11 research outputs found
Dewatering biosolids from a milk processing plant: Agricultural fibers as flocculant aids and ultrafiltration membrane concentration
No full textBiosolids constitute a large portion of the total organic wastes produced by food plants each year. Disposal of these solids is a significant environmental problem. Biosolids contain between 30 and 45% protein; therefore, they can be recycled as animal food.To prevent microbial spoilage and decrease transportation costs, biosolids need to be dewatered and dried to 90% total solids (TS). Commercial dewatering equipment requires polymer to effectively separate biosolids from water. Most polymers contain acrylamide, which has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. In this study, ferric chloride (FeCl\sb 3) was tested as a coagulant aid for biosolids coagulation and agricultural fibrous materials were evaluated for their ability to flocculate biosolids. Also, ultrafiltration (UF) membrane biosolids dewatering, without polymer, was investigated.Biosolids coagulation with FeCl\sb 3 showed that specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreased from 3.32 Tm/kg at no FeCl\sb 3, addition to 0.35 Tm/kg at 3,000 mg FeCl\sb 3/L of biosolids; SRF values below 1 Tm/kg is indicative of good coagulation. A concentration of 200 mg FeCl\sb 3/L of biosolids was recommended to be acceptable from the standpoint of using the material as an animal food supplement.From all the agricultural fibers tested, wood fiber, oat fiber and corn pericarp resulted in better biosolids flocculation compared to corn gluten and corn germ. Highest filter yield was obtained at 40 g corn pericarp/L of biosolids; whereas, filter yield continued to increase with increasing oat fiber concentration above 60 g fiber/L of biosolids.Ceramic MF membranes, with 2 mm x 2 mm flow channel dimension, could not be used for biosolids dewatering, since blockage of the membrane flow channel occurred at biosolids concentration above 3% TS. However, biosolids were successfully dewatered from 1.5 to 6% TS with tubular, PVDF, UF membranes. Highest permeate flux was obtained at 103 kPa transmembrane pressure and 3.89 m/s cross flow velocity at constant biosolids temperature (27\sp\circC). UF membranes produced permeate of superior quality since they retained all suspended solids and permeate chemical oxygen demand was low enough (below 100 mg/L) to be discharged directly into municipal sewer system.Biosolids total nitrogen (TN) increased with increasing biosolids concentration during UF membrane biosolids dewatering. TN increased from 6.95 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 2% TS to 7.1 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 5.5% TS when biosolids were dried at 50\sp\circC. Available nitrogen (AN) of raw and concentrated biosolids were similar; AN was 2.3 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 50\sp\circC drying temperature. AN of both raw and concentrated biosolids increased from 2.3 to 3.2 g N/100 g biosolids (db) with an increase in drying temperature from 50 to 150\sp\circC.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5)
9712348.pdf: 6891733 bytes, checksum: b7609b0ded617d0abf6efbbf4a66d4ad (MD5)
Previous issue date: 1996Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:56:12Z
Item is restricted indefinitely.Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:26:15-05:00
Original Data
Group with Access UIUC Users [automated]
Release Date: none
Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permissionETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permissionU of I Onl
Modeling Drying Isotherms Using A Structure Transition Model
No full textDrying introduces structural changes in the target material that modify its interaction with water. In this work, we developed a model based on star fruit drying that considered two forms of interaction with water. This model provided a very good fit to the experimental data and was applicable to drying of other products such as apple, barley, and coffee. This model yielded better fits for data reported in the literature than other models. These findings suggest that the model is applicable to a wide range of systems. