67 research outputs found
PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PESANAN LEMARI REK 2 PINTU PADA INDUSTRI KAYU UKIR DI PALEMBANG
No full textCALCULATION OF COST OF GOODS ORDERS OF REK’S CUPBOARD 2 DOORS IN INDUSTRY WOOD CARVING IN PALEMBANG
Deni Hardianto, 2015(xiv + 62 pages)
Email: [email protected]
The object under study in the form of a two-door cupboard rek contained in the store Al Ihsan, Laquer store, and the store Simbar. Rek cabinet making industry is located on Jl. Faqih Jalaluddin 19 Ilir Palembang. In the data collection industry, the writer uses the method of direct observation, interviews, and documentation. From the data obtained, the authors found several problems. Like, yet precise classification between direct and indirect costs, expenses that are not accounted for in the company the cost of production, such as the charging of electricity into the home industry. To overcome the problems that exist in the industry, the author tries to give advice that might be useful for the industry, the industry should classify the cost of direct materials and indirect and include the cost of electricity in calculating the cost of production
ANALISIS KEPUTUSAN MENOLAK PESANAN KHUSUS PADA CV PATI KARYA
No full textAnalysis the decision of Reject Special Order of CV Pati Karya
Ramadoni Hardianto, 2015 (xiii+47 Pages)
Email : [email protected]
The purpose of this final report is to determine the accuracy of the company to reject special orders. This final report entitled "Analysis the decision of Reject Special Order of CV Pati Karya". The data from the company that the author obtained by using several research methods such as interview, analysis, and study literature. CV Pati Karya is a company engaged in furniture The Company suffered difficulty in making a decision to accept or reject special orders, especially the order at a price under the normal selling price. The company can use the relevant cost analysis to help in making decisions to accept or reject special orders. The company's decision to reject the special order 2014 is not appropriate because the company still has a production capacity and if the company accepts special orders, the company will get the opportunity to increase sales profit
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI DALAM UPAYA MENGEMBANGKAN PEMAHAMAN BERMAIN PADA PERMAINAN SEPAKBOLA DI SMPN 45 BANDUNG : Studi Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siswa Kelas VII E SMP Negeri 45 Bandung
No full textPemahaman merupakan hal yang perlu diperhatikan oleh setiap pendidik sebagai salah satu tujuan yang perlu dicapai dalam pembelajaran. Pemahaman cara bermain sepakbola sangat mempengaruhi pada proses pembelajaran permainan sepakbola, untuk itu perlu diketahui hal-hal yang dapat meningkatkan pemahaman bermain siswa dalam proses pembelajaran permainan sepakbola diantaranya dalam penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran inkuiri (inquiry). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri dapat mengembangkan pemahaman bermain siswa dalam aktivitas permainan sepakbola di SMP Negeri 45 Bandung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan menggunakan rancangan model Kurt Lewin. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa-siswi SMP Negeri 45 Bandung yang berjumlah 40 orang kelas VII E. Sampel yang diambil 40 orang. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah Games Performance Assesment Instrumen (GPAI). Hasil observasi, pengolahan data dan analisis data pemahaman bermain sepakbola siswa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran inkuiri terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri (inquiry) pada pembelajaran permainan sepakbola dapat meningkatkan pemahaman bermain siswa SMP Negeri 45 Bandung.
Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran Inquiry, Pemahaman, Bermain Sepakbola.
Understanding indeed is a matter that need to be noted for every lecturer as one of goal that need to be achieved in learning process. Understanding in how to play football is very affecting in the learning process football game, therefore it necessary to know things that could increasing the game understanding for the student in the process of learning the football game including in this study is Inquiry Learning Model (inquiry). This study aims to determine wether the application of inquiry learning model can develop the game understanding of the student in the football game activity in SMP Negeri 45 Bandung. The study method that used is Study Action Class by using model plan of Kurt Lewin. Population on this study is the students of SMP Negeri 45 Bandung from total 40 student in class VII E. Sample been taken from 40 people. The instrument study that being used is Games Performance Assesment Instrumen (GPAI). Observation result, data processing and data analysis of the student football game understanding by applying inquiry learning model there is a significant increase. Based on the study result can be concluded that Inquiry learning model application (inquiry) in the learning process of football game can increase the understanding of the students play in SMP Negeri 45 Bandung.
