199,099 research outputs found
P Babu Balagopal's Quick Files
No full textThe Quick Files feature was discontinued and it’s files were migrated into this Project on March 11, 2022. The file URL’s will still resolve properly, and the Quick Files logs are available in the Project’s Recent Activity
P Babu Balagopal's Quick Files
No full textThe Quick Files feature was discontinued and it’s files were migrated into this Project on March 11, 2022. The file URL’s will still resolve properly, and the Quick Files logs are available in the Project’s Recent Activity
The Impact Of The Development Of ICT In Several Hungarian Economic Sectors
No full textAs the author could not find a reassuring mathematical and
statistical method in the literature for studying the effect of
information communication technology on enterprises, the author
suggested a new research and analysis method that he also used to study the Hungarian economic sectors. The question of what
factors have an effect on their net income is vital for enterprises. At first, the author studied some potential indicators related to economic sectors, then those indicators were compared to the net income of the surveyed enterprises. The resulting data showed that the growing penetration of electronic marketplaces contributed to the change of the net income of enterprises to the greatest extent.
Furthermore, among all the potential indicators, it was the only indicator directly influencing the net income of enterprises.
With the help of the compound indicator and the financial data
of the studied economic sectors, the author made an attempt to find a connection between the development level of ICT and
profitability. Profitability and productivity are influenced by a lot of other factors as well. As the effect of the other factors could not be measured, the results – shown in a coordinate system - are not full but informative.
The highest increment of specific Gross Value Added was
produced by the fields of ‘Manufacturing’, ‘Electricity, gas and water supply’, ‘Transport, storage and communication’ and
‘Financial intermediation’. With the exception of ‘Electricity, gas and water supply’, the other economic sectors belong to the group of underdeveloped branches (below 50 percent).
On the other hand, ‘Construction’, ‘Health and social work’ and
‘Hotels and restaurants’ can be seen as laggards, so they got into the lower left part of the coordinate system.
‘Agriculture, hunting and forestry’ can also be classified as a
laggard economic sector, but as the effect of the compound
indicator on the increment of Gross Value Added was less
significant, it can be found in the upper left part of the coordinate system. Drawing a trend line on the points, it can be made clear that it shows a positive gradient, that is, the higher the usage of ICT devices, the higher improvement can be detected in the specific Gross Value Added
Analisis Potensi dan Pengembangan Ekowisata Hutan Mangrove Pangkal Babu, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Provinsi Jambi
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis potensi apa saja yang terdapat pada Kawasan ekowisata hutan mangrove Pangkal Babu, Kabupaten Tanjabbar, Provinsi Jambi, (2) Faktor eksternal dan Internal yang berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan potensi ekowisata hutan mangrove Pangkal Babu, Kabupaten Tanjabbar, Provinsi Jambi, dan (3) Strategi apa yang tepat untuk mengembangkan
ekowisata mangrove Pangkal Babu, Kabupaten Tanjabbar, Provinsi Jambi.Penelitian ini berjenis kualitatif. Data penelitian diambil dari wawancara berbagai pihak yang berperan pada pengelolaan wisata mangrove Pangkal Babu, beserta masyarakat setempat. P engambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling.
