140 research outputs found
Pioneers of Library Movement in Pakistan
Get PDFThe paper aims to describe in brief the contribution of seven leaders of Pakistan librarianship, viz. K.B. Khalifa M. Asadullah, Prof. Dr. Abdul Moid, Dr. Abdus Subuh Qasimi, Muhammad Shafi, Fazal Elahi, Khawaja Nur Elahi and S. V. Hussain. The early library developments are given for better understanding of the role of these leaders
Investigating topics and style in Vuta N`Kuvute by Shafi Adam Shafi
Get PDFIn the last decades many literary critics have appraised the works of Zanzibarian writers; referring to the prose of Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, Said Ahmed Mohamed and Shafi Adam Shafi, M M. Mulokozi wrote in 1985: \"The most significant, and certainly most spectacular, development in the Swahili fiction of the Seventies and Eighties has been the emergence of Zanzibar as the producer of the best Swahili fiction to date, and the apparent torch bearer for the Kiswahili novel of the near future\" (Arnold 1985: 174). The same enthusiasm was shared by R. Ohly who, confronting the novels written by Zanzibarian writers and those by Tanzanian and Kenyan writers in a time span going from 1975 to 1981, has defined the Zanzibarian prose a challenge to the artistic competence of other Swahili writers (cf. Ohly 1990).
Although I found the comparative pattern used by Ohly debatable, having concentrated for the up-country literary production only on popular short novels - to be better evaluated not following negative, contrastive cliches but within the context of that particular trend -, obscuring moreover other talented writers like Euphrase Kezilahabi or Claude Mung`ong`o, his criticism has nevertheless the merit of having highlighted the main qualities of Zanzibarian novels, namely a deep interest for historical and social matters, along with an extremely rich and colourful language and a serious concern for stylistic features. These attributes of Zanzibarian literary style fit very well to the last novel by Shafi Adam Shafi, Vuta n`kuvute, published in 1999; in the following pages my aim is to explore the way the author of this work artistically manipulates themes, literary suggestions and stylistic devices, re-elaborating thus the experience of Kiswahili and Zanzibarian prose in a creative way
E-government adoption in Qatar: An investigation of the citizens' perspective
No full textElectronic government (e-government) initiatives are in their early stages in many developing countries and faced
with various issues pertaining to their implementation, adoption and diffusion. Like many other developing
countries, the e-government initiative in the state of Qatar has faced a number of challenges since its inception in
2000. Using a survey based study this paper describes citizens‟ behavioural intention and adoption in terms of
applying and utilising the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of technology (UTAUT) model to explore the
adoption and diffusion of e-government services in the state of Qatar. A regression analysis was conducted to
examine the influence of e-government adoption factors and the empirical data revealed that performance
expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influences determine citizens‟ behavioural intention towards e-government.
Moreover, facilitating conditions and behavioural intention were found to determine citizens‟ use of e-government
services in the state of Qatar. Implications for practice and research are discussed
Novel compositional engineering for ~26% efficient CZTS-perovskite tandem solar cell
No full text[EN] The production and commercialization of solar cells should meet such social criteria as price affordability, environment friendly, stability, and high efficiency of established materials.Various solar cells have been suggested and investigated in the past; but in this work, CZTS-Pemvskite tandem solar cell having a model "CZTS/PSC/CZTS/ZnO/FTO" was taken from the reported work as a reference. Furthermore, inserting the CdS as a buffer layer with the new model, "CZTS/ PSC/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/FTO" was simulated with SCAPS-1D software. Moreover, it was observed that the effect of CdS enhanced the tandem device efficiency from the base case of 22.57% without the CdS buffer layer to 25.95% with CdS and carried out further optimizations. This improvement is beneficial for CZTS-Perovskite tandem solar cells. The J-V characteristics curve and energy band diagram was generated using this model. Later on, with this new model, the effect of the thickness of CZTS layer on the solar cell's performance was investigated. So, the thickness also significantly affected the characteristic parameters of the solar cell as well as the J-V characteristics curve. Hence, a photo-conversion efficiency of 25.95% with Voc 1.18 V, Jsc 24.79 mA/cm(2) and FF 88.36%, the obtained results demonstrating that the proposed CZTS-perovskite tandem solar cell may concrete the way for the production of low-cost and more efficient photovoltaic applications.The work was supported by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) under grant No: 1-8/HEC/HRD/2020/10744 PIN: IRSIP 45 Engg 17. Author Amal Bouich acknowledged the Post-doctoral contract supported by the, RRHH, Postdoctoral contract the Margarita Salas financed with union European Next Generation EU. Author Shafi Ullah acknowledged the post-doctoral contract supported by the, RRHH, postdoctoral contract (PAID-10-20) , and Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Grant Number PID2019-107137RB-C21) , Universitat Politecnica de Vale`ncia (UPV) Spain.Aamir Shafi, M.; Khan, L.; Ullah, S.; Shafi, MY.; Bouich, A.; Ullah, H.; Marí, B. (2022). Novel compositional engineering for ~26% efficient CZTS-perovskite tandem solar cell. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics. 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168568S25
Functional Approach towards Approximation Problem