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.31910081019Fellows, P., (2000) Food Processing Technology Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLMao, S.W., Srzednicki, G., Driscoll, R.H., Modeling of drying of selected varieties of australian peanuts (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (16), pp. 1890-1895Neto, M.M., Robl, F., Netto, J.C., Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients? (Preliminary report) (1998) Nephrology Dialisis Transplantation, 13 (3), pp. 570-572Chang, J.M., Hwang, S.J., Kuo, H.T., Tsai, J.C., Guh, J.Y., Chen, H.C., Tsai, J.H., Lai, Y.H., Fatal outcome after ingestion of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in uremic patients (2000) American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 35 (2), pp. 189-193Provasi, M., Oliveira, C.E., Martino, M.C., Pessini, L.G., Bazotte, R.B., Cortez, D.A.G., Avaliação da toxicidade e do potencial antihiperglicemiante da Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) (2001) Acta Scientiarum, 23 (3), pp. 665-669Baldini, V.L.S., Draeta, I.S., Nomura, E.H., Avaliação bioquímica de carambola (Averrhoa carambola, L.) (1982) Coletânea do ITAL, 12, pp. 283-291Bispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., de Souza, V.B., Silva, J.B.A., Carvalho, G.B.M., Extending the kinetic solution of the classic Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme action (2011) Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 49 (9), pp. 1976-1995Bispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., Koblitz, M.G.B., Silva, C.G.S., Souza, A.R., Substrate and enzyme concentration dependence of the Henri-Michaelis-Menten model probed by numerical simulation (2013) Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 51, pp. 144-152Page, G., (1949) Factors Influencing the Maximum Rates of Air-Drying Shelled Corn in Thin Layers, , Purdue University, Lafayatte, INKarathanos, V.T., Determination of water content of dried fruits by drying kinetics (1999) Journal of Food Engineering, 39 (4), pp. 337-344Verma, L.R., Bucklin, R.A., Endan, J.B., Wratten, F.T., Effects of drying air parameters on rice drying models (1985) Transactions of the ASAE, 28 (1), pp. 296-301Chen, X.D., Lin, S.X.Q., Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time-dependent conditions (2005) AIChE Journal, 51 (6), pp. 1790-1799Putranto, A., Chen, X.D., Roasting of barley and coffee modeled using the lumped-reaction engineering approach (L-REA) (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (5), pp. 475-483Lin, S.X.Q., Chen, X.D., A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach (2006) Drying Technology, 24 (11), pp. 1329-1334Putranto, A., Chen, X.D., Modeling intermittent drying of wood under rapidly varying temperature and humidity conditions with the lumped reaction engineering approach (L-REA) (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (14), pp. 1658-1665O'Callagh, J.R., Menzies, D.J., Bailey, P.H., Digital simulation of agricultural drier performance (1971) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 16 (3), pp. 223-244Baini, R., Langrish, T.A.G., Choosing an appropriate drying model for intermittent and continuous drying of bananas (2007) Journal of Food Engineering, 79 (1), pp. 330-343Xu, G., Weber, G., Dynamics and time-averaged chemical potential of proteins: importance in oligomer association (1982) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79 (17), pp. 5268-5271Weber, G., Phenomenological description of the association of protein subunits subjected to conformational drift. Effects of dilution and of hydrostatic pressure (1986) Biochemistry, 25 (12), pp. 3626-3631Weber, G., (1992) Protein Interactions, , Chapman & Hall, New YorkBispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., Joekes, I., Martinez, E.A., Carvalho, G.B.M., Norberto, D.R., Entropy and volume change of dissociation in tobacco mosaic virus probed by high pressure (2012) Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 166, pp. 14817-14828Velic, D., Planinic, M., Tomas, S., Bilic, M., Influence of airflow velocity on kinetics of convection apple drying (2004) Journal of Food Engineering, 64 (1), pp. 97-102Henderson, S.M., Pabis, S., Grain drying theory: IV. The effect of air flow rate on the drying index (1962) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 7 (1), pp. 85-89Claussen, I.C., Ustad, T.S., Strommen, I., Waide, P.M., Atmospheric freeze drying-A review (2007) Drying Technology, 25 (4-6), pp. 947-957Wolff, E., Gibert, H., Part 2. Modeling drying kinetics using adsorption isotherms (1990) Drying Technology, 8 (2), pp. 405-428. , Atmosphericfreeze-dryingJangam, S.V., Joshi, V.S., Mujumdar, A.S., Thorat, B.N., Studies on dehydration of sapota (Achras zapota) (2008) Drying Technology, 26 (3), pp. 369-377Sharaf-Eldeen, Y.I., Blaisdell, J.L., Hamdy, M.Y., A model for ear corn drying (1980) Transactions of the ASAE, 23 (5), pp. 1261-1265Monod, J., Wyman, J., Changeux, J.P., On the nature of allosteric transitions: A plausible model (1965) Journal of Molecular Biology, 12 (1), pp. 88-118Akanbi, C.T., Adeyemi, R.S., Ojo, A., Drying characteristics and sorption isotherm of tomato slices (2006) Journal of Food Engineering, 73 (2), pp. 157-163Fabra, M.J., Talens, P., Moraga, G., Martinez-Navarrete, N., Sorption isotherm and state diagram of grapefruit as a tool to improve product processing and stability (2009) Journal of Food Engineering, 93 (1), pp. 52-5
Author Correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
