132,469 research outputs found
Whole slide scan of Masson´s trichrome stained mouse lungs and corresponding color coded Ashcroft fibrosis scores.
No full textA and B represent a lung sample with no fibrosis. Note that the lymph node (dense structure at bottom center of A) is not considered in the Ashcroft score image, since it is recognized as to be ignored. C and D represent an image and the corresponding Ashcroft map of a fibrotic lung. Scale bar 1 mm.</p
Never again securing America and restoring justice
No full text"John Ashcroft's service as attorney general began with turmoil: a loss to a deceased challenger in his Senate reelection campaign and a tumultuous confirmation battle. Then, on September 11, 2001, his job was transformed into the greatest leadership challenge an attorney general has ever faced. Highly classified intelligence briefings, secret surveillance of terror cells, and war councils with President Bush gave Ashcroft a uniquely comprehensive--and uniquely chilling--view of the threats to American security. [In this work] Ashcroft breaks his silence about historic events that transpired during his term of office--including the largest terrorist attack in U.S. history, the enactment and defense of the Patriot Act, the Robert Hanssen spy scandal, the execution of Timothy McVeigh, and the recently discovered domestic surveillance program authorized by President Bush."--From publisher description
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
Get PDFInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Squeezing All Elements in the Periodic Table: Electron Configuration and Electronegativity of the Atoms under Compression
Get PDFWe present a quantum mechanical model capable of describing isotropic compression of single atoms in a non-reactive neon-like environment. Studies of 93 atoms predict drastic changes to ground-state electronic configurations and electronegativity in the pressure range of 0-300 GPa. This extension of atomic reference data assists in the working of chemical intuition at extreme pressure and can act as a guide to both experiments and computational efforts. For example, we can speculate on the existence of pressure-induced polarity (red-ox) inversions in various alloys. Our study confirms that the filling of energy levels in compressed atoms more closely follows the hydrogenic aufbau principle, where the ordering is determined by the principal quantum number. In contrast, the Madelung energy ordering rule is not predictive for atoms under compression. Magnetism may increase or decrease with pressure, depending on which atom is considered. However, Hund's rule is never violated for single atoms in the considered pressure range. Important (and understandable) electron shifts, s→p, s→d, s→f, and d→f are essential chemical and physical consequences of compression. Among the specific intriguing changes predicted are an increase in the range between the most and least electronegative elements with compression; a rearrangement of electronegativities of the alkali metals with pressure, with Na becoming the most electropositive s1 element (while Li becomes a p group element and K and heavier become transition metals); phase transitions in Ca, Sr, and Ba correlating well with s→d transitions; spin-reduction in all d-block atoms for which the valence d-shell occupation is d n (4 ≤ n ≤ 8); d→f transitions in Ce, Dy, and Cm causing Ce to become the most electropositive element of the f-block; f→d transitions in Ho, Dy, and Tb and a s→f transition in Pu. At high pressure Sc and Ti become the most electropositive elements, while Ne, He, and F remain the most electronegative ones
Entrepreneurial Interest, Vision and the Self-employment Choice Decision in UK Regions
Get PDFAshcroft B., Holden D. and Low K. Entrepreneurial interest, vision and the self-employment choice decision in UK regions, Regional Studies. This paper takes the standard model of self-employment choice and extends it to allow for differences in the potential for self-employment amongst employees. Four groups of entrepreneurs are hypothesized: actual, potential, latent, and non-entrepreneurs. Both the standard model and the 'sequential' model are estimated on a UK data set, allowing for both 'super' and standard region variations. The sequential model offers distinct advantages over the standard model. The results have implications for national and regional entrepreneurship policy because they reveal a clear distinction between the factors governing interest in entrepreneurship and those influencing start-up from within the interested group. [image omitted] Ashcroft B., Holden D. et Low K. L'esprit d'entreprise, la vision et le choix du travail independant dans les regions du R-U, Regional Studies. Le point de depart de cet article est le modele type du choix du travail independant, et on le developpe afin de tenir compte des differences quant aux qualites necessaires pour que les salaries puissent travailler a leur propre compte. On emet une hypothese relative a quatre groupes d'entrepreneurs: des entrepreneurs reels, potentiels, latents et autres. Le modele type et le modele 'sequentiel', tous les deux, sont estimes a partir d'un ensemble de donnees pour le R-U, qui tient compte des variations dans les regions 'super' et les regions type. Le modele sequentiel offre des avantages particuliers par rapport au modele type. Les resultats soulevent des implications pour les politiques nationale et regionale en faveur de l'esprit d'entreprise parce qu'ils laissent voir une distinction tres nette entre les facteurs qui influent sur l'interet pour l'esprit d'entreprise et ceux qui influent sur la creation d'entreprise au sein du groupe interesse. Travail independant Esprit d'entreprise Creation d'entreprise Politique regionale Ashcroft B., Holden D. und Low K. Interesse am Unternehmertum, unternehmerische Vision und die Entscheidung zur Selbststandigkeit in den Regionen Grossbritanniens, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag erweitern wir das Standardmodell der Entscheidung zur Selbststandigkeit, um die Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Potenziale von verschiedenen Angestellten zur Selbststandigkeit zu berucksichtigen. Es werden vier Gruppen von Unternehmern hypothetisiert: tatsachliche, potenzielle, latente und Nichtunternehmer. Anhand eines Datensatzes aus Grossbritannien werden sowohl das Standard- als auch das 'sequenzielle' Modell geschatzt, wobei die Abweichungen von 'Super'- und Standardregionen berucksichtigt werden. Das sequenzielle Modell bietet gegenuber dem Standardmodell klare Vorteile. Die Ergebnisse wirken sich auf die nationalen und regionalen Grundsatze zur Unternehmensforderung aus, denn sie zeigen einen klaren Unterschied zwischen den Faktoren, die sich auf das Interesse am Unternehmertum auswirken, und den Faktoren, die innerhalb der interessierten Gruppe eine Unternehmensgrundung beeinflussen. Selbststandigkeit Unternehmertum Firmengrundung Regionalpolitik Ashcroft B., Holden D. y Low K. Interes empresarial, vision y la opcion del empleo autonomo en las regiones britanicas, Regional Studies. En este articulo tomamos el modelo estandar de la opcion de empleo autonomo y lo ampliamos para tener en cuenta las diferencias en el potencial de trabajar por cuenta propia que tienen los empleados. Se muestran cuatro grupos de empresarios como hipotesis: empresarios actuales, potenciales, latentes y no empresarios. Se calculan tanto el modelo estandar como el modelo 'secuencial' en un conjunto de datos britanicos, teniendo en cuenta las variaciones regionales 'super' y estandar. El modelo secuencial ofrece distintas ventajas en comparacion con el modelo estandar. Los resultados afectan a la politica empresarial tanto nacional como regional porque ponen de relieve una clara distincion entre los factores que gobiernan el interes empresarial y los que influyen en la creacion de empresas dentro del grupo interesado. Empleo autonomo Interes empresarial Creacion de empresas Politica regionalSelf-employment, Entrepreneurship, Firm formation, Regional policy,
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
Get PDFBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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