8 research outputs found
“Amal-I Salih” As an Important Historical Source
No full textManuscripts play an important role to fill the gaps and disclose uncertain pages of history. They provide us with the information of witnesses and stories had happened prior to the author who had heard from contemporaries. Besides that, there are some manuscripts that were written by several authors and generations. The manuscript of “Amal-i Salih” is a two-volume source written by Muhammad Salih Kambu of Baburid period in India. The manuscript provides valuable information about political and diplomatic relations between Ashtarkhanids and India, information about the genealogy of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, information about the representatives of the political, cultural, and spiritual spheres of Central Asia
The Status of Women in The Uzbek State (Life and Activities of Saraymulk Khanum)
No full textSaraymulk Khanum can be considered one of the figures and women who are known both in the history of Uzbek statehood and the globe. She became the most reliable support of her husband being beloved wife and as the chief princess of the great ruler Amir Temur.
The head Spanish embassy delegation, Rui González de Clavijo, who was in Samarkand as an ambassador in 1404, saw her at one of the official events and he left his impressions of her appearance and power in his famous memoirs.
Saraymulk Khanum had a special role in the upbringing and education of Timurid princes and princesses. It can be said that she managed this well-thought-out system. For example, Saraymulk Khanum took the responsibility of the education of Ulughbek, who later became a great astronomer and mathematician, the author of “Zij”, in which 1018 stars’ coordinates were recorded as a result of his long-term observations in the observatory he built near Samarkand.
Saraymulk Khanum was one of the only persons who had the opportunity to write to Amir Temur on this or that issue, despite having no right to directly participate in the work of the Kurultai and council related to state and country governance. There is enough evidence that the most important members of the administration chose her as a mediator in solving any problem, and the chief queen really performed such a task with confidence.
Saraymulk Khanum was also known as a patron of science and culture. There were built many social buildings in Samarkand with her efforts. Many young people got higher education in madrasas.
After the death of Amir Temur, his grandson Khalil Sultan, who ascended to the throne of Samarkand against Temur’s will, poisoned Saraymulk Khanum in 1408 under the influence his wife Shadmulk Agha
STRUGGLES FOR KHORASAN IN XVI – XVII CENTURIES
No full textDue to the collapse of Temurid state, there appeared new states in its central territory. Later these states confronted each other due to territorial disputes that was covered under religious views. The article highlights the confrontation between Shaibanids and their successors with main Safavid Iran and Baburid India’s participation in these conflicts
History Writing In India During The Period Of Temurids
No full textThis study examines the development of Persian historiography in India during the Timurid (Babur) and early Baburid periods, emphasizing the critical role played by the Timurid rulers in fostering historical writing. The historiographical tradition in India predates the Timurids, drawing on oral narratives, religious texts, and epic literature such as the Vedas, Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Jātaka, Hitopadeśa, and Pañcatantra. However, it was the arrival of Zahir al-Dīn Muḥammad Bābur and his descendants that catalyzed a systematic and sustained historiographical culture. Bābur’s Bāburnāma, written in Turkic and translated into Persian, not only provided a detailed narrative of political, social, and natural-geographical realities but also laid the foundation for the autobiographical approach in Indo-Persian historical writing. Subsequent historians and translators, including Gulbadan Begum, Abū’l-Fażl ʿAllāmī, Bayāzid Bayāt, and others developed upon Bābur’s legacy, producing seminal works such as the Humāyūnnāma, Akbarnāma, and Āʾīn-i Akbarī. Under the patronage of Akbar, Jahāngīr, Shāh Jahān, and Aurangzeb, translation activity flourished, incorporating texts from Sanskrit, Arabic, into Persian historiography. This facilitated a synthesis of political, cultural, and natural knowledge in historical writing. The study demonstrates that the Timurid rulers’ encouragement of historiography had a long-lasting impact on India’s cultural and literary landscape. By fostering the production, translation, and patronage of historical texts, they secured an enduring place in the evolution of Persian literature in India, particularly in historiography, shaping both methodology and content for subsequent generations.