No full textEcofisiologia da videira (Vitis vinifera L.) sob cultivo protegido, variedades Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet sauvignon e Merlot
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2014.O Estado de Santa Catarina tem se destacado no cenário nacional pelo potencial na produção de vinhos finos de qualidade, em função da altitude. No entanto, algumas regiões de Santa Catarina, como o município em estudo, Rancho Queimado, apresentam elevada pluviosidade no período de maturação e colheita, além de riscos de ocorrência de geadas e granizos, o que compromete a qualidade da uva. A cobertura plástica dos vinhedos surge como uma opção para o controle destas adversidades climáticas, principalmente, para evitar a ação do excesso de precipitação durante a maturação das uvas. No entanto, a utilização e o conhecimento desta técnica é incipiente em uvas destinadas à vinificação. Portanto, é importante a caracterização climática e a definição dos parâmetros ecofisiológicos de vinhedos sob cobertura para que seja explorado ao máximo o potencial vitícola e enológico destes locais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as influências microclimáticas estabelecidas pela cobertura plástica sobre a fisiologia, o potencial produtivo e a qualidade vitienológica da videira (Vitis vinifera L.). As variedades avaliadas foram Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon e Merlot, no município de Rancho Queimado-SC (altitude de 1000 metros, latitude de 27°42' 26" S, longitude 49°04' 17? W), durante os ciclos 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. O vinhedo foi implantado no ano de 2009 em sistema de condução espaldeira, sobre porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103, com espaçamento de 3,0 m x 1,0 m. As variáveis climáticas avaliadas foram: temperatura do ar (ºC); precipitação pluviométrica (mm); umidade relativa do ar (%); radiação solar global (Wm-2) e radiação fotossintética ativa (µmol fótons m-2s-1). As análises ecofisiológicas compreenderam as avaliações fenológicas entre a brotação e a colheita, área foliar, teores foliares de clorofila, avaliação das trocas gasosas e rendimento. Na colheita foram avaliados o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, pH, índice de polifenóis totais e antocianinas manoméricas totais, trans-resveratrol, catequina e epicatequina. Com relação à temperatura, as máximas diárias são as que mais sofrem influência do uso da cobertura plástica, com aumento em média de 2?C. As médias das temperaturas máximas, mínimas e médias, assim como a amplitude térmica e o somatório térmico em graus-dia são superiores no vinhedo coberto quando comparados ao descoberto. Enquanto que a radiação global, a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, a umidade relativa do ar e a precipitação pluviométrica foram maiores no vinhedo descoberto. A presença da cobertura plástica reduz em 28% a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa incidente sobre o dossel vegetativo, e em 32% a radiação solar global em todo o ciclo da videira. Devido ao aumento no somatório de graus-dia, a cobertura plástica sobre o vinhedo antecipou o início da brotação e demais eventos fenológicos até a mudança de cor das bagas. Entretanto, a redução da radiação solar proporcionou o prolongamento do processo de maturação das uvas. Uvas das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon e Merlot produzidas na área coberta apresentaram menores teores de acidez e maiores teores de sólidos solúveis totais, pH, polifenóis totais, catequinas e epicatequinas. Uvas cobertas de Merlot apresentram maiores teores de antocianinas manoméricas totais e de resveratrol. Houve incremento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais em uvas Sauvignon Blanc sob cobertura plástica. O teor de resveratrol foi reduzido em uvas das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon e Sauvignon Blanc cobertas, enquanto o conteúdo de catequinas e epicatequinas foram superiores em comparação as uvas do vinhedo descoberto. As uvas produzidas a partir do vinhedo coberto apresentam melhor qualidade do que em céu aberto, como consequência da melhor sanidade dos cachos. