6 research outputs found
Diversity of Fishery Organisms and Their Contribution to The Community Sustainability of Kilifi Creek, Kenya
No full textFishery organisms are a source of food and income in local societies surrounding any water body. Investigations were carried out to study the diversity and distribution of fishery organisms of the Kilifi estuarine creek and their contribution to community sustainability. Sampling took place at Sea horse, Fumbini, Konjora, and Rare on the northern arm and at Nkoma, Mazioni, Fumbini, and Kombeni on the southern arm of the creek. All fishery organisms obtained were identified, counted and length dimensions taken. The 1444 prawns obtained were Fenneropenaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon while the 207 were four crab species Portunus armatus, Portunus sanguinolentus, Scylla serrata, and Thalamita crenata. F. indicus was the most abundant of the prawn species whereas P. armatus and S. serrata were caught at all study sites in smaller class sizes. 7,258 finfishes identified were 85 species belonging to 14 orders, 46 families. Biodiversity indices analysed showed that Margalef’s species richness index was highest (8.293) at Sea horse and lowest (3.874) at Rare. Pielou’s evenness was highest (0.7286) at Nkoma and lowest (0.5319) at Rare. Simpson’s diversity index was highest at Nkoma (0.8917) and lowest at Rare (0.6672). Bray-Curtis similarity grouped all fishes into three ecosystems, open sea waters, the mudflats, and river channels. The most abundant finfish species were Leiognathus equula (20.17 %) followed by Mugil cephalus (17.64%), Gerres filamentosus (10.25%), and Pomadasys multimaculatum (7.37%). Most abundant finfish species and crustaceans were in small class sizes hence for local consumption by communities around the creek</jats:p
Growth aspects of grey mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 from Kilifi creek, Kenya
No full textMullets form a major component of pelagic fish landings in tropical areas. M. cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 were collected from Kilifi creek between October 2002 and September 2004 using gillnets and a cast net. The sampling sites were Nkoma, Mazioni, Kidundu and Kombeni sites in the southern arm while the northern arm had Sea Horse, Fumbini, Konjora and Rare sites chosen based on observed physical characteristics. The total length (mm), total weight (g) was recorded and the abdomen dissected for gonad identification. From 765 specimens obtained, length-weight relationship (Regression and test of isometry), relative condition factor (Kn), age and growth (Von Bertalanffy Growth Equation VBGE) were performed. In 537 males, length ranged between 57mm and 480mm, the weight between 3g and 1169g. The regression line fitted for length on weight was Log10 W = 1.7457 + 2.8658 Log10 L and the test of isometry (b=2.8658) was significantly different from 3 (t^ = 21.2138; P < 0.05). The length ranged between 61mm and 507mm, weight between 3.8g and 1385g in 228 females. The regression line fitted for length on weight being Log10 W = 1.7973 + 2.8955 Log10 L and the test of isometry (b=2.8955) was significantly different from 3 (t^ = 13.5536; P < 0.05). Low monthly variations in the relative condition factors between the sexes as well as during the different seasons was observed, however, the males had higher relative condition factors than females. Asymptotic length (VBGE) was calculated for M. cephalus at each site with largest fishes caught at Sea Horse, Nkoma, Fumbini and Mazioni while the smallest fishes were from Kombeni and Kidundu. In females, the asymptotic length L∞ (51.48 cm) was higher than in males (48.3 cm) and no notable difference was observed in K (growth coefficient) between females (0.83) and males (0.79) respectively. Kilifi creek needs conservation as source of juveniles for stocking in ponds for future cultur
Performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae fed on formulated diets containing Spirulina platensis and Eisenia fetida
No full textProfitable aquaculture depends on quality seed and fish feed used. The need to use significant amount of aquatic resource proteins in aquafeed presents economic and environmental challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to develop sustainable, cheaper, renewable and ecofriendly protein alternatives to replace aquatic resource proteins, hoping for their eventual elimination from larviculture. The current study evaluated Spirulina platensis and Eisenia fetida as dietary protein sources for Clarias gariepinus larvae (0.002g±0.04). Hundred percent Caridina nilotica in the control diet was partially replaced by either Spirulina platensis or Eisenia fetida at 25%, 50% and 75% to formulate six approximately isonitrogenous and isocaloric Clarias gariepinus larval diets (T1, 25%S. platensis +75%C. nilotica; T2, 50%S. platensis + 50%C. nilotica; T3,75%S. platensis +25%C. nilotica; T4,25%E. fetida + 75%C. nilotica; T5,50%E. fetida +50%C. nilotica; T6 ,75%E. fetida +25%C. nilotica). Diets were randomly assigned to 21 glass aquaria in triplicate. Twenty-five larvae per liter were randomly distributed into each aquarium, 48 hours after hatching. The larvae were fed at 20% body weight decreasing to 10% by fourth week of the experimental period, five times a day for eight weeks. Growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival response were evaluated in controlled culture conditions. Each diet formulation cost was also estimated. A combination of 50% Eisenia fetida and 50% Caridina nilotica performed significantly (p<0.05) better in growth, nutrient utilization and survival at a relatively low formulation cost. Possibly because of higher levels of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, arginine, glutamic and phenylamine which are responsible for enhanced growth and survival. However, these parameters reduced in larvae fed on 50% Spirulina platensis and 50% Caridina nilotica due to higher crude fiber. Caridina nilotica can be replaced with either Eisenia fetida up to 75% or 25% of Spirulina platensis without negative effect on growth, nutrient utilization and survival
Fighting HIV/AIDS: Reconfiguring the State?