Pola perancangan menggunakan analisis SWOT
dan dianalisis dengan mengunanakan AHP
(Analitytic Hierarcy Proses
Pipistrellus babu Thomas 1915
No full text<p> <i>Pipistrellus babu</i> Thomas, 1915. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 24:30.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Pakistan, Punjab, Rawalpindi, Murree, 8000 ft. (2438 m).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Afghanistan; Pakistan; N. India; Sikkim; Nepal; Bhutan; Burma; China.</p> <p>ISIS NUMBER: 5301405014019007001.</p>Published as part of <i>James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Chiroptera, pp. 111-215 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections</i> on page 197, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7352990">10.5281/zenodo.7352990</a>
Niukasti seostettujen terästen martensiitin alkulämpötila ja itseispääseminen
No full textAbstractHigh-strength low-alloy martensitic steels provide low-cost environmentally efficient solutions for weight critical engineering. The wider use of such materials will provide energy savings and reduce the carbon footprint of many products. They offer a combination of both good weldability and high strength, which makes them attractive materials for structural applications. During the rapid transformation, the martensite becomes supersaturated with carbon when compared with the equilibrium ferritic state of the steel. However, when low-carbon steels with high martensitic start temperatures (Ms) are quenched, fine carbides can form in the first formed martensite laths. This phenomenon is called auto-tempering. The martensite laths which form at low temperatures remain relatively untempered. Auto-tempered steels exhibit superior toughness and improved formability when compared to steels without auto-tempering. This thesis extends our understanding of auto-tempered martensite in as-quenched low-alloy steels. The tools used were the Gleeble physical simulator for processing the steels, electron microscopy for microstructural characterization, MATLAB to quantify the incidence of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures and Thermo-Calc software to model the microstructure.Chemical inhomogeneity caused by interdendritic microsegregation is shown to have a major influence on the slow onset of martensite. Combining segregation information with the Koistinen-Marburger equation enabled a good prediction of the experimental martensite evolution curves. The effect of hot mounting during metallographic sample preparation on as-quenched low-alloy steels was investigated. It was found that hot mounting caused additional tempering, which was manifested as new carbides appearing in the regions otherwise free of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures. Electron back scattered diffraction revealed that all the untempered regions in the auto-tempered steel were oriented with {100} planes almost parallel to the broad surface of the hot-rolled steel plate. Martensite orientation variant analysis showed that the auto-tempered and the untempered regions were part of the same packet. A custom-built MATLAB image processing tool was used to quantify the fraction of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures and the frequency distribution of degrees of auto-tempering. The Thermo-Calc modules DICTRA and TC-Prisma were used to compare the precipitation and the partitioning kinetics of carbon during the quenching process. The predictions showed satisfactory agreement with the electron microscopy results, which indicated that the Thermo-Calc software can be used to help design new low-alloy martensitic steels.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Ramesh Babu, S., Ivanov, D., & Porter, D. (2019). Influence of Microsegregation on the Onset of the Martensitic Transformation. ISIJ International, 59(1), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2018-424Self-archived versionRamesh Babu, S., Jaskari, M., Järvenpää, A., & Porter, D. (2019). The Effect of Hot-Mounting on the Microstructure of an As-Quenched Auto-Tempered Low-Carbon Martensitic Steel. Metals, 9(5), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050550Self-archived versionRamesh Babu, S., Nyyssönen, T., Jaskari, M., Järvenpää, A., Davis, T. P., Pallaspuro, S., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2019). Observations on the Relationship between Crystal Orientation and the Level of Auto-Tempering in an As-Quenched Martensitic Steel. Metals, 9(12), 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121255Self-archived versionRamesh Babu, S., Davis, T. P., Haas, T., Jarvenpää, A., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2020). Image Processing Tool Quantifying Auto-Tempered Carbides in As-Quenched Low Carbon Martensitic Steels. Metals, 10(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020171Self-archived versionRamesh Babu, S., Jaskari, M., Jarvenpää, A., Davis, T. P., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2020). Precipitation Versus Partitioning Kinetics during the Quenching of Low-Carbon Martensitic Steels. Metals, 10(7), 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070850Self-archived versionTiivistelmäSuuren lujuusluokan niukasti