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação das trocas gasosas sugerem que o processo fotossintético foi beneficiado pelo microclima propiciado pela cobertura, e isto foi refletido na maior produtividade das plantas. Houve aumento das concentrações dos pigmentos nas folhas de plantas cobertas das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon na fase de maturidade e Sauvignon Blanc no ciclo 2012/13. As plantas cobertas das três variedades avaliadas mantiveram suas folhas cerca de 28 dias a mais do que as plantas descobertas. A presença da cobertura plástica aumenta a produtividade das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon em 54% e Sauvignon Blanc em 30%. E melhora a relação área foliar:produtividade de todas as variedades avaliadas.Abstract : In last years viticulture in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State has been highlighted for producing wines of unique quality in Brazil. Some regions of Santa Catarina State, as the city under study, Rancho Queimado, have high rainfall in maturation and harvest period, as well as risk of occurrence of frosts and hail, which compromises grape quality. The plastic cover is an option to control weather adversities especially to avoid excessive rainfall during the grape ripening. However, the use and knowledge of this technique is incipient to grapes for winemaking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microclimate influences established by the plastic cover on the physiology, production potential and enological quality of the vine (Vitis vinifera L.). The varieties evaluated were Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in the city of Rancho Queimado - Santa Catarina State (latitude 27 ° 42 '26 "S, longitude 49 ° 04' 17" W, altitude 1,000 meters), during seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The vineyard was planted in 2009, trained in vertical shooting positioning trellis, grafted on 1103P and spacing 3.0 x 1.0 m. Climatic data evaluated were precipitation (mm), relative humidity (%), maximum, air temperature (°C), global radiation (Wm-2) and photosynthetically active radiation (µmol photons m-2s-1). Ecophysiological analyzes were: phenological assessments between budbreak and maturity, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf gas exchanges and yield. At harvest were evaluated total soluble solids, total acidity, pH, total polyphenols, total monomeric anthocyanins, trans-resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin. Regard to temperature, daily maximum suffers the greatest influence by the use of plastic cover, with an average increase of 2°C. The maximum, minimum and mean temperatures as well as thermal amplitude and heat summation (growing degree-days) are higher in the covered vineyard. While global radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, relative humidity and precipitation are higher in the uncovered vineyard. Due to the increase in the heat summation, the plastic cover antecipates budbreak and other phenological events until veraison. However, the reduction of solar radiation prolong the maturation process. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produced under plastic cover present lower acidity and higher total soluble solids, pH, total polyphenols and catechins. Merlot produced under plastic cover presents higher contents of total monomeric anthocyanins and trans-resveratrol. Sauvignon Blanc under plastic cover presents higher contents of total soluble solids. The resveratrol content is reduced in covered Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc, while the content of catechins and epicatechins are higher in the uncovered vineyard. The presence of the plastic cover reduces 28% of photosynthetically active radiation incident on the canopy, and 32% of global solar radiation throughout the cycle of the vine. The grapes produced in the covered vineyard have better quality as a result of better cluster sanity. The plastic cover influences vine phisiology. The results obtained in the evaluation of leaf gas exchange suggest that the photosynthetic process is benefited by the microclimate afforded by the cover, and this is reflected in higher plant yield. The plastic cover also increases the pigments concentrations in the leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc (season 2012/13). The plants covered from the three varieties keep their leaves about 28 days longer than the uncovered ones. The plastic cover increases 54% of Cabernet Sauvignon yield and 30% of Sauvignon Blanc yield. And also improves the leaf area:yield ratio of all tested varieties
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
No full textIndigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state
The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora
No full textWe describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Within-plot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia
One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
No full textAmazonia’s floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region’s floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon’s tree diversity and its function
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
No full textUsing 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution
Recommended from our members
Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities
No full textTrees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees
Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities
No full textTrees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees
