1,721,005 research outputs found
The effects of globalization on artisanal fisheries in the magellan and chilean antarctic region
No full textMSc International Development Studies (Research)
Maestría en Estudios de Desarrollo Internacional (Investigación)Globalization and changes in international markets have effected the local level by defining and redefining the local production schemes, excluding or including actors, transforming local cultures, and influencing the ecosystems’ sustainability. While there is vast literature about local and global economic interactions and value chains of various fisheries, there are no studies on the value chain and socioeconomic issues of the southern king crab. Therefore, this research aims to understand the consequences of global fishing markets on the Magellan and Chilean Antarctic regions by studying the history and value chain of this fishery and the effects of global value chains (GVC) on the social well-being of those artisanal fishers involved in this activity.
A mixed-methods approach was applied, employing observations, semi-structured and unstructured in-depth interviews, and a survey with the fishers and key informants. This study finds a simplification in the production requirements due to the new markets’ preferences oriented in less processed seafood. One of the main buyers, China, has influenced the transformations in the production process by buying whole frozen products instead of canned food. However, despite a lower added value, the prices paid for this marine resource are higher than in the past due to the increasing demand and hard competition among suppliers. This increase in price influences the social mobility and the objective well-being of the fishers and differentiates this activity from other Chilean fisheries because of the income.
The king crab’s case deepens the knowledge about the complexity in fisheries’ structures and highlights the social dimensions of them. By showing how globalization and globalization of fisheries have developed highly regulated and competitive artisanal fishing activity, this study shows the importance of complementing the predominantly technical and ecological analyses of fisheries with a socio-economic and well-being perspective. Hence the author argues for a more holistic approach towards the effective governance of king crab fisheries and fair allocation of benefits for all the actors involved, specifically, for the most vulnerable in the chain: the artisanal fishers.La globalización y los cambios en los mercados internacionales han afectado el nivel local al definir y
redefinir los esquemas de producción local, excluir o incluir actores, transformar las culturas locales,
e influir en la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas. Si bien existe una gran cantidad de literatura sobre los
interacciones económicas y cadenas de valor de varias pesquerías, no hay estudios sobre la cadena de valor y cuestiones socioeconómicas del cangrejo real del sur. Por tanto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender la consecuencias de los mercados pesqueros mundiales en las regiones de Magallanes y Antártida Chilena mediante el estudio la historia y la cadena de valor de esta pesquería y los efectos de las cadenas de valor globales (CGV) en el bienestar de los pescadores artesanales involucrados en esta actividad.
Se aplicó un enfoque de métodos mixtos, empleando observaciones, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas, entrevistas en profundidad y una encuesta a los pescadores e informantes clave. Este estudio encuentra un simplificación en los requerimientos de producción debido a las preferencias de los nuevos mercados orientadas en menos mariscos procesados. Uno de los principales compradores, China, ha influido en las transformaciones del proceso de producción comprando productos congelados enteros en lugar de alimentos enlatados. Sin embargo, a pesar de una menor valor agregado, los precios pagados por este recurso marino son más altos que en el pasado debido a la demanda creciente y competencia dura entre proveedores. Este aumento de precio influye en la movilidad social y el bienestar objetivo de los pescadores y diferencia esta actividad de otras pesquerías chilenas por los ingresos. El caso del cangrejo real profundiza el conocimiento sobre la complejidad de las estructuras pesqueras y
destaca las dimensiones sociales de los mismos. Al mostrar cómo la globalización y la globalización de
pesquerías han desarrollado una actividad pesquera artesanal altamente regulada y competitiva, este estudio muestra la importancia de complementar los análisis predominantemente técnicos y ecológicos de
pesquerías con una perspectiva socioeconómica y de bienestar. De ahí que el autor defienda una mayor
enfoque holístico hacia la gobernanza eficaz de las pesquerías de centolla y la asignación justa de beneficios para todos los actores involucrados, específicamente, para los más vulnerables de la cadena: los pescadores artesanales.University of AmsterdamUniversidad Nacional, Costa RicaEscuela de Relaciones Internacionale
Change begets change:Employing a change perspective to inform South Africa’s coastal community conservation policy-praxis disjuncture
Full text linkContemporary biodiversity conservation is ‘wickedly complex’ since it must address the diverse objectives of protecting biodiversity and enhancing social wellbeing. Consequently, more holistic, participatory, and context-specific conservation governance approaches are required. Notwithstanding mixed results, global reviews conclude that Community-Based Conservation (CBC) – which seeks to include local community participation, knowledge and priorities – is often more effective at producing positive social and ecological outcomes than conventional ‘top-down’ approaches that exclude people from decision-making.Whilst South Africa possesses enabling legislation, to date legally recognized community-conserved areas (CCAs) have not been implemented in the coastal zone. Accordingly, this research aimed to better understand this ‘policy-praxis disjuncture’. It proposed greater understanding and potentially success could be gained by viewing CCA implementation and governance as a ‘change process’. Drawing on Commons Theory, Governance Theory, and the Theory of Change approach, a generic framework was developed that explored the factors, conditions and processes that enable the shift to a community-based mode of conservation governance. Thereafter, case study investigations were conducted in two established African coastal CCAs, and one South African ‘case-in-progress’. Findings of these cases, and the perceptions of diverse South African conservation actors, offered insights into tackling the aforementioned policy-praxis disjuncture, and culminated in developing a South African Empirical Community-Based Conservation Theory of Change Pathway. This served to make recommendations for improved planning, implementation and governance of coastal CCAs in the country. However, these recommendations should be useful to other global CBC initiatives facing similar challenges translating ‘people-centred’ conservation policy into practice
A extinção da apanha da pérola em Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu (Índia): aspectos sociais e biológicos e as suas aplicações na gestão sustentável da pesca do búzio sagrado e na melhoria das condições sociais dos mergulhadores a ela associados
No full textGlobally, changes are being felt in the fisheries sector, with a strong drive for maximizing catches on one hand and lack of resilience and recovery of stocks on the
other. In India, too, habitat loss and reduced resource abundance are contemporary
issues of concem, with great focus being put on the fishing populations dependent on
the sea for maintaining a livelihood. Tuticorin is a coastal city of the south-eastem state
of Tamil Nadu which supports a strong fishing tradition and, historically, is the centre
for the world-famous pearl fisheries. These treasures of the sea are collected by divers
who depend on the catch of an altemative resource - the sacred chank Xancus pyrum -
for their regular source of income. At present, the pearl oyster Pinctadafucara can not
support a fishery and chank stocks are also suffering accentuated declines. The divers
of Therespuram fishing village, where the greatest percentage ofthese professionals can
be found today, convey disappointment towards their current conditions and show
concem for their future and that oftheir descendents.