No full textThe author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers of the article and the ESRC for funding part of this research
Divergent Hantavirus in Somali shrews (Crocidura somalica) in the semi-arid North Rift, Kenya
No full textDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The data presented in this study are available on request from the
corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to planned future studies. The partial
sequences of the L segment and the cytochrome b were deposited in GenBank under the following
accession numbers: OQ709085-OQ709099.Hantaviruses are zoonotic rodent-borne viruses that are known to infect humans and cause various symptoms of disease, including hemorrhagic fever with renal and cardiopulmonary syndromes. They have a segmented single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA genome and are widely distributed. This study aimed to investigate the circulation of rodent-borne hantaviruses in peridomestic rodents and shrews in two semi-arid ecologies within the Kenyan Rift Valley. The small mammals were trapped using baited folding Sherman traps set within and around houses, then they were sedated and euthanatized through cervical dislocation before collecting blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney, spleen, and lungs). Tissue samples were screened with pan-hantavirus PCR primers, targeting the large genome segment (L) encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Eleven of the small mammals captured were shrews (11/489, 2.5%) and 478 (97.5%) were rodents. A cytochrome b gene-based genetic assay for shrew identification confirmed the eleven shrews sampled to be Crocidura somalica. Hantavirus RNA was detected in three (3/11, 27%) shrews from Baringo County. The sequences showed 93–97% nucleotide and 96–99% amino acid identities among each other, as well as 74–76% nucleotide and 79–83% amino acid identities to other shrew-borne hantaviruses, such as Tanganya virus (TNGV). The detected viruses formed a monophyletic clade with shrew-borne hantaviruses from other parts of Africa. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report published on the circulation of hantaviruses in shrews in Kenya.The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Dissertation Research Internship Programme (DRIP) at icipe, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and the Government of the Republic of Kenya.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogensam2024Medical VirologySDG-03:Good heatlh and well-beingSDG-15:Life on lan
Neonatologie/Pädiatrie – Leitlinie Parenterale Ernährung, Kapitel 13
No full textThere are special challenges in implementing parenteral nutrition (PN) in paediatric patients, which arises from the wide range of patients, ranging from extremely premature infants up to teenagers weighing up to and over 100 kg, and their varying substrate requirements. Age and maturity-related changes of the metabolism and fluid and nutrient requirements must be taken into consideration along with the clinical situation during which PN is applied. The indication, the procedure as well as the intake of fluid and substrates are very different to that known in PN-practice in adult patients, e.g. the fluid, nutrient and energy needs of premature infants and newborns per kg body weight are markedly higher than of older paediatric and adult patients. Premature infants <35 weeks of pregnancy and most sick term infants usually require full or partial PN. In neonates the actual amount of PN administered must be calculated (not estimated). Enteral nutrition should be gradually introduced and should replace PN as quickly as possible in order to minimise any side-effects from exposure to PN. Inadequate substrate intake in early infancy can cause long-term detrimental effects in terms of metabolic programming of the risk of illness in later life. If energy and nutrient demands in children and adolescents cannot be met through enteral nutrition, partial or total PN should be considered within 7 days or less depending on the nutritional state and clinical conditions.Eine besondere Herausforderung bei der Durchführung parenteraler Ernährung (PE) bei pädiatrischen Patienten ergibt sich aus der großen Spannbreite zwischen den Patienten, die von extrem unreifen Frühgeborenen bis hin zu Jugendlichen mit einem Körpergewicht von mehr als 100 kg reicht, und ihrem unterschiedlichen Substratbedarf. Dabei sind alters- und reifeabhängige Veränderungen des Stoffwechsels sowie des Flüssigkeits- und Nährstoffbedarfs zu berücksichtigen sowie auch die klinische Situation, in der eine PE eingesetzt wird. Das Vorgehen unterscheidet sich deshalb ganz erheblich von der PE-Praxis bei erwachsenen Patienten, z.B. ist der Flüssigkeits-, Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf von Früh- und Neugeborenen pro kg Körpergewicht höher als bei älteren pädiatrischen und bei erwachsenen Patienten. In der Regel benötigen alle Frühgeborenen <35. SSW und alle kranken Reifgeborenen während der Phase des allmählichen Aufbaus der enteralen Nahrungszufuhr eine vollständige oder partielle PE. Die Zufuhrmengen der PE bei Neonaten müssen berechnet (nicht geschätzt) werden. Der Anteil der PE sollte zur Minimierung von Nebenwirkungen sobald wie möglich durch Einführung einer enteralen Ernährung vermindert (teilparenterale Ernährung) und schließlich komplett durch enterale Ernährung abgelöst werden. Eine unangemessene Substratzufuhr im frühen Säuglingsalter kann langfristig nachteilige Auswirkungen im Sinne einer metabolischen Programmierung des Krankheitsrisikos im späteren Lebensalter haben. Wenn bei älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen dagegen der Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf eines Patienten im Vorschul- oder Schulalter durch eine enterale Nährstoffzufuhr nicht gedeckt werden kann, ist abhängig von Ernährungszustand und klinischen Umständen spätestens innerhalb von 7 Tagen eine partielle oder totale PE zu erwägen