seostetut martensiittiset teräkset mahdollistavat kustannustehokkaat ja ympäristövaikutuksia huomioivat ratkaisut sovelluksissa, joissa materiaalin massa on ratkaiseva tekijä. Hyvien hitsattavuusominaisuuksien yhdistyminen korkeaan lujuuteen, tekee niistä houkuttelevan vaihtoehdon rakenteellisten sovellusten materiaaliksi. Nopean faasimuutoksen aikana martensiitin hiilipitoisuus ylittää tasapainon mukaisen ferriitin kylläisyysrajan. Korkean martensiitin alkamislämpötilan omaavia vähähiilisiä teräksiä karkaistaessa, hienojakoisia karbideja voi muodostua ensin muodostuneisiin martensiittisäleisiin. Tätä ilmiötä kutsutaan itseispäästöksi. Alhaisemmissa lämpötiloissa muodostuvissa martensiittisäleissä päästö jää suhteellisesti hyvin vähäiseksi. Itseispäästö parantaa sekä lujuutta että muokattavuusominaisuuksia. Tämä väitöskirja laajentaa niukasti seostettujen ja karkaistujen terästen martensiitin itseispäästön tietämystä.Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan, että kemiallisen koostumuksen epähomogeenisuus, joka johtuu dendriittien välille muodostuvasta mikrosuotaumasta, vaikuttaa huomattavasti martensiitin muodostumisen vaiheittaiseen alkuun. Suotautumasta saadun tiedon yhdistäminen Koistinen-Marburger yhtälöön mahdollisti kokeellisen martensiitin muodostumiskäyrän tarkan ennustamisen. Havaittiin, että kuumanapitus lisää pääsemistä, joka ilmenee uusien karbidien esiintymisenä. Takaisinsironneiden elektronien diffraktion menetelmällä saatu tieto paljasti, että kaikkien niiden alueiden, jotka eivät olleet päässeet, kidetasot {100} olivat lähes kohtisuoria kuumavalssatun teräslevyn valssauspintaan nähden. Martensiitin suuntautumisvariantin analyysi osoitti, että itsepäässeet alueet ja ne alueet, joilla päästöä ei ollut tapahtunut, kuuluivat samaan pakettiin. MATLAB ohjelmistolla toteutettua omaa kuvankäsittelytyökalua käyttäen määritettiin karbidien osuus itsepäässeissä mikrorakenteissa sekä itsepääsemisasteen esiintymistiheysjakaumassa. Thermo-Calc ohjelmiston DICTRA ja TC-Prisma osia käytettiin karkaisun aikaisen hiilen erkautumis- ja jakautumiskinetiikan vertailemiseen. Ennustettu tulos vertautui tyydyttävästi elektronimikroskoopilla saatuihin tuloksiin, mikä viittaa siihen että Thermo-Calc voidaan käyttää.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Ramesh Babu, S., Ivanov, D., & Porter, D. (2019). Influence of Microsegregation on the Onset of the Martensitic Transformation. ISIJ International, 59(1), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2018-424Rinnakkaistallennettu versioRamesh Babu, S., Jaskari, M., Järvenpää, A., & Porter, D. (2019). The Effect of Hot-Mounting on the Microstructure of an As-Quenched Auto-Tempered Low-Carbon Martensitic Steel. Metals, 9(5), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050550Rinnakkaistallennettu versioRamesh Babu, S., Nyyssönen, T., Jaskari, M., Järvenpää, A., Davis, T. P., Pallaspuro, S., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2019). Observations on the Relationship between Crystal Orientation and the Level of Auto-Tempering in an As-Quenched Martensitic Steel. Metals, 9(12), 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121255Rinnakkaistallennettu versioRamesh Babu, S., Davis, T. P., Haas, T., Jarvenpää, A., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2020). Image Processing Tool Quantifying Auto-Tempered Carbides in As-Quenched Low Carbon Martensitic Steels. Metals, 10(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020171Rinnakkaistallennettu versioRamesh Babu, S., Jaskari, M., Jarvenpää, A., Davis, T. P., Kömi, J., & Porter, D. (2020). Precipitation Versus Partitioning Kinetics during the Quenching of Low-Carbon Martensitic Steels. Metals, 10(7), 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070850Rinnakkaistallennettu versioAcademic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP-Pohjola auditorium (L6), Linnanmaa, on 5 February 2021, at 12 noonAbstract
High-strength low-alloy martensitic steels provide low-cost environmentally efficient solutions for weight critical engineering. The wider use of such materials will provide energy savings and reduce the carbon footprint of many products. They offer a combination of both good weldability and high strength, which makes them attractive materials for structural applications. During the rapid transformation, the martensite becomes supersaturated with carbon when compared with the equilibrium ferritic state of the steel. However, when low-carbon steels with high martensitic start temperatures (Ms) are quenched, fine carbides can form in the first formed martensite laths. This phenomenon is called auto-tempering. The martensite laths which form at low temperatures remain relatively untempered. Auto-tempered steels exhibit superior toughness and improved formability when compared to steels without auto-tempering. This thesis extends our understanding of auto-tempered martensite in as-quenched low-alloy steels. The tools used were the Gleeble physical simulator for processing the steels, electron microscopy for microstructural characterization, MATLAB to quantify the incidence of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures and Thermo-Calc software to model the microstructure.