The pearl fisheries were taken as a case study in the present document and were
used for the purpose of creating a base of foundations which, in tum, was put to practice
through the suggestion of basic management strategies for the chank fisheries,
throughout which the diving community was given utmost importance. The major part
of the information narrated throughout this thesis was obtained through the accounts of
divers, with the research taking the fonn of a qualitative social study.Pretende-se com esta tese responder às perguntas central e secundária “que desenvolvimentos têm caracterizado as pescas da apanha de pérola e do búzio sagrado
historicamente e como têm afectado a população de mergulhadores envolvidos nesta
arte” e “como pode esta informação ser aplicada à formulação de estratégias de gestão
para a ainda existente apanha do búzio sagrado?”
Para tal, o contexto do trabalho e do documento resultante pode ser resumido a três
pontos. Primeiramente, foi elaborada uma descrição sociológica das comunidades
piscatórias praticantes da arte de mergulho para apanha da pérola e do búzio sagrado.
Fez-se ainda uma detalhada caracterização da já extinta apanha da pérola de Tuticorin,
frizando as consequências que o fim desta representou para os vários grupos envolvidos.
Por fim, sugeriram-se medidas de gestão a implementar de forma a manter a ainda viva
apanha do búzio sagrado, cuja sobrevivência parece ameaçada por factores a discutir.
O trabalho de campo foi realizado entre os dias 2 de Abril e 27 de Junho de 2003
(altura correspondente à época baixa das pescarias por mergulho para esse ano) em
Tuticorin, sudeste indiano. Durante esse período foram aplicados três modelos de
entrevistas dirigidos a diferentes grupos populacionais, sendo o principal o dos
mergulhadores. Pareceres orais foram recolhidos de forma a adquirir um conhecimento
sobre as artes de pesca, estilo de vida da comunidade e mergulhadores em particular,
laços tradicionais da sociedade com esta pescaria, entre muitas outras informações. No
total, foram empregues 44 entrevistas semi-estruturadas a mergulhadores, 18 não
estruturadas a entidades relacionadas de alguma forma com a pescaria (como sendo o
caso de funcionários do governo na altura em que a apanha da pérola se realizava,
funcionários do governo no presente por terem contacto com a comunidade piscatória e
ainda indivíduos com formação sociológica e/ou com conhecimentos sobre o núcleo
social ligado à pesca) e 3 entrevistas também não estruturadas empregues ao sector
comercial
Customary governance and expressions of living customary law at Dwesa-Cwebe: contributions to small-scale fisheries governance in South Africa
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Customary systems of marine resource governance have gained increasing attention internationally in the past three decades. Notwithstanding this, and despite the Constitutional recognition of customary governance and customary law in South Africa, the post-apartheid legislative reforms in the fisheries sector have failed to recognise customary systems of marine resource governance. Drawing on a case-study of the Dwesa-Cwebe community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, this research aimed to describe and understand the customary marine resource governance system of this community and its relationship to living customary law. It explores how this customary system of marine resource governance has interfaced with statutory and other systems of law in the past and how it continues to develop in the current context. The findings from this research highlight the distinctive nature of the customary system of marine resource governance practiced by the community of Dwesa-Cwebe and their expressions of living customary law embedded in this governance system. The nature of this system is foundationally different to that of a Western statutory governance system. This customary system of governance has interacted with the statutory system for over a century, in part distorted by this system but retaining its integrity. In the context of the Constitutional recognition of customary systems of governance and customary law, this governance system now requires understanding and recognition in a new system of marine resource governance in South Africa. This thesis explores the contribution that this system of customary governance can make towards promoting socially just smallscale fisheries in South Africa. It argues that harmonisation of the statutory and customary system of marine resource governance demands an approach to governance theory and practice that is able to imagine an alternative ‘ecology of governance’
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Denmark: Small-Scale Fishing in a Market-Based Management System
No full textThe introduction of a market-based management system of individual, transferable fishing quotas has meant a radical change in Danish fishing, with widespread consequences for the small-scale fleet, fishing practices, strategies, harbours and communities. It has led to a concentration of fishing rights, weakening small-scale fishing and making it hard for new generations of fishers to enter the sector. In this chapter, the authors describe and reflect on the process of privatisation, the consequences, and possible ways forward for small-scale fishing. The chapter also looks at recently introduced fishing policies that strive to address some of the consequences of the privatisation for young fishers and the coastal, small-scale fishing fleet in Denmark
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
