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Pengaruh Triterpen Glikosida Teripang Timbu Kolong (Holothuria atra) terhadap Ekspresi Protein Fas dan Bcl-2 dalam Induksi Apoptosis pada Kultur Sel Supri’s Clone 1 (Sp-C1) sebagai Terapi Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa Lidah
No full textSquamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity has the sixth highest incidence among various forms of cancer worldwide and eight of the most common cancers in the world. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity tends to increase and more than 90% of all oral cancers. Standard treatment is surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or combination, but most patients with oral carcinoma, especially tongue carcinoma come in an advanced stage. Over the past few decades, there has been no effective systemic therapy for patients with advanced stage carcinoma, so the prognosis of patients with advanced carcinoma of the tongue is still poor. In carcinoesis, apoptotic dysregulation involving the Fas and Bcl-2protein expressiones is associated with tumor development, progression, and tumor resistance to therapy. One of the treatments being developed is the search for natural / herbal ingredients. This insight spurs the development of a therapeutic strategy targeted to activate apoptosis so that it can kill cancer cells. Triterpen glikosida contained in timbu cucumber has potency anticancer expected to induce apoptosis by intervening path involving protein expression of Fas and Bcl-2
The purpose of this study was to isolate the active compound triterpen glikosida of black sea cucumber and explore the effect of the active compound on the protein expression of Fas and Bcl-2 as the molecular mechanism of apoptosis to find molecular targets of tongue squamous cell carcinoma therapy.The study was a laboratory experimental study consisting of 2 stages. The first phase of the study was descriptive explorative to isolate the triterpen glycoside active compound from extract and fractionation of 3 types of sea cucumber (1)Black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra), (2)Bohadschia marmorata and (3) Stichopus variegatus cytotoxic test was performed as an ideal model of potential anticancer at that is a bioactive compound of 3 sea cucumbers that have the potential to kill cancer cells. The second phase of the study was an experimental in vitro study with complete randomized design (RAL) in the form of active triterpen glycoside trait test of trepang cucumber to assess its effect on Fas and Bcl-2 protein expression in induction of apoptosis on cell culture of Sp-C1. The study group consisted of a control group and a group of active triterpen glycoside compound trunks of cucumber dock with dose of 0.5xIC50, IC50, 1xIC50, 2xIC50 and 2.5xIC50 with observation time at 24 hours. Protein expression was measured by immunocytochemistry, while apoptotic detection Double Staining Ethidium Bromida Acridin Orange. The result of this research showed that active triterpen glycoside compound of trepang cucumber has a very strong anticancer activity (IC50 = 0,23 μg / mL) to Sp-C1. The optimum protein expression of Fas and Bcl-2 for successful apoptosis initiation occurred at doses of 2xIC50 and 2.5xIC50
Keywords: apoptosis, protein expression of Fas and Bcl-2, Supri's-Clone 1 (Sp-C1), sea cucumber (Holothuria atra), triterpen glycoside, target therapy . There is a very strong relationship between expression of each of the Fas and Bcl-2 es with r values of 0.698 and 0.812 respectively with apoptosis r = 0.837. So the higher the dosage of active triterpenes of trusspole glikosida sea cucumber is higher then apoptosis in Sp-C1 culture. This indicates that the active triterpen glycoside compound of trepang cucumbers causes the e expression to produce a signal peak that activates the apoptotic phase of execution and shows the interaction between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways thus strengthening the apoptotic induction process in inhibiting cancer growth. It was concluded that the active compound triterpenes of trunks of sea cucumber glycoside are very strong anticancer that can affect the protein expression of Fas and Bcl-2 e in inducing apoptosis.Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut memiliki insiden tertinggi keenam diantara berbagai bentuk kanker diseluruh dunia dan delapan kanker yang paling umum di dunia. Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut cenderung bertambah dan lebih dari 90% dari semua kanker mulut. Pengobatan standar yang dilakukan adalah pembedahan, radioterapi, kemoterapi maupun kombinasi, namun kebanyakan penderita karsinoma rongga mulut terutama karsinoma lidah datang dalam stadium lanjut. Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, tidak ada terapi sistemik yang efektif untuk penderita karsinoma lidah dengan stadium lanjut, sehingga prognosis penderita karsinoma lidah pada stadium lanjut masih buruk. Dalam karsinoesis, disregulasi apoptosis yang melibatkan protein Fas dan Bcl-2 berhubungan dengan perkembangan tumor, progresivitas, serta resistensi tumor terhadap terapi. Salah satu perawatan yang sedang dikembangkan antara lain pencarian bahan alam/herbal. Wawasan ini memacu dikembangkannya strategi terapi yang ditargetkan untuk mengaktifkan apoptosis sehingga dapat membunuh sel kanker. Triterpen glikosida yang terkandung dalam teripang timbu kolong (Holothuria atra) memiliki potensi antikanker diharapkan mampu menginduksi apoptosis dengan mengintervensi jalur yang melibatkan ekspresi protein Fas dan Bcl-2. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong dan mengeksplorasi pengaruh senyawa aktif terhadap ekspresi protein Fas dan Bcl-2 sebagai mekanisme molekuler apoptosis untuk menemukan target molekuker terapi karsinoma sel skuamosa lidah.
