102,323 research outputs found
Systematic analysis of funding awarded to institutions in the United Kingdom for infectious disease research, 1997-2010.
No full textOBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the research investments made to UK institutions for all infectious disease research and identify the direction of spend by institution. DESIGN: Systematic analysis. Databases and websites were systematically searched for information on relevant studies funded for the period 1997-2010. SETTING: UK institutions carrying out infectious disease research. PARTICIPANTS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty academic institutions receiving greatest sum investments across infection are included here, also NHS sites, Sanger Institute, Health Protection Agency and the Medical Research Council. We measured total funding, median award size, disease areas and position of research along the R&D value chain. RESULTS: Included institutions accounted for £2.1 billion across 5003 studies. Imperial College and University of Oxford received the most investment. Imperial College led the most studies. The Liverpool and London Schools of Tropical Medicine had highest median award size, whereas the NHS sites combined had many smaller studies. Sum NHS funding appears to be declining over time, whilst university income is relatively stable. Several institutions concentrate almost exclusively on pre-clinical research. In some areas, there is clearly a leading institution, e.g. Aberdeen and mycology research or UCL and antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION: UK institutions carry out research across a wide range of infectious disease areas. This analysis can identify centres of excellence and help inform future resource allocation for research priorities. Institutions can use this analysis for establishing expertise within their groups, identifying external collaborators and informing local research strategy
KONSEP PEREMPUAN DALAM KITAB ‘IZ{ATUN NASYI’IN KARANGAN MUS{T{AFA AL-G{ALAYAINI
No full textABSTRAK
Perempuan dewasa ini memang sudah diperlakukan lebih baik daripada masa-masa sebelumnya, perempuan sudah diberikan kesempatan yang sama dengan laki-laki untuk mengembangkan potensi dan mengeksplor diri di ranah publik. Namun harus diakui bahwa perempuan masih tidak dapat terlepas sepenuhnya dari bayang-bayang budaya sebelumnya yang cenderung mendiskriminasikan kaum perempuan. Masih banyak yang memiliki anggapan bahwa perempuan merupakan makhluk yang lemah dan tidak lebih unggul dari laki-laki. Perempuan dianggap sebagai makhluk yang tidak dapat dilepaskan dari peran domestiknya dan menganggap peran tersebut sebagai kodrat paten dari kaum perempuan.
Gagasan Al-G{ala>yaini dalam kitab ‘Iz{atun Na>syi’isyi’iyaini berdasarkan pengalaman yang beliau alami pada masa tersebut dengan tetap berlandaskan pada Al-Qur’an, menjadi sangat berkaitan dengan pembahasan konsep perempuan menurut pandangan Islam. Tujuannya agar baik laki-laki maupun perempuan senantiasa mendalami, menghayati, dan mengamalkan ajaran-ajaran islam dalam aspek-aspek hubungan kemanusiaan dan segi kehidupan lainya.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu ingin mengetahui bagaimana konsep perempuan dalam kitab ‘Iz{atun Na>syi’iyaini. Penulis menggunakan konsep gender dalam pendekatan feminisme untuk mengenalisis konsep perempuan dalam kitab ‘Iz{atun Na>syi’isyi’i Al-G{ala<yaini. Langkah-langkah analisisnya yaitu: pertama, merumuskan masalah yang akan diteliti. Kedua, penulis mengambil sampling terhadap isi dari kitab ‘Iz{atun Na<syi’i<n. Pada langkah ketiga, penulis membuat kategori yang akan dianalisis. Selanjutnya data dideskripsikan. Caranya yaitu dengan membandingkan konsep perempuan menurut kitab ‘Iz{atun Na<syi’i<n dengan konsep perempuan menurut buku/pendapat tokoh lain. Penulis menggunakan sumber-sumber sekunder sebagai perbandingan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, perempuan merupakan manusia berjenis kelamin perempuan yang memiliki ciri fisik berpayudara, mengalami menstruasi, memiliki rahim, hamil, melahirkan, dan menyusui. Perempuan diciptakan dari zat yang sama dengan laki-laki, serta mengemban tugas dan kewajiban beribadah yang sama dengan laki-laki. Perempuan memiliki peran yang penting dalam lingkup keluarga yaitu sebagai istri dan sebagai ibu. Perempuan juga diberi peluang yang sama dengan laki-laki untuk menjalani peran dalam lingkup masyarakat atau publik. Perempuan dan laki-laki bahu-membahu saling membantu dan bekerja sama dalam menjalani tugas dan kewajiban dari Allah SWT guna menciptakan keharmonisan baik dalam lingkup keluarga maupun masyarakat.
Sejatinya perempuan maupun laki-laki setara di hadapan Allah SWT yang membedakan adalah nilai pengabdian dan tingkat ketakwaan kepada Allah SWT.
Kata kunci: Perempuan, Gender, Kitab ‘Iz{atun Na<syi’i<n
Modelling the spatial distribution of three marine fish species in the southern Benguela
No full textUnderstanding the spatial distribution of species in relationship to climatic and environmental variables is key to conservation and management of important species, as their distribution might change under climate change and variability. Based on presence absence data from scientific trawl surveys, this study used Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and Krigging with External Drift (KED) statistical techniques to determine the spatial distribution of three marine fish species of commercial interest: Merluccius capensis, Merluccius paradoxus, and Thyrsites atun, on the West and South coasts of South Africa. The modelled distributions reflect the previously determined range and habitats of the two species of hake and are in accordance with the common knowledge on the biology of the two species. Presence-absence modelling found depth to be the main factor for explaining hake distribution on both coasts. For the West coast an interaction between sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a combined with depth as a factor was found to provide the best model. On the South coast depth was the only factor retained. The models for M. capensis and M. paradoxus are potentially useful in mapping and determining future distributions based on environmental factors. The model obtained for the spatial distribution of T. atun has a lower explanatory power than those of the two hake species
Systematic analysis of funding awarded for norovirus research to institutions in the United Kingdom, 1997-2010.