 
Diplomatic Correspondences of the Sheybanid and Ashtakhanid Sovereigns with Iran and India
No full textDiplomatic correspondences disclose the history of relations between states. They show political and economic ambitions of sovereigns towards a particular country or countries. The correspondences also explore the positions of certain states in relation to other events happening around them or using benefiting of other powers in order to weaken the third actor. The correspondences between Shaybanid and Ashatarkhanid rulers with Indian Baburid monarchs and Iranian shahs illustrate the calls to take joint steps in order to weaken or withstand the other power, territorial disputes and supremacy of unilateral interests
Technology for cleaning industrial wastewater from mechanical impurities and hydrocarbon fractions
No full textThis article considers the theoretical foundations of the technology of a treatment system designed for the treatment and softening of industrial wastewater, which is based mainly on the study of the physical and chemical properties of wastewater, and as a result, is determined by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of such wastewater. "Azamat Ziyo Savdo" LLC is a production company that extracts organic chemicals from wastewater, regardless of whether they are suspended or dissolved. Then they purify these chemicals and provide them to the industry. We will consider the most effective method of treating industrial wastewater in accordance with the proposed technical basis. The addition of recycled mechanical impurities and hydrocarbon fractions to industrial production provides significant benefits and advantages for the industrial economy. It also reduces the potential harm to the environment, animals and human health. Recycled organic materials have been tested, and the industrial production process has been launched and is being used
Desertification of arid highlands and its ecological and social consequences
No full textDesertification in arid mountain regions, anthropogenic impact on natural systems, deforestation, erosion processes, modern forests, Zarafshan basin, key features of modern forest cover in the mountains, stationary research, environmental situation and its social consequences. In the forests of the Zarafshan Valley, there were once willows, tamarisk, poplars, mulberry trees, elms, and dense thicket groves. However, today, cultural plants have replaced the forests. Currently, small patches of forest still exist in the area. The mountainous part of the Zarafshan River basin covers 0.75%. In the mountainous regions, there are Turkistan junipers and Zarafshan junipers. In ancient times, the mountainous part of the Zarafshan River basin had a forest cover. Even in those times, the Urgut and Qoratepa mountains were completely covered with forests. For centuries, the trees and shrubs on the slopes of the mountains have been a source of construction materials and fuel for the local people. The preparation of charcoal, pistachios, and almonds in the Nurota and Pistalitov mountains, as well as the juniper forests in the Zarafshan and Turkistan mountains, has led to the complete destruction of these forests. Traces of juniper forests in the Urgut, Qoratepa, Nurota, Zirabuloq, and other mountains have remained in the form of remains, surviving juniper trees, and place names. One of the factors of desertification is the active use of pastures. Over the centuries, human economic activities have influenced the deforestation and degradation of the slopes and foothills. The erosion processes have intensified, and up to 90% of the vegetation on the mountain slopes has been washed away. The groundwater levels have decreased, leading to the disappearance of springs. Often, the main cause of the reduction in river flow is the decreased annual water movement. Deforestation of the mountains has become a significant factor in aridifying and xerophytizing the entire plant cover of Central Asia. All of this accelerates erosion over geological time, leading to the redistribution of materials in the "mountain plains" system. The development of the "Forest Melioration" program and the implementation of programs to establish "Green" energy sources are necessary steps to address these issues
A Study on Ziyo-shu and Nishinomiya-gire
No full textpdf鎌倉時代末期の春日若宮神主、中臣祐臣の家集『自葉和歌集』は当時の南都歌壇の動向を窺わせる好資料だが、現存唯一の伝本たる宮内庁書陵部蔵本は残念ながら巻六・冬部途中までの残欠本である。一方、伝二条為道筆の古筆切の中に西宮切と呼ばれている未詳私家集の断簡（既知分は一葉のみ）があり、従来『自葉集』の散佚部分に該当するものではないかと言われていた。そこで未紹介の四葉を加え、あらためて西宮切の内容を検証してみたところ、右の従来説を補強し得るような徴証を多々見出すことができた。従って西宮切は、確かに『自葉集』の散佚部分とみてよさそうに思われる。しかも西宮切は祐臣自筆という可能性もあるようである。
ところで『自葉集』そのものについても、詞書や注記の分析によって、例えば同集が二条為世に献上されたものだったらしいなど、性格・成立・内容に関していくつか判明することがある。その他内閣文庫蔵『春日若宮神主祐春記』や、千鳥家蔵『春日若宮神主祐臣記』（の要約文）などの諸資料を活用することで、『新後撰集』の成立、あるいは正和四年の京極為兼の南都下向など、鎌倉末期和歌史に関わるさまざまな問題が浮上してもくるので、併せて言及していく所存である。
“Ziyo-waka shu”（自葉和歌集） written by Nakatomino Sukeomi who was a Shinto priest in the late Kamakura period is an excellent reference to watch the world of waka trend at that time in Nanto. Unfortunately the only existing bibliography, the book collection of Shoryo Department Imperial Household Agency, is an incomplete remains of winter part Vol.6. On the other hand there is a Shikashu dankan which author is unknown (just one paper that already known) that this is so-called Nishinomiya-gire in Kohitu-gire by Nijyo Tamemichi, it is said that this may corresponds to a part of Sangu in “Ziyoshu”（自葉集） as in the past. And with that, four papers which has not introduced yet was added to try to verify the contents of Nishinomiya-gire again, a lot of slight evidences which could reinforce the conventional theory above were found. Therefore it seems that Nishinomiya-gire is certainly a part of dissipation. Moreover there is possibility that it was written by Sukeomi himself.
By the way, regarding “Jiyoshu” itself, there were some to become clear about the character, establishment, and contents that “Jiyoshu” seemed to be presented to Nijo Tameyo, by analyzing Kotobagaki and explanatory notes. In addition, by utilizing the data of “Kasugawakmiya kannushi Sukeharu ki” （春日若宮神主祐春記）in the possession of the Cabinet Library and “Kasugawakamiya kannushi Sukeomi ki”（春日若宮神主祐臣記）(summary),the various problems about formation of “Shingosenshu”（新後撰集） or Kyogoku Tamekane “descended” to Nanto in 1315 related to waka history in the end of Kamakura period. It is also necessary to make reference to it.departmental bulletin pape
