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The early history and emergence of molecular functions and modular scale-free network behavior
Get PDFThe formation of protein structural domains requires that biochemical functions, defined by conserved amino acid sequence motifs, be embedded into a structural scaffold. Here we trace domain history onto a bipartite network of elementary functional loop (EFL) sequences and domain structures defined at the fold superfamily (FSF) level of Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP). The resulting ‘elementary functionome’ network and its EFL and FSF graph projections unfold evolutionary ‘waterfalls’ describing emergence of primordial functions. Waterfalls reveal how ancient EFLs are shared by FSF structures in two initial waves of functional innovation that involve founder ‘p-loop’ and ‘winged helix’ domain structures. They also uncover a dynamics of modular motif embedding in domain structures that is ongoing, which transfers ‘preferential’ cooption properties of ancient EFLs to emerging FSFs. Remarkably, we find that the emergence of molecular functions induces hierarchical modularity and power law behavior in network evolution as the networks of motifs and structures expand metabolic pathways and translation.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-12-01The student, Muhammad Fayez Aziz, accepted the attached license on 2015-11-07 at 12:19.The student, Muhammad Fayez Aziz, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2015-11-07 at 12:53.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2015-12-03 at 13:19.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8765 on 2016-03-02 at 14:12:51Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T21:06:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-03Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 91395
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The Sublime Qualities of Muhammad (Shama'il Muhammadiyyah): Aziz Mahmud Hudai
Get PDFŞemâil ktipları, Hz. Peygamber’in hayatını her yönüyle örnek edinme gayesine yardımcı olan eserler içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. İslam ilim geleneğinde birçok farklı metotlarda şemâil eserleri kaleme almışlardır. Anadolu insanın gönlüne taht kurmuş güzide âlim ve âriflerinden olan Azîz Mahmûd Hüdâyî Hazretleri (ö. 1038/1628) de şemâil türünde bir eser kaleme almıştır. Azîz Mahmûd Hüdâyî Hazretleri’nin, Osmanlı edebiyatı ve tasavvuf düşüncesinde önemli bir yeri olması, söz konusu eserine ayrı bir önem atfetmektedir. Kendisi bir Ehl-i beyt mensubu olan Hüdâyî Hazretleri, Hz. Peygamber’e (s.a.v) duyduğu derin muhabbetini birçok eserinde farklı açılardan ele almıştır. Bu eserlerin en başında gelen şemâil-i şerifleri, birçok yönden üzerinde titizlikle durulmayı gerektiren önemli bir eserdir.
Eser, Ehl-i beyti Resullah’a atıf yapılan rivayetleri Türkçe açıklamaktadır. Sonrasında alanda yazılmış muteber kitaplardan alıntıların yapıldığı Türkçe uzun bir bölüm vardır. Eser, Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v) yüce ahlakına dair İmam-ı Nevevî’nin (ö. 676/1277) Tezhibü’l-esmâ ve’l-lugât adlı eserinden Arapça bir alıntı ve yine Arapça kısa kronolojik siyer başlıklarını içermektedir. Bu çalışma, Aziz Mahmud Hüdayî Hazretleri’nin hayatı ve eserleri hakkında kısa bilgiler vererek Şemâil-i Şerîf adlı kıymetli eserini günümüz siyer literatürüne kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir. Azîz Mahmûd Hüdâyî Hazretleri’nin söz konusu şemâilin tespit edilebildiği kadarıyla burada neşrini yaptığımız tek bir nüshası günümüze ulaşmıştır.The books of The Sublime Qualities of Muhammad peace be upon Him (Shama il Muhammadiyyah) have a principal place in learning and interacting with the life of the Prophet Peace be upon Him in all its aspects. It is clear that the authorship of many books of Shama'il have different styles in the Islamic scientific heritage. The famous Ottoman scholar Aziz Mahmud Hudai (may Allah have mercy on him) is one of the many scholars who contributed to authoring the books of Shama'il. The fact that Sayyid Aziz Hudai is one of the most accomplished and famous writers in the field of literature gives additional support to the importance to this work.
Sayyid Aziz Hudai, who is reported to be of the offspring of The Messenger of Allah peace be upon Him, has many books in which he explores the life of the Master of mankind Muhammad peace be upon Him from various aspects that express his deep love for him. This manuscript that is in your hands deserves the most care and attention for various reasons. It is a synthesis of the noble lineage and the deep love of the owner of this Shama'il with the highest literary prowess of the Ottoman Empire.
