46 research outputs found
Research article Synthesis, Infra-red, Raman, NMR and structural characterization by X-ray Diffraction of [C 12 H 17 N 2] 2 CdCl 4
No full text© 2008 Chaabane et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens
The causes and the symptoms (Al-Asbāb wa-l-ʿalāmāt) by al-Samarqandī. Critical edition with introduction and annotations
No full textAl-Asbāb wa-l-ʿalāmāt « Les causes et les symptômes » de Nağīb al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (m. 619/1222) est un traité de médecine qui a fait la renommée de son auteur. Toutefois, et malgré le fait qu’il ait été signalé dès 1935 par l’historien des sciences Max Meyerhof comme l’un des ouvrages « à publier de préférence », il est resté inédit. C’est une édition intégrale de ce traité que nous proposons.Il s’agit d’un vademecum dont l’auteur a fondé la rédaction sur trois sources, notamment le Canon d’Avicenne. Il a ainsi respecté la tradition médicale de l’époque qui classifiait les maladies d’une part en pathologies spécifiques à chacun des organes du corps, d’autre part en affections non spécifiques « générales », celles qui touchent tout le corps telles les fièvres. Il a aussi traité de la cosmétologie, des poisons, des maladies de la peau, des blessures, des fractures et luxations, cela dans un esprit d’exhaustivité. La description des pathologies est assortie de l’exposé des symptômes auxquels notre auteur préconise des remèdes à base de médicaments simples ou composés. Nous avons édité le texte en arabe en veillant à respecter l’orthographe et la grammaire du manuscrit de base.Cet ouvrage riche en vocabulaire technique nous a permis d’établir plusieurs glossaires, représentant la première classification détaillée du vocabulaire médical arabe médiéval en langue française. Nous voulons contribuer par cette édition à enrichir le corpus des textes médicaux, en particulier celui du XIIIe siècle, et lutter contre les idées reçues qui font de cette époque une période historique de décadence, sinon le début d’une sclérose culturelle et scientifique dans le monde arabe.Al-Asbāb wa-l-ʿalāmāt "The causes and symptoms" by Nağīb al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d.619 / 1222), is a medical treatise which made its author famous. However despite the fact that in 1935 it was acclaimed by science historian Max Meyerhof as a book that "should be published", it never made it to print. This work, the object of this thesis, is a critical edition of a complete version of the treatise.The redaction of this vade mecum was based by the author on three sources, particularly the "Canon" of Avicenna. He therefore respected the medical tradition of the time, which classified diseases on the one hand by pathologies specific to each organ of the body, and on the other hand by non-specific conditions (which we could qualify as general) affecting the entire body such as fevers. He also examined cosmetology and poisons, skin diseases, wounds, fractures and dislocations in a spirit of completeness. For every disease described, the author included its associated symptoms, advocatingtreatments based on simple or compound remedies.We edited the Arabic text while strictly observing the spelling and grammar of the original manuscript.This book, rich in technical terms specific to the field of anatomy and pathology, has allowed us to establish several glossaries that represent the first detailed classification of medieval Arabic medical vocabulary in French.Our aim, in this text edition, is to contribute to enrich the corpus of medical texts and in particular that of the thirteenth century and to counter the accepted ideas claiming that this era was a historical period of decline, if not the beginning of a cultural and scientific sclerosis in the Arab world
Green function and Poisson kernel associated to root systems for annular regions
No full textLet ∆ k be the Dunkl Laplacian relative to a fixed root system R in R d , d ≥ 2, and to a nonnegative multiplicity function k on R. Our first purpose in this paper is to solve the ∆ k-Dirichlet problem for annular regions. Secondly, we introduce and study the ∆ k-Green function of the annulus and we prove that it can be expressed by means of ∆ k-spherical harmonics. As applications, we obtain a Poisson-Jensen formula for ∆ k-subharmonic functions and we study positive continuous solutions for a ∆ k-semilinear problem
Compositional profile of food supplements for honeybees
No full textMestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisHoneybees (Apis mellifera L.) are the main pollinating agents for numerous
plants and fruit trees and, hence, play a key role in agriculture and more generally in
the maintenance of ecological biodiversity.
Like the most of organisms, honeybees need a diverse diet consisting of
minerals, carbohydrates (sugars), fats, and amino acids (proteins) to survive and
reproduce. An adult honey bees carbohydrate requirement is satisfied by the nectar
produced in flowers and also occasionally from extra floral nectarines or honeydew
secreted by plant-feeding insects, while, flower pollen is the main source of amino
acids, protein building blocks, largely used to feed developing larvae and young
bees to provide structural elements of muscles, glands and other tissues.