Key Word: Inquiry Learning Model, Understanding, Play Football
Structural bioinformatics studies of fluorinated balanol analogues as protein kinase C inhibitors
No full text(-)-Balanol, a fungal natural product, is a non-selective inhibitor for protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, binding to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) site. Improving selectivity of balanol to a specific kinase is vital because most PKC isozymes can act as tumour promoters or suppressors depending on the cancer type. Designing selective inhibitors is a big challenge due to high conservation of ATP sites among PKC isozymes. Many structure-activity relationship studies on balanol have be en carried out but did not achieve substantial selectivity improvement. More recently, our group successfully performed stereospecific fluorinations on balanol and generated some analogues with an analogue showing improved selectivity for PKCε. This PKC isozyme is consistently implicated in tumorigenesis and a potential target for anticancer drugs. Thus, understanding the origin to this fluorine-based selectivity will be valuable for designing better balanol-based ATP-mimicking inhibitors. The overall objective of this thesis is to gain such understanding using structural b ioinformatics methods. Analysis data and conclusions drawn are documented to facilitate the design of potential novel balanol-based inhibitors. Molecular docking simulations of balanol and fluorinated balanol analogues (referred as balanoids) were carried out to the crystal structure of mouse PKA, which shares high sequence identity with human PKA , and to a homology model of PK Cε. These approaches provided information of static binding modes of balanoids in both kinases. This investigation provides preliminary results to decipher fluorine-based selectivity that stereospecific fluorination has local and remote effect, which is protein-dependent, to control balanol conformation in the homologous ATP sites. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach can provide a deeper understanding of the binding of balanoids to PKA, PKCε, and other PKC isozymes since it allows the investigation of intermolecular interaction dynamics between the ligand and residues at the binding site. At the outset, a comprehensive exploration of the charge states of different balanoids was carried out. This study identified specific charge states of balanoids that correlate well with experiment and these charge states were adopted in subsequent MD simulations. Moreover, the study suggests that both fluorination and the local enzymatic environment of the ATP site can influence the charge states of balanol analogues. With these charge states, the sensitivity of PKCε over PKA toward stereospecific fluorination on balanol was investigated by MD simulations. The study showed that a single disparate residue situated in the ribosesubsite and near the a denine subsite, Thr 184 in PKA and Ala549 in PKCε, is crucial for global fluorine effect in the binding response of the two kinases to balanoids. Additionally, the study showed that an in variant Lys has a major contribution in the binding of balanoids to both kinases. The subsequent MD study addresses the improved binding affinity and selectivity of the C5( S )-fluorinated balanol analogue for PKCε over the other PKC isozymes. The study showed that although PKC isozymes share high residue conservation at their ATP sites, their unique dynamic features lead to di verse responses to this balanoid. The balanoid fits the dynamics of PKCε and yields optimal interactions leading to imp roved binding affinity and selectivity. The overall results provide a thorough understanding of how ste reospecific fluorination on balanol can improve binding affinity as well as selectivity to PKCε, which is useful for further development of balanol-based inhibitor targeting specif ic isozyme. Additionally, different dynamics on the homologous ATP sites of PKC isozymes is valuable information for designing selective inhi bitors for cancer therap
Perumpamaan Mukmin dan Kafir dalam Al-Qur'an (Studi Komparatif Ayat Amsal Surah Ibrahim Ayat 24-27 dalam Tafsir Al-Misbah dan Tafsir Al-Tabari)