No full textObjectivesNorovirus infections pose great economic and disease burden to health systems around the world. This study quantifies the investments in norovirus research awarded to UK institutions over a 14-year time period.DesignA systematic analysis of public and philanthropic infectious disease research investments awarded to UK institutions between 1997 and 2010.ParticipantsNoneSettingUK institutions carrying out infectious disease research.Main outcome measuresTotal funding for infectious disease research, total funding for norovirus research, position of norovirus research along the R&D value chain.ResultsThe total dataset consisted of 6165 studies with sum funding of £2.6 billion. Twelve norovirus studies were identified with a total funding of £5.1 million, 0.2% of the total dataset. Of these, eight were categorized as pre-clinical, three as intervention studies and one as implementation research. Median funding was £200,620.ConclusionsResearch funding for norovirus infections in the UK appears to be unacceptably low, given the burden of disease and disability produced by these infections. There is a clear need for new research initiatives along the R&D value chain: from pre-clinical through to implementation research, including trials to assess cost-effectiveness of infection control policies as well as clinical, public health and environmental interventions in hospitals, congregate settings and in the community
Investing in sepsis research: systematic analysis of UK public and philanthropic funding 1997-2010
No full textVersion of Recor
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Systematic analysis of funding awarded for viral hepatitis-related research to institutions in the United Kingdom, 1997-2010.
No full textViral hepatitis is responsible for great health, social and economic burden both globally and in the UK. This study aimed to assess the research funding awarded to UK institutions for viral hepatitis research and the relationship of funded research to clinical and public health burden of viral hepatitis. Databases and websites were systematically searched for information on infectious disease research studies funded for the period 1997-2010. Studies specifically related to viral hepatitis research were identified and categorized in terms of funding by pathogen, disease and by a research and development value chain describing the type of science. The overall data set included 6165 studies (total investment £2.6 billion) of which £76.9 million (3.0%) was directed towards viral hepatitis across 323 studies (5.2%). By pathogen, there were four studies specifically investigating hepatitis A (£3.8 million), 69 studies for hepatitis B (21.4%) with total investment of £14.7 million (19.1%) and 236 (73.1%) hepatitis C studies (£62.7 million, 81.5%). There were 4 studies investigating hepatitis G, and none specifying hepatitis D or E. By associated area, viral hepatitis and therapeutics research received £17.0 million, vaccinology £3.1 million and diagnostics £2.9 million. Preclinical research received £50.3 million (65.4%) across 173 studies, whilst implementation and operational research received £19.4 million (25.3%) across 128 studies. The UK is engaged in much hepatology research, but there are areas where the burden is great and may require greater focus, such as hepatitis E, development of a vaccine for hepatitis C, and further research into hepatitis-associated cancers. Private sector data, and funding information from other countries, would also be useful in priority setting
Kıbrıs Adası’nın Bölünmesinin İçyüzü
No full textYunanlıların geçmişte yaşamış oldukları iddia edilen toprakları ele geçirip, eski Bizans’ı diriltmek şeklinde hayal ettikleri “Megali İdea”, Kıbrıslı Rumlar tarafından devlet politikası haline getirilmiş, bu politikanın en önemli uygulayıcıları ise kilise ve ordu olmuştur. (Çeçen, 2008) Kıbrıs adasındaki kaos ve kanlı dönemlerin başlangıç noktası, adada milliyetçilik hareketini uyandıran Ortodoks kilisesinin faaliyetleridir. Yunanistan, bağımsızlığını kazanmasının ardından yürüttüğü yayılmacı politika ile Avrupa devletlerinin de desteğini alarak, Enosis mücadelesini başlatmıştır. Lozan Anlaşmasının ardından Kıbrıslı Rumlar, 1878 yılından itibaren İngiliz yönetimine karşı sürdürdükleri Enosis mücadelesini tırmandırmış, Rum liderler, Rum eğitim kurumları aracılığıyla Kıbrıs’ın Yunanistan’a ilhakı çalışmalarını sürdürmüşlerdir. (Avcı & Doğanay, Atun, 2016). Rumlar 1955 yılında EOKA (Kıbrıs Savaşçıları Ulusal Örgütü) adı verilen bir örgüt kurar. Bu örgüt önce İngiliz ve muhalif Rumlara, ardından da Türklere karşı terör eylemlerinde bulunur. (Çay, 1989). Rumların ilhak taleplerine karşın, tedhiş eylemlerinin odağında kalan Türkler adanın bölünmesi talebini dile getirmişlerdir. Bu talep 1957 yılından itibaren daha da artmış, Kıbrıs sorununun tek çözümünün iki bölgelilik olduğu savunulmuştur. Rum lobisince kullanılan “Kıbrıs sorunu 1974’te başladı” ve “Ada 1974’te, Türkiye’nin adaya harekat yapmasıyla ikiye bölündü” şeklindeki iddialarının gerçeği yansıtmadığı görülmektedir. Yunanistan, 1954'te Kıbrıs sorununu Birleşmiş Milletlere (BM) götürme kararı almış, BM bu talebi dikkate almamış, Yunanistan 1954-1958 yılları arasında "self-determinasyon" amacıyla BM'ye yaptığı çeşitli başvurulara olumlu bir yanıt almamıştır.  
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