new day of use, and a lack of reliability for all users. Such problems can be addressed, to some extent, using transfer learning algorithms. However, the performance of such algorithms has been very variable so far, and when they can be safely used is still unclear. Therefore, in this article, we study the performance of various state-of-the-art Riemannian transfer learning algorithms on a MI-BCI database (30 users), for various conditions: 1) supervised and unsupervised transfer learning; 2) for various amount of available training EEG data for the target domain; 3) intra-session or inter-session transfer; 4) for both users with good and less good MI-BCI performances. From such experiments, we derive guidelines about when to use which algorithm. Re-centering the target data is effective as soon as a few samples of this target set are taken into account. This is true even for an intra-session transfer learning. Likewise, re-centering is particularly useful for subjects who have difficulty producing stable motor imagery from session to session