No full textAmṡal in the Qur'an is very interesting to study and research, therefore the Qur'an as a book of guidance (hudan) has various methods in conveying the messages of the Qur'an to mankind. One of the methods used is amṡal. The author conducted a study with the theme of the parable of believers and unbelievers in the Qur'an by studying and researching the perspectives of the Al-Miṣbah interpretation and the Al-Ṭabārī interpretation which were then compared by showing the similarities and differences of opinion between the two interpretations. This study uses a qualitative method with library research as a method of data collection. While the analysis method uses descriptive analysis with data sources of books, journals, papers, historical records. The conclusion of this study is that verses 24 and 26 of surah Ibrāhīm are included in Amṡal musarahah. In the interpretation of Al-Miṣbah and the interpretation of Al-Ṭabārī, both interpret the "good sentence" as the sentence of monotheism, namely "lā ilāha illallāh", "good tree" is interpreted as a believer and "bad tree" is interpreted as an infidel. The interpretation of Al-Ṭabārī is more specific in explaining the type of tree, that the "good tree" is the date palm tree and the "bad tree" is the hanzal tree. The method used in the interpretation of Al-Miṣbah and the interpretation of Al-Ṭabārī is the tahlīli method while the form of interpretation, the interpretation of Al-Miṣbah uses bi al-ra’yi and the interpretation of Al-Ṭabārī uses bi al-ma'ṡur
Pengaruh Torefaksi terhadap Pencucian Potassium dalam Konversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit menjadi Bahan Bakar Padat Ramah Lingkungan
No full textPada tahun 2018, 37,5 juta ton tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) diproduksi di Indonesia dan berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar padat. Namun, ada dua masalah utama dalam penggunaan TKKS sebagai bahan bakar padat, yaitu nilai kalor yang rendah dan kandungan kalium yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, EFB perlu melalui beberapa proses terlebih dahulu yaitu torrefaction dan washing. Namun, ketika torrefaksi dilakukan terlebih dahulu diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pelindian kalium. Metode studi literatur digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh torrefaksi terhadap pelindian kalium TKKS. Penelitian diawali dengan pengumpulan data torrefaction dan leaching dengan perlakuan perendaman dan pengadukan yang dilakukan pada TKKS dari berbagai sumber. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan disimpulkan menjadi 4 zona dekomposisi, yaitu zona rendah (100℃ ≤T<200℃ ), zona sedang (200℃ ≤T≤250℃ ), zona tinggi (250℃ <T≤330), dan zona ekstrem (T>330℃ ). Berdasarkan hasil analisis, TKKS pada zona rendah dan zona sedang dipilih sebagai zona yang sesuai untuk dilakukan torrefaksi pada TKKS karena nilai kalor TKKS dapat mencapai nilai kalor batubara peringkat Lignite A, sedangkan untuk zona sedang telah setara dengan batubara peringkat C sub-bituminus. Berdasarkan nilai kalor yang dapat dicapai dengan mempertimbangkan proses leaching yang tepat untuk diterapkan, torrefaksi pada 200℃ dianggap dapat menghasilkan produk torrefaksi yang optimal untuk TKKS. Kemudian, untuk menurunkan kadar kalium pada zona rendah dan sedang hingga suhu bias 230℃ , perlakuan perendaman terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar kalium rata-rata 52,2%. Untuk mengoptimalkan penurunan kandungan kalium, TKKS perlu direndam pada suhu lingkungan dengan perbandingan air cucian terhadap biomassa 30:1 selama minimal 15 menit. ABSTRACT In 2018, 37.5 million tons of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) were produced in Indonesia and have the potential to be used as solid fuel. However, there are two main problems in using EFB as a solid fuel, which are low heating value and high potassium content. Therefore, EFB needs to go through several processes first, namely torrefaction and washing. However, when torrefaction is carried out first is thought to be able to affect the potassium leaching performance. The literature study method was used in this study to investigate the influence of the torrefaction on the potassium leaching of EFB. The research is begun by gathering data of torrefaction and leaching by soaked and stirred treatment, carried out on EFB from various sources. Then, the data is analyzed and concluded into 4 decomposition zones, namely the low zone (100℃≤T<200℃), the moderate zone (200℃≤T≤250℃), the high zone (250℃<T≤330℃), and the extreme zone (T>330℃). Based on the results of the analysis, TKKS in the low zone and the moderate zone are selected as the appropriate zone to do torrefaction on EFB because the heating value of EFB could achieve Lignite A rank coal heating value, while for the medium zone has been equivalent to sub-bituminous C rank coal. Based on the heating value that can be achieved while considering the right leaching process to be applied, torrefaction at 200℃ is considered could produce the optimal torrefaction products for EFB. Then, to reduce the potassium content in low and moderate zones to a refractive temperature of 230℃, the soaked treatment has been proven to reduce potassium content by an average of 52.2%. As for optimizing the reduction in the potassium content, EFB needs to be soaked at environmental temperatures with a ratio of washing water to the biomass of 30:1 for at least 15 minutes
A new protist literacy assessment for university students