Chemical inhomogeneity caused by interdendritic microsegregation is shown to have a major influence on the slow onset of martensite. Combining segregation information with the Koistinen-Marburger equation enabled a good prediction of the experimental martensite evolution curves. The effect of hot mounting during metallographic sample preparation on as-quenched low-alloy steels was investigated. It was found that hot mounting caused additional tempering, which was manifested as new carbides appearing in the regions otherwise free of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures. Electron back scattered diffraction revealed that all the untempered regions in the auto-tempered steel were oriented with {100} planes almost parallel to the broad surface of the hot-rolled steel plate. Martensite orientation variant analysis showed that the auto-tempered and the untempered regions were part of the same packet. A custom-built MATLAB image processing tool was used to quantify the fraction of carbides in auto-tempered microstructures and the frequency distribution of degrees of auto-tempering. The Thermo-Calc modules DICTRA and TC-Prisma were used to compare the precipitation and the partitioning kinetics of carbon during the quenching process. The predictions showed satisfactory agreement with the electron microscopy results, which indicated that the Thermo-Calc software can be used to help design new low-alloy martensitic steels.Tiivistelmä
Suuren lujuusluokan niukasti seostetut martensiittiset teräkset mahdollistavat kustannustehokkaat ja ympäristövaikutuksia huomioivat ratkaisut sovelluksissa, joissa materiaalin massa on ratkaiseva tekijä. Hyvien hitsattavuusominaisuuksien yhdistyminen korkeaan lujuuteen, tekee niistä houkuttelevan vaihtoehdon rakenteellisten sovellusten materiaaliksi. Nopean faasimuutoksen aikana martensiitin hiilipitoisuus ylittää tasapainon mukaisen ferriitin kylläisyysrajan. Korkean martensiitin alkamislämpötilan omaavia vähähiilisiä teräksiä karkaistaessa, hienojakoisia karbideja voi muodostua ensin muodostuneisiin martensiittisäleisiin. Tätä ilmiötä kutsutaan itseispäästöksi. Alhaisemmissa lämpötiloissa muodostuvissa martensiittisäleissä päästö jää suhteellisesti hyvin vähäiseksi. Itseispäästö parantaa sekä lujuutta että muokattavuusominaisuuksia. Tämä väitöskirja laajentaa niukasti seostettujen ja karkaistujen terästen martensiitin itseispäästön tietämystä.
Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan, että kemiallisen koostumuksen epähomogeenisuus, joka johtuu dendriittien välille muodostuvasta mikrosuotaumasta, vaikuttaa huomattavasti martensiitin muodostumisen vaiheittaiseen alkuun. Suotautumasta saadun tiedon yhdistäminen Koistinen-Marburger yhtälöön mahdollisti kokeellisen martensiitin muodostumiskäyrän tarkan ennustamisen. Havaittiin, että kuumanapitus lisää pääsemistä, joka ilmenee uusien karbidien esiintymisenä. Takaisinsironneiden elektronien diffraktion menetelmällä saatu tieto paljasti, että kaikkien niiden alueiden, jotka eivät olleet päässeet, kidetasot {100} olivat lähes kohtisuoria kuumavalssatun teräslevyn valssauspintaan nähden. Martensiitin suuntautumisvariantin analyysi osoitti, että itsepäässeet alueet ja ne alueet, joilla päästöä ei ollut tapahtunut, kuuluivat samaan pakettiin. MATLAB ohjelmistolla toteutettua omaa kuvankäsittelytyökalua käyttäen määritettiin karbidien osuus itsepäässeissä mikrorakenteissa sekä itsepääsemisasteen esiintymistiheysjakaumassa. Thermo-Calc ohjelmiston DICTRA ja TC-Prisma osia käytettiin karkaisun aikaisen hiilen erkautumis- ja jakautumiskinetiikan vertailemiseen. Ennustettu tulos vertautui tyydyttävästi elektronimikroskoopilla saatuihin tuloksiin, mikä viittaa siihen että Thermo-Calc voidaan käyttää