No full textApproximation algorithms are widely used for problems related to computational geometry, complex optimization problems, discrete min-max problems and NP-hard and space hard problems. Due to the complex nature of such problems, imperative languages are perhaps not the best-suited solution when it comes to their actual implementation. Functional languages like Haskell could be a good candidate for the aforementioned mentioned issues. Haskell is used in industries as well as in commercial applications, e.g., concurrent applications, statistics, symbolic math and financial analysis. Several approximation algorithms have been proposed for different problems that naturally arise in the DNA clone classifications. In this thesis, we have performed an initial and explorative study on applying functional languages for approximation algorithms. Specifically, we have implemented a well known approximate clustering algorithm both in Haskell and in Java and we discuss the suitability of applying functional languages for the implementation of approximation algorithms, in particular for graph theoretical approximate clustering problems with applications in DNA clone classification. We also further explore the characteristics of Haskell that makes it suitable for solving certain classes of problems that are hard to implement using imperative languages.Muhammad Imran Shafi: 29A Sodergatan 19547 Marsta, 0737171514, Muhammad Akram C/O Saad Bin Azhar Folkparksvagen 20/10 Ronneby, 076289911
The Road to Treatment: Compulsory Licensing Under the TRIPS Agreement, a Dispute Between the Nations
No full textThe Road to Treatment: Compulsory Licensing Under the TRIPS Agreement, a Dispute Between the Nations
Adnan Shafi*
ABSTRACT
“Health is wealth . The most important thing in the person’s life is its health. But what happens if the person does not have access to the life-saving medicines? These life-saving medicines come into existence after lots of Research and Development. Generally, these Research and Development incur millions of dollars which ultimately makes those medicines very expensive. Thus, making it impossible for the poor people to have access to such medicines. On the other hand, in the relative emergencies the developing countries issue the compulsory licenses in order to help the poor people with the life-saving medicines. Such an act creates a lot of tension between the developing and the developed nations. The question remains how to help the poor to have access to such life-saving medicines without causing losses to the pharmaceutical companies?
This article provides a solution to the existing problem of compulsory licenses in pharmaceuticals. The aim of the article is to save the human lives by making the life-saving medicines accessible especially to the poor people. However, it also focusses on saving the pharmaceutical companies from incurring losses. The article tries to balance the needs of both the developing and the developed nations. It tries to bridge the gap between both these nations by incorporating amendments in the TRIPS agreement. The aim of the article is to solve the inconsistencies with the current provision of the TRIPS which has resulted in chaos among the developing and the developed nations. This articles enables to understand the problems in the present scenario regarding the compulsory licenses in pharmaceuticals and hence offers a solution to help things function smoothly between these nations. The article consists of seven proposals which aim to solve the irregularities in the current provision. These proposals have the ability to resolve the dispute between the developing and the developed nations by addressing the common interests in them.
© Adnan Shafi
* LLM, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. The author would like to thank Edward Lee, Patrick Goold, Greg Reilly, Sungjoon Cho, Kshitij Kumar, Cynthia M. Ho. The article benefited from Intellectual Property class that I took while pursuing my L.L.B from Amity University and also the Patent Law class that I took during my LLM at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. All errors are the responsibility of the author. Comments are welcome and to be sent to [email protected]
Kontribusi imam al-nawawi dalam pengembangan madhhab shafi?i
No full textIn the history of Sha> fi'i>?s madhhab, the figure of Imam
al-Nawa> wi> has a very significant role. The results of his ijtiha>d is
always used as a Sha>fi`iyah scholar reference, even when the
scholars differed in opinions, then his idea regarded as "the end" of
that difference dispute. This paper, intended to explore why the
figure of al-Nawa> wi> have such a privileged position in the
madhhab Sha> fi'i>. Through the historical approach, the author have
found the answer to that. First, al-Nawa> wi> is seen as a unifier Sha>
fi'i>?s madhhab. In his hands, two school of Sha>fi?i> madhhab,
Khurasan and Iraq can be reconciled. Second, Al-Nawa> wi> have
managed to put the principles tarji>h}, to select the strongest opinion
from a variety of opinion among al-Sha> fi'i>?s madhhab. Therefore,
al-Nawa>wi> is known as the al-mujtahid al-murajjih} or mujtahid
al-tarji>h, the mujtahid who are not just memorize the ijtiha>d of
Imam al-Sha>fi?i>, but know the sources of Imam al-Shafi?i?s opinion,
able to describe and explain his opinion, make an analogy (qiya>s)
related to his opinion in problem solving, even select a strong
opinion among opinions that exist
Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature
Get PDFA central thesis of this paper is that social science is the study of human experience, and hence strongly conditioned by history. Modern Western political, economic and social structures have emerged as a consequence of the repudiation of religion, and are based on secular principles. Many of these are inimical to Islamic principles, and cannot be adapted to an Islamic society. Muslim societies achieved freedom from colonial rule in the first half of the twentieth century and sought to construct institutions in conformity with Islam. The development of Islamic economics is part of this process of transition away from Western colonial institutions. This paper focuses on the contrasts between Western economic theories and Islamic approaches to organization of economic affairs. Neoclassical theory is centered around the acquisitive instinct of humans, and makes competition the driving force of economic analysis. Islamic approaches foster cooperation and encourage generosity as the fundamental principle