The author begins by first recounting the various narrations of the Shama il Muhammadiyyah as narrated by the people of His blessed household Peace be upon them all, with commentary and explanation of in the margins in a most beautiful and poetic literary style. He then begins to recount Shama'il Muhammadiyyah in the Turkish language quoted from other works. Next, he quotes (in Arabic) a section from the book Tahdhib al-Asma wal-Lughat by the celebrated Scholar Imam Nawawi regarding the Beautiful Characteristic of The Prophet peace be upon him. In conclusion, he chronicles the history of The Prophet peace be upon him arranged on the years of the Prophet's migration.
This article aims to publish this rare and unique manuscript with a brief biography of its author due to its importance in the field of the Shama'il Muhammadiyya
Looking at the Traces of Islamic Education in Saudia Arabia (Study of the History of Islamic Education)
No full textThis research aims to find out the names of Islamic educational institutions, and to find out some of the names of educators and Islamic education figures. In this research the author uses historical methods or historical methods. The historical method consists of data collection, source criticism, interpretation and finally historiography. The research approaches used in this research are the geographical approach, sociological approach, educational approach and historical education. The results of this research are A) Saudi Arabia has 34 universities, with details of 26 state universities, namely: 1) Universitas Raja Saud, 2) Universitas Islam Madinah, 3) Universitas Raja Fahd untuk Perminyakan dan Mineral, 4) Universitas Raja Abdul Aziz, 5) Universitas Islam Imam Muhammad bin Saud, 6) Universitas Raja Faisal, 7) Universitas Umm Al-Qura, 8) Universitas Raja Khalid, 10) Universitas Qashim, 11) Universitas Taibah, 12) Universitas Ta\u27if, 13) Universitas Raja Saud bin Abdul Aziz untuk Ilmu Kesehatan, 14) Universitas Al-Bahah, 15) Universitas Ha\u27il, 16) Universitas Al-Jauf, 17) Universitas Jazan, 18) Universitas Najran, 19) Universitas Tabuk, 20) Universitas Putri Nurah binti Abdurrahman, 21) Universitas Al-Hudud Asy-Syamaliyyah, 22) Universitas Dammam, 23) Universitas Pangeran Salman bin Abdul Aziz, 24) Universitas Syaqra, 25) Universitas Al-Mujamma\u27ah, dan 26) Universitas Elektronik Saudi. dan 9 Perguruan Tinggi Swasta, yaitu: 1) Universitas Pangeran Sultan, 2) Universitas Terbuka Arab, 3) Universitas Internasional Al-Madinah, 4) Universitas Al-Yamamah, 5) Universitas Raja Abdullah untuk Sains dan Teknologi, 6) Universitas Al-Faisal, 7) Universitas Pangeran Muhammad bin Fahd, 8) Universitas Pangeran Fahd bin Sultan, dan 9) Universitas Darul \u27Ulum. B) several figures and educators in Saudia Arabia are: 1) Ibn Taimiyyah Rahimahullah, 2) Muhammad Ibn Abd Al-Wahab Rahimahullah, 3) Abdul Aziz bin Shalih bin Nashir bin Abdurrahman Alu Shaikh rahimahullah, 4) Syaikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz Rahimahullah, dan 5) Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih al-Utsaimin Rahimahullah
Flood management, characterization and vulnerability analysis using an integrated RS-GIS and 2D hydrodynamic modelling approach: The case of Deg Nullah, Pakistan
No full textOne-dimensional (1D) hydraulic models have been extensively used to conduct flood simulations for investigating flood depth and extent maps. However, the 1D models cannot simulate many other flood characteristics, such as flood velocity, duration, arrival time and recession time when the flow is not restricted within the channel. These flood characteristics cannot be disregarded as they play an important role in developing flood mitigation and evacuation strategies. This study formulates a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model combined with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) approach to generate additional flood characteristic maps that cannot be produced with 1D models. The model was applied to a transboundary river of Deg Nullah in Pakistan to simulate an extreme flood event experience in 2014. The flood extent images from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and observed flood extents were used to evaluate the model performance. Moreover, an entropy distance-based approach was proposed to facilitate the integrated multivariate flood vulnerability classification. The simulated 2D flood modeling results showed a good agreement with the flood extents registered by MODIS and the observed ones. The northwest parts of Deg Nullah near Seowal, Dullam Kahalwan and Zafarwal were the most vulnerable areas due to high flood depths and prolonged flooding duration. Whereas high flood velocities, short flood arrival time, prolonged flood duration and recession times were observed in the upper reach of Deg Nullah thereby making it the most susceptible, critical and vulnerable region to flooding events.Higher Education Commission of Pakista
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
CO<sub>2</sub> utilization in chemical looping gasification and co-gasification of lignocellulosic biomass components over iron-based oxygen carriers: Thermogravimetric behavior, synergistic effect, and reduction characteristics