Gomphidia podhigai Babu & Subramanian 2019, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Gomphidia podhigai</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 8–22)</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> <b>Holotype:</b> 1♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Aghastyamalai biosphere reserve, Kanyakumari District, Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaliyal Range, Kaliyal Beat, Velachithodu (08.53833N, 077.31174E, 480 m asl), 04.iv.2017, leg. R. Venkitesan. Holotype deposited at Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, India with Reg. No. I /OD 1560.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species epithet “ <i>podhigai</i> ” is named after the ancient Tamil name for the Aghastyamalai were the type locality is situated.</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype.</b> <i>Head</i> (Figs. 10–12): Face bright yellow marked with black; labium yellow, base marked with black (Fig. 10); labrum black marked with large yellow spot on each side; mandibles black. Anteclypeus and clypeus bright yellow and bordered with thin black line; postclypeus with broad black band.Antefrons black and postfrons black with large yellow spot on each side (Fig. 11). Vertex and occiput black; two black robust horns on vertex with short golden hairs (red arrow in Fig.12). Eyes dark brown in preservation.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> (Figs. 13–14): Prothorax black fringed with long grey hairs. Pterothorax black marked with bright yellow; a robust spine in middorsal carina (red arrow in Fig. 13). A broad deeply interrupted yellow mesothoracic collar widely separated from pyriformed antehumeral stripes, pointed below; a small superior humeral spot and lower elongated citron yellow spot; mesepisternum black; broad bright yellow stripes on mesepimeron and metepimeron separated by a broad black stripe in metepisternum with yellow triangular spot in upper and lower end; the yellow stripe in mesepimeron slightly constricted in the middle and posterior yellow stripe cover the whole of the metepimeron; dorsally, mesepisternum and metepisternum end in backwardly directed black spine (red and white arrows in Fig. 14). <i>Legs</i>: Black with robust short spines; coxae, trochanters and fore femora with yellow spots.</p> <p> <i>Wings</i> (Fig. 9): Transparent. Ax 20 in right and left Fw; Px 15 in left and 13 in right Fw. Ax 15 and 16, Px 13 and 14 in left and right Hw; triangle 4 celled in Fw and 3 celled in Hw; super triangle 3 celled in all the wings; subtriangle 3 celled in left Fw, 2 celled in left Hw and right Fw and entire in right Hw; 3 cubital cross veins in Fw and 2 in Hw; pt black and very long about 7 celled in Fw and 6-6½ celled in Hw; anal triangle six celled in left Hw and 7 celled in right Hw.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>: Black marked with bright yellow as follows; S1 with narrow apical dorsal line; dorsum of S2 with basal triangular spot not extending to the apex; S2 with long backwardly pointed black auricle arising from triangular yellow spot at base (red arrow in Fig. 15); S3–S5 small baso-dorsal spot pointed at apical end which gradually decreases in size in S4 and S5; S6 a small basal spot in each side; S7 basal half deep reddish brown; S8 and S9 entirely black, dorsum of S10 marked with broad yellow stripe expanding as a round spot apically; laterally, marked with yellow spots towards apical end of the segment.</p> <p> <i>Anal appendages</i> (Figs. 16–18): Black, cerci long (about 7mm) equal to the length of S9, machete shaped, downwardly curved with broad base, narrow middle portion and up turned, expanded apical portion, meet with each other with a pointed end; paraprocts very small (<2mm) and triangular shaped.</p> <p> <i>Accessory genitalia</i> (Figs. 19–22): In lateral view, unexposed lamina anterior and genital lobe helmet shaped, black with yellow apices; lamina anterior and hamulus anterior fringe with long hairs (Figs. 19 & 21); ventrally, lamina anterior black, very sinuous, long, pointed and deeply hollowed out in centre (Fig. 19); extended condition, hamulus anterior black, very long, basal half very broad, expanded medially and gradually taper and end as sharply pointed strong hooks (Figs. 20–21); hamulus posterior black tipped with yellow, tongue like shape, slightly shorter than anterior, flat, obtuse at apex (Figs. 20–21). <i>Vesica spermalis</i>: V 2 long and ‘C’ shaped, V 3 shorter than V 2, apex of V 4 with short medial tubular stem extend as a long coiled flagellum on each side (red arrow in Figs. 21–22).</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm):</b> Fw 44, Hw 42, abdomen with appendages 55, cerci 7.</p> <p> <b>Female</b>: Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Differential diagnosis.