for handling economic affairs. Human beings have potential for good and evil, and are free to choose between the two; their behavior is not subject to mathematical laws postulated by neoclassical economic theory. The main message of Islam is that we must strive to achieve the potential for good both at the individual and at the social level. Behavior in the economic realm is also governed by this goal. Islamic law (Shari’ah) provides the framework for all activity within an Islamic society. In the economic domain, Islamic law regulates both methods by which money may be earned and also the ways it may be spent. Acquisition of wealth is permissible only in ways which are just to all parties concerned; exploitation, arbitrary taxation, and individual profit resulting in social harm is not permissible in Islamic law. This puts numerous restrictions on business practices utilized to make profits. For example, polluting the environment, or selling products which lead to moral corruption would not be permissible in Islamic law. Wealth which has been acquired becomes private property, which is both a trust and a test according to Islamic concepts. The “trust” aspect means that property must be used in ways beneficial to the individual and society. The “test” aspect means that those who have more than they need should take care of those who are in need. Ways in which acquired wealth can be spent is also subject to Islamic law. People are expected to strive to be self-sufficient and not ask from others. Thus striving to acquire wealth and spending it on personal and family needs is encouraged by Islamic law. Islam does not preach austerity and encourages a comfortable standard of living. At the same time, it strongly discourages spending on idle desires, luxuries, and ostentation. There is also a strong encouragement to spend what is beyond ones needs on social welfare. These fundamental principles for acquiring wealth, using property (acquired wealth), and spending it impact on all realms of economic activity. Since these are substantially different from Western ideas in all three areas, there are substantial contrasts between Western economic institutions and Islamic ones. The paper traces out these differences in many realms of economic activity. The primary objective of an Islamic state is to provide justice, and Islamic public finance is concerned with tracing the concrete implications of this abstraction in the economic realm. Western financial institutions have the acquisition and multiplication of wealth as their prime objective. Since acquisition of wealth can only be a means to an end, these institutions require modification in an Islamic society. Similarly, Islamic imperatives for social welfare require construction of certain uniquely Islamic types of institutions which do not have counterparts in the West. The paper discusses these issues in some detail.Islamic Economics, Neoclassical Economics
Effect of Deposition Cycles on the Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Spin Coating Method for CZTS-based Solar Cells
No full text[EN] The spin-coating technique was used to make ZnO thin films in this study. To get various thicknesses of ZnO thin film on FTO substrate, the numbers of spin coatings were changed, 2,4,6,8, and 10 times. The polycrystalline character of the ZnO film can be seen in all of the XRD samples. The more strong peaks exist on (100), (002) and (101) at two theta degrees 34.14, 34.84 and 36.68, respectively. The effect of different deposition cycles was evaluated based on the surface homogeneity. The ZnO deposited by 8 and 10 cycles showed a dense and smooth surface with good crystallinity and roughness with no holes. The estimated band gap for as-deposited ZnO films is 1.73-2.35 eV with increasing deposition cycles. As we annealed the samples at 450 degrees C for 45 min, the variation in the band was observed from 3.24 to 3.29 eV. Hence the annealing also played an essential role in the band gap variation. To check the effect of cycles on solar cell performance, a simulation software SCAPS-1D was used. We proposed a solar cell of model "Back. Contact/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/Front.Contact/Glass" used in the simulation.Author Amal Bouich acknowledged the post-doctoral contract supported by the RRHH, the Postdoctoral contract the Margarita Salas financed with union European Next Generation EU. This research has been funded by Grant PID2019-107137RB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe". Author Muhammad Aamir Shafi acknowledged the "Higher Education Commission of Pakistan", International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) under grant No: 1-8/HEC/HRD/2020/10744 PIN: IRSIP 45 Engg 17.Aamir Shafi, M.; Bouich, A.; Fradi, K.; Marí-Guaita, J.; Khan, L.; Marí, B. (2022). Effect of Deposition Cycles on the Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Spin Coating Method for CZTS-based Solar Cells. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics. 258:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168854S1925
اصطلاح الشافعية من خلال اصطلاح النووي في منهاج الطالبين
Get PDFThis researcher studied the expressions and phrases that were used by Imam Al- Nawawi in his book Minhaj Al-Talebeen. These terms were used by the followers of Al- Shafia-School of Fiqeh. Consequently, these terms became commonly used by all Shafia followers as well as in all the books written by Shafia students and scholars. The exact understanding of Shafi school of Fiqeh cannot be understood without explaining these terms. All these terms were scrutinized and fully explained through giving exampples. Therefore, all the Shafi Fiqeh concepts disused or accepted by the Shafi scholars were simplified. These Fiqhi terms were divided according to the different understandings of the Shafi School and according to the cataloging that stemmed from explanations by the Imam himself or the scholars or a combination of both. Furthermore, I explained the fact behind Al-Menhaj book, its importance, its ranking, and what it excelled in more than any other piece of work. This book was given the greatest importance by Shafi scholaars. Also, I have written about the author of this book
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