Bee-population declines are linked to nutritional shortages caused by land-use
intensification, which reduces diversity and abundance of plant species. Together
with the deficiency caused by adverse climatic changes and with the need to reduce
colony mortality and particularly to ensure good nutritional/health status of bees in
specific production moments, artificial supplementation of honeybee colonies
became a major issue in beekeeping, and now is a common and growing practice
within Portuguese beekeepers. This practice, in association with the reduced
regulation in this area is leading to the proliferation of commercial products based
on carbohydrates, protein and other substances of diverse origins and compositions.
The impact of these products on hives may enable the beekeeper to remedy colony
imbalances resulting from adverse or beekeeping conditions, but also may pose
risks to the bee’s health and the bee products quality, depending on the used raw
materials and the presence of harmful substances.
The present work, inserted within the project ApisCibus - Artificial food for
honeybees: quality survey, digestibility and performance on the bee hive, will have as
main objective to evaluate the quality of commercial honeybee artificial
supplementation through composition analysis of commercial supplements. The quality parameters evaluated are: minerals quantified through atomic absorption
spectroscopy, fatty acids analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) and amino acids which are analyzed by ultra-performance
liquid chromatography coupled with electro spray ionization mass spectrometry
(UPLC-ESI-MS). Food supplements that are analyzed are largely used by
beekeepers without knowing if they are benefic or not, toxic or not on the health of
bees.
Furthermore the results of the analysis shows that what is represented on the
labels of products could be not exactly the same amounts of the real product inside
the package. It shows also that some products may be considered as benefic or as
toxic depending on the amount of these micronutrients.
To continue this work in order to confirm these hypothesis, in vitro tests could
be done on honeybees using these products analyzed in this thesis.
Through the obtained results we could observe that the high amount of free
amino acids presented in the studied supplements does not necessarily reflect a
good source of nutrients, considering that for the bee it is important to have access
to a diverse set of amino acids. Bee's nutritional requirements require 10 essential
amino acids (Arg, Phe, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val). The supplement
P12 appears as the richest and most balanced, followed by P05. The C08
supplement, although containing an adequate proportion in most amino acids, has
an excessive amount of Arg, which may cause adverse effects.
Regarding fatty acids, the samples presented several compounds, among
which the most abundant were hexanoic acids, 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) and
9,12-octadecadenoic acid (linoleic acid).
Although the role of fatty acids in bee nutrition is not yet fully understood,
compounds such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid and dodecanoic acid
appear to play an important role in inhibiting some microorganisms that affect bees,
as Paenibacillus larvae larvae (American foulbrood). For this reason the sample P05 appears as the one with the highest nutritional quality, since it presented a higher
number of fatty acids. In the analysis of minerals, it was observed that protein foods
are significantly richer in micronutrients. In this work, the most common elements
were potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, while copper and manganese
appeared in some foods in small quantities. Cadmium, often an associated element
with heavy metal contamination appeared in only one of the products, P05, but in
very small quantities, lead was not detected in any of the supplements.
In general, there were discrepancies between the results obtained and the
description available on product labels, making clear the need for further quality
control of these commercial products.As abelhas melíferas (Apis mellifera L.) são os principais agentes
polinizadores de inúmeras plantas e árvores frutíferas e, portanto, desempenham um
papel fundamental na agricultura e, de maneira mais geral, na manutenção da
biodiversidade ecológica. Como a maioria dos organismos, as abelhas precisam de
uma dieta diversificada, composta de minerais, hidratos de carbono, lípidos e
aminoácidos (proteínas) para sobreviver e se reproduzir. A necessidade de hidratos
de carbono de uma abelha adulta é satisfeita pelo néctar produzido pelas flores e
também, ocasionalmente, por meladas segregadas por insetos, enquanto o pólen de
flores é a principal fonte de aminoácidos, principais constituintes das proteínas,
tendo um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento de larvas e abelhas jovens,
fornecendo elementos estruturais de músculos, glândulas e outros tecidos.