</b> <i>Gomphidia podhigai</i> is compared with other <i>Gomphidia</i> species from India and Sri Lanka. <i>Gomphidia podhigai</i> is similar to <i>G. kodaguensis</i>, <i>G. pearsoni</i> and <i>G. platyceps</i> in general coloration and markings and they occupy similar habitat in hill streams of Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. However, <i>G. podhigai</i> can be easily distinguished from <i>G. platyceps</i> by the presence of a pair of horns in vertex which is absent in <i>G. platyceps</i> and from <i>G. pearsoni</i> by the presence of prominent yellow markings in S10; from <i>G. kodaguensis</i>, the new species differs by the absence of yellow markings in S8–S9. In <i>G. podhigai</i> cerci are as long as S9, but longer than S 9 in <i>G. t-nigrum</i>, <i>G. kodaguensis, G. fletcheri</i> and <i>G. williamsoni</i> (Figs. 23–26). The shape of vesica spermalis of <i>G. podhigai</i> is different from <i>G. t-nigrum</i> and <i>G. fletcheri</i> (Figs. 27–28).</p> <p> <b>Habitat and Ecology:</b> The type locality is a hill stream with large boulders in a semi evergreen forest (Fig. 29; Map-1).</p>Published as part of <i>Babu, R. & Subramanian, K. A., 2019, A new species of Gomphidia Selys, 1854 (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) from the Western Ghats of India, pp. 155-164 in Zootaxa 4652 (1)</i> on pages 157-161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4652.1.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3363637">http://zenodo.org/record/3363637</a>
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Paramacrobiotus bengalensis Basu & Babu & Siddique & Purushothaman 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Paramacrobiotus bengalensis</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 19ABAA28-D46D-4045-A126-FC628526C114</p> <p>Figs 2–7, Tables 3–4</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b></p> <p> The specific toponymic <i>bengalensis</i> refers to the State of West Bengal, India, where the type locality of this new species, ‘Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden’, Shibpur, is situated.</p> Material examined <p>32 specimens (one holotype, 28 paratypes, three voucher specimens) and five eggs were mounted on microscopic slides in Hoyer’s medium. Three specimens and two eggs were fixed for SEM preparation. Three specimens were processed for genotyping.</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b> INDIA • West Bengal, Howrah, Shibpur, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (Fig. 1); 22°33′18.1′′ N, 88°17′30.7′′ E; Rahul Babu and Subhrangshu Basu leg.; moss from a tree (Sample Code: BSI/M 8); ZSI-HQ/GNC/T1/1.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b> INDIA • 3 specs (slides); same collection data as for holotype; ZSI-HQ/GNC/T2/1, ZSI-HQ/GNC/ T3/1, ZSI-HQ/GNC/T4/1 National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India • 24 specs (slides); same collection data as for holotype; ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/001 to ZSI/TAR_IND/ WB/024 National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India • 3 voucher specs; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/V001 to ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/V003 • 5 eggs; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/E001 Protozoology Section, Zoological Survey of India HQ, New Alipore, M Block, Kolkata, India.</p> Description <p>The body is almost transparent in juveniles, white in adults, and transparent after mounting in Hoyer’s medium (Fig. 2; measurements and statistics provided in Table 3). Eyes are present in live specimens but dissolve after mounting in Hoyer’s medium.</p> <p> Mouth anteroventral, bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the <i>Macrobiotus</i> type (Fig. 3) with 10 peribuccal lamellae and ventral lamina. The oral cavity armature is well developed and composed of three bands of teeth (Fig. 3B–C). The teeth in the first band are granular in shape and smaller than those in the other two bands. The first band of teeth is situated in the anterior portion of the oral cavity behind the bases of the peribuccal lamellae. The second band, situated between the ring fold and the third band (Fig. 3B–C) is intermediate in size, continuous, and arranged in a row that runs around the oral cavity wall. The second band comprises cone shaped teeth which are parallel to the main axis of the buccal tube. Teeth of the second band are uniform and regular and are not joined to each other. The third band is located at the