Penelitian merupakan studi eksperimen laboratorium yang terdiri atas 2 tahap. Penelitian tahap 1 bersifat deskriptif eksploratif untuk mengisolasi senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida mulai dari ekstrak dan fraksinasi dari 3 jenis teripang (1) timbu kolong (Holothuria atra), (2) teripang cempedak (Bohadschia marmorata) dan, (3) teripang gamat (Stichopus variegatus) dilakukan uji sitotoksik sebagai model ideal antikanker yang potensial yaitu senyawa bioaktif dari 3 teripang yang memiliki potensi untuk membunuh sel kanker. Penelitian tahap 2 merupakan penelitian eksperimental in vitro dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) berupa uji pemberian senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong untuk menilai pengaruhnya terhadap ekspresi protein Fas dan Bcl-2 dalaminduksi apoptosis pada kultur sel Sp-C1. Kelompok penelitian terdiri atas kelompok kontrol dan kelompok yang diberi senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong dengan dosis 0,5xIC50, IC50, 1,5xIC50, 2xIC50 dan 2,5xIC50 dengan waktu pengamatan pada jam 24. Ekspresi protein diukur dengan metode immunositokimia, sedangkan deteksi apoptosis menggunakan metode Double Staining Ethidium Bromida Acridin Orange
Hasil yang didapatkan adalah senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong memiliki aktivitas antikanker yang sangat kuat (IC50=0,23 μg/mL) terhadap Sp-C1. Ekspresi optimum Fas dan Bcl-2 untuk inisiasi apoptosis berturut-turut terjadi pada dosis 2xIC50 dan 2,5xIC50
Kata kunci : apoptosis, ekspresi protein Fas dan Bcl-2, Supri’s-Clone 1 (Sp-C1), teripang timbu kolong (Holothuria atra), triterpen glikosida, target terapi . Terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara ekpresi masing-masing Fas dan Bcl-2 dengan nilai r berturut-turut 0,698 dan 0,812 dengan tingkat apoptosis r=0,837. Jadi semakin tinggi pemberian dosis senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong maka semakin tinggi apoptosis pada kultur sel Sp-C1. Hal ini menandakan pemberian senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong menyebabkan ekspresi protein tersebut menghasilkan puncak sinyal yang mengaktivasi fase eksekusi apoptosis dan menunjukkan interaksi antara jalur ekstrinsik dan instrinsik sehingga memperkuat proses induksi apoptosis dalam menghambat pertumbuhan kanker. Disimpulkan bahwa senyawa aktif triterpen glikosida teripang timbu kolong merupakan antikanker yang sangat kuat yang dapat mempengaruhi ekspresi protein Fas dan Bcl-2 dalam menginduksi apoptosis.Disertasi Dokto
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
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The Effectiveness of Education Using Virtual Reality Video Media on Oral Health Knowledge in Elementary School Students 10 Sungai Sapih, Padang City
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Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that creates a simulated version of the real world. In recent years, VR has been increasingly utilized as a tool in education due to its potential to enhance the learning experience. One of the factors that causes oral health problems is the low level of knowledge of individual children. Objectives: this study aims to determine the effectiveness of education using virtual reality video media on dental and oral health knowledge in students of SDN 10 Sungai Sapih, Padang. Method: This is quasi-experimental research with a one-group pre-test post-test design. Convenience sampling was used to select 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis to determine the effectiveness of the use of VR media in increasing dental health knowledge using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Results: The study found that the average student knowledge score increased from 11.30 to 13.20 after using VR media for education. The Wilcoxon test results indicate a significant difference before and after the VR media intervention, with a p value of 0.000 (<0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that the use of virtual reality video media in education is effective in improving oral health knowledge among students of SDN 10 Sungai Sapih, Padang City. VR media is very innovative to be implemented in the classroom, however it requires readiness from teachers and schools to support the success of the media
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Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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