No full textProtists are organisms that have close involvement with student life, especially in maintaining the balance of ecosystems on earth. Literacy instruments about protists are important to develop because students need to know the relationship between protists and life. This instrument was developed because there is no specific instrument to measure student protist literacy. The purpose of this study is to develop a new protist literacy assessment (N-PLA) for university students. The N-PLA development process consists of three stages, namely, i) dimension development, item development, and expert validation; ii) exploratory factor analysis (EFA), content validity, and data reduction; iii) internal consistency through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the study found seven dimensions of protist literacy with a total of 36 items: conceptual knowledge (CnK) (7 item), relation information (RlI) (6 item), fact evaluation (FcE) (5 item), real solution (RlS) (5 item), argument identification (ArI) (3 item), self-confidence (S-C) (4 item), and scientific value (ScV) (6 item). The developed N-PLA has a relationship between dimensions and items based on EFA and CFA test results. N-PLA has two types of instruments, namely by using tests and questionnaires to be able to measure the cognitive and affective of students. N-PLA is recommended as a measuring tool that can measure the protist literacy of university students. The results of measuring student’s protist literacy become a reference in empowering students protist literacy in the learning process in university
Flavanones from Erythrina crista-galli Twigs and Their Antioxidant Properties Determined through In Silico and In Vitro Studies
No full textFlavonoids are a secondary metabolite group with various bioactivities, such as antioxidants. They are rich in the genus Erythrina, such as Erythrina crista-galli. This research aims to isolate and characterize flavonoids from the twigs of E. crista-galli and determine their antioxidant properties through in silico and in vitro assays. The ethyl acetate extract of E. crista-galli twigs were separated by column chromatography and characterized using spectroscopic methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the isolated flavonoids and the reference compounds (ascorbic acid and quercetin) to obtain global descriptive parameters and a donor–acceptor map (DAM). We successfully isolated lupinifolin (1) and citflavanone (2) for the first time from E. crista-galli, along with lonchocarpol A (3), which has been discovered previously. The DAM suggests that these flavanones are good antiradicals with effective electron donors. However, they tend to be electron acceptors in methanol. The frontier molecular orbital analysis implies that lupinifolin (1) is a better antiradical than the other flavanones. The DPPH assays show that lupinifolin (1) has the highest antioxidant (antiradical) activity, with an IC50 value of 128.64 ppm. The in silico studies showed similar trends to the in vitro assays using the DPPH method
Diverse dynamics features of novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes determine the selectivity of a fluorinated balanol analogue for PKCε
No full textAbstract Background (−)-Balanol is an ATP-mimicking inhibitor that non-selectively targets protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). While PKA constantly shows tumor promoting activities, PKC isozymes can ambiguously be tumor promoters or suppressors. In particular, PKCε is frequently implicated in tumorigenesis and a potential target for anticancer drugs. We recently reported that the C5(S)-fluorinated balanol analogue (balanoid 1c) had improved binding affinity and selectivity for PKCε but not to the other novel PKC isozymes, which share a highly similar ATP site. The underlying basis for this fluorine-based selectivity is not entirely comprehended and needs to be investigated further for the development of ATP mimic inhibitors specific for PKCε. Results Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations assisted by homology modelling and sequence analysis, we have studied the fluorine-based selectivity in the highly similar ATP sites of novel PKC (nPKC) isozymes. The study suggests that every nPKC isozyme has different dynamics behaviour in both apo and 1c-bound forms. Interestingly, the apo form of PKCε, where 1c binds strongly, shows the highest degree of flexibility which dramatically decreases after binding 1c. Conclusions For the first time to the best of our knowledge, we found that the origin of 1c selectivity for PKCε comes from the unique dynamics feature of each PKC isozyme. Fluorine conformational control in 1c can synergize with and lock down the dynamics of PKCε, which optimize binding interactions with the ATP site residues of the enzyme, particularly the invariant Lys437. This finding has implications for further rational design of balanol-based PKCε inhibitors for cancer drug development
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