rear end of the oral cavity between the second band teeth and the buccal tube opening. The third band is divided into two parts: dorsal and ventral, with three ventral and three dorsal teeth each (two lateral and one median, which is always slightly shorter than the lateral ones). The dorsal and ventral portions are visible under the PCM as one median ridge and two lateral transverse ridges. The medioventral tooth of the third band of teeth is subdivided into two to three smaller teeth (Fig. 3B). Additional granular teeth are absent between the second and third band of teeth on the ventral side. The pharyngeal bulb is spherically shaped with triangular apophyses. Three macroplacoids and rod-shaped microplacoids are present and distinctly visible under PCM (Fig. 3A, D). The macroplacoid sequence is 2<1 ≤3, and the first macroplacoid is anteriorly thinner and arrow-shaped. The second macroplacoid is bar-shaped without constriction, whereas the third macroplacoid has a distinct sub-terminal constriction (Fig. 3D).</p> <p> The claws are Y-shaped and of the <i>hufelandi</i> type. The primary claw branches have distinct accessory points, a common tract, and a stalk that connects the claw and lunula (Fig. 4A). The lunulae under all the claws on all the legs are smooth (Fig. 4). Leg cuticle is smooth, without any granulations present in legs I–III. Granulation is present on the hind legs but only faintly visible (Fig. 4D). Cuticular bars under the claws absent. In PCM, muscle attachments under claws I to III are visible (Fig. 4B–C).</p> <p>Eggs laid freely, white/colourless with 12–14 cone-shaped processes on the circumference (Fig. 5; measurements and statistics provided in Table 4). The space between processes is areolated with 8 to 10 areolas present around each process (Fig. 6). The surface of the areoles is without pores but sculptured with wrinkles. Processes trunk cone shaped with a cap-like structure on the top (Fig. 7), with fine villilike protrusions. Under PCM egg processes walls have fine reticulation which is caused by the internal labyrinthine layer within the chorion (Fig. 7A–B).</p> DNA sequences <p>We obtained sequences for two DNA markers. Out of these two successfully sequenced markers, 18S rRNA was represented by two haplotypes, whereas a single haplotype was found for COI: the 18S rRNA haplotype 1 sequence (GenBank: ON923868), 1017 bp long; the 18S rRNA haplotype 2 sequence (GenBank: ON923866) 1014 bp long; the COI haplotype 1 sequence (GenBank: OP531839), 658 bp long.</p> Phylogenetic analysis <p> The phylogenetic reconstruction performed with the BI and ML methods on the concatenated dataset of the two DNA markers showed almost identical topologies, with lower support values for the ML tree (Fig. 8A). Our analysis revealed that the <i>Paramacrobiotus richtersi</i> morphogroup forms a monophyletic clade, whereas the <i>Paramacrobiotus areolatus</i> morphogroup was recovered as a paraphyletic group (Fig. 8A–B), which was consistent with the results presented by Stec <i>et al.</i> (2020c). Phylogenetic analysis supported the discovery of <i>Paramacrobiotus bengalensis</i> sp. nov. The new species is strongly supported in the monophyletic clade of <i>Paramacrobiotus richtersi</i> in both the BI and ML phylogenetic trees, establishing that it does indeed belong to the <i>Paramacrobiotus richtersi</i> morphogroup.</p> Ecological information <p> The moss (species unknown) was collected from the mango tree <i>Mangifera indica</i> L., at a height of approximately 2 m from the ground. The altitude of the type locality is 12 m above sea level. The type locality is situated on the banks of River Ganges.</p> Species delimitation <p> ASAP and mPTP analyses of 81 COI sequences (Supp. File 4) identified 24 partitioned subsets (asapscore = 6.0) and 30 delimited species. Both analyses revealed <i>Paramacrobiotus bengalensis</i> sp. nov. as a putative new species.</p>Published as part of <i>Basu, Subhrangshu, Babu, Rahul, Siddique, Alfisa & Purushothaman, Jasmine, 2023, Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India, pp. 23-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1)</i> on pages 30-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2249, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8284346">http://zenodo.org/record/8284346</a>
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