No full textEfficient CO2 utilization in the thermochemical conversion of biomass plays an important role in creating a future low-carbon economy. This study attempts to explore the CO2-assisted chemical looping gasification and co-gasification process of lignocellulosic biomass components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) with iron oxide oxygen carriers using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Three different iron oxide oxygen carrier-to-biomass (O/B) ratios were taken into account to deeply understand the thermal degradation characteristics of individual components (O/B ratio: 0) and their blending with iron oxide oxygen carriers (O/B ratio: 0.5 and 1). Meanwhile, the reduction characteristics of three major biomass components were also investigated in terms of X-ray diffraction (XRD), synergistic interaction, and reduction degree. Experimental results suggest that the existence of iron oxide oxygen carriers could accelerate the reaction kinetics under the reactive CO2 environment, arising from the competitive relationship between the direct reduction reaction by char in biomass and the Boudouard reaction at high temperatures (600–950 °C). Interestingly, the reoxidation behavior of the reduced iron oxide is observed at high temperatures, especially for lignin. Among all the tested biomass materials, their ability to reduce iron oxide oxygen carriers under the CO2 atmosphere follows the order of biomass mixture (1:1:1 wt%)>lignin>xylan>cellulose. Moreover, the findings indicate that significant synergistic interaction exists during the CO2-assisted chemical looping co-gasification process.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Energy Technolog
Conservation in an Islamic context a case study of Makkah
Get PDFThe Holy Qu’ rān contains many injunctions for Muslims to respect and conserve the natural environment but few address the built environment. Habitat at the time of the Prophet (PBOH) was in the vernacular and relatively impermanent. The first habitat was the cave, the second the tent and then simple flat roofed buildings of post and lintel construction made of mud and rubble. Later buildings were not indigenous but reflected the architectural styles and techniques of Muslim pilgrims from beyond the Arabian Peninsula. Permanent exotic buildings were later erected as reminders of holy places and events. This work advances a case to restore and preserve historic and religious sites in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Makkah is the destination for millions of Muslim pilgrims who annually pay homage to Allah during the occasions of Hajj, Ramadan and Umra. The tranquillity and peaceful ambience that one associates with the holiest of Islamic experiences have, over the years, given way to jostling crowds of people who must be expediently housed, fed, transported, and protected. Due to the lack of planning and the insensitive but profitable development of the city, Makkah is in grave danger of becoming a bustling metropolis instead of a sanctuary where pilgrims gather to perform their religious rites and reaffirm their dedication to Allah. The author calls for professional planning and international cooperation to guide future development for this expanding and sensitive area. The author's ideas are grounded in practical and aesthetic study, therefore, the political, environmental and economic issues are examined in relationship to religious, historic and artistic values. The author makes proposals for a future Makkah that would provide pilgrims with the physical comforts, security, and serene environment they deserve—without destroying the city they came to visit. The author discusses preservation and conservation in the western world and the need for their acceptance in Muslim countries, the former being an aesthetic and intellectual concept sustained by law and the latter being the prescribed free expression of the individual unhindered by material considerations. Both worlds are rapidly being overwhelmed by materialism, but body, mind and spirit combine in making us aware of our surroundings and the way in what we see around us has come into being
Temporal emission of magnesium lines from laser-induced plasma and use in calibration curves
No full textعورت کے حوالے سے اقبال پر عزیز احمد کے اعتراضات کا جائزہ
No full textThis article challenges Aziz Ahmad's analysis in a chapter of his book Iqbal: Naī Tashkīl. The chapter relates to Iqbal's views on the role of women in a Muslim society. Aziz Ahmad proves Iqbal to be a forward looking, enlightened, non-conformist in all his views regarding the social, political and religious life of a society. This article maintains that the sources that Aziz Ahmad uses to study Iqbal's views on women are questionable. The author of this article establishes that while Iqbal’s ideas may not have been conventional, they appear to be maintaining a balance of sorts whereby only that which he considers ‘extreme’ in the West has been discouraged
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