O declínio das populações de abelhas está ligado à escassez nutricional
causada pela agricultura intensiva, que reduz a diversidade e a abundância de
espécies de plantas.Juntamente com a deficiência causada por alterações climáticas
adversas e com a necessidade de reduzir a mortalidade de colónias, particularmente
para garantir um bom estado nutricional/saúde das abelhas, a suplementação
artificial de colónias de abelhas tornou-se uma questão importante na apicultura,
sendo uma prática comum e crescente entre os apicultores portugueses. Esta prática,
associada à escassa regulamentação existente para este tipo de produtos, está a
aumentar a oferta comercial destes produtos.O impacto destes produtos nas
colmeias pode permitir ao apicultor remediar desequilíbrios existentes nas colónias,
resultantes de condições adversas ou de apicultura, mas também pode representar
riscos à saúde da abelha e à qualidade dos produtos apícolas, dependendo das
matérias-primas usadas e da presença de substâncias nocivas.
O presente trabalho, inserido no projeto ApisCibus - Alimentos artificiais para
abelhas: levantamento de qualidade, digestibilidade e desempenho sobre a colmeia,
teve como objetivo principal avaliar a qualidade de suplementos artificiais de abelhas comerciais através da análise da sua composição química. Os parâmetros de
qualidade avaliados foram: minerais, quantificados por espectroscopia de absorção
atómica, ácidos gordos,
Analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas
(GC-MS) e aminoácidos analisados por cromatografia líquida de ultra-pressão
acoplada à espectrometria de massas por ionização por eletrospray (UPLC- ESIMS).
Através dos resultados obtidos pudemos observar que a elevada quantidade de
aminoácidos livres apresentada nos suplementos estudados, não reflete
necessariamente uma boa fonte de nutrientes, considerando que para a abelha é
importante ter acesso a um conjunto de aminoácidos diversificados. As exigências
nutricionais da abelha requerem 10 aminoácidos essenciais (Arg, Phe, His, Ile, Leu,
Lys, Met, Thr, Trp e Val).O suplemento P12 surge como o mais rico e equilibrado,
seguindo-se o P05. O suplemento C08, apesar de conter uma proporção adequada
na maioria dos aminoácidos, apresenta uma quantidade excessiva de Arg, o que
poderá provocar efeitos adversos. Relativamente aos ácidos gordos, as amostras
apresentaram diversos compostos, entre os mais abundantes os ácidos hexanóico,
ácido 9-octadecenóico (ácido oleico) e ácido 9,12-octadecadienóico (ácido
linoleico). Embora o papel dos ácidos gordos na nutrição das abelhas ainda não seja
totalmente compreendido, compostos
como o ácido linoleico, ácido linolénico, ácido mirístico e ácido dodecanóico
parecem ter um papel importante na inibição de alguns microorganismos que
afectam as abelhas, como Paenibacillus larvae larvae (Loque Americana). Por esta
razão a amostra P05 surge como a de maior qualidade nutricional, já que apresentou
um maior número de ácidos gordos. Na análise dos minerais, observou-se que os
alimentos proteicos são significativamente mais ricos em micronutrientes. Neste
trabalho, os elementos mais comuns foram o potássio, sódio, cálcio e magnésio,
enquanto cobre e o manganês surgiram em alguns alimentos em pequenas
quantidades. O cádmio, um elemento associado frequentemente com a
contaminação por metais pesados surgiu apenas num dos alimentos, P05, mas em quantidades muito reduzidas, já o chumbo não foi
detetado em nenhuma dos suplementos.
No geral, verificaram-se discrepâncias entre os resultados obtidos e a
descrição disponível nos rótulos dos produtos, tornando-se evidente a necessidade
de um maior controlo de qualidade destes produtos comerciais.The author thanks to Programa Apícola Nacional (2017-2019) for the funding to the
Apiscibus and to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and FEDER inside the
Program PT2020 for the finantial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019)
Compositional profile of food supplements for honeybees
No full textMestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisHoneybees (Apis mellifera L.) are the main pollinating agents for numerous
plants and fruit trees and, hence, play a key role in agriculture and more generally in
the maintenance of ecological biodiversity.
Like the most of organisms, honeybees need a diverse diet consisting of
minerals, carbohydrates (sugars), fats, and amino acids (proteins) to survive and
reproduce. An adult honey bees carbohydrate requirement is satisfied by the nectar
produced in flowers and also occasionally from extra floral nectarines or honeydew
secreted by plant-feeding insects, while, flower pollen is the main source of amino
acids, protein building blocks, largely used to feed developing larvae and young
bees to provide structural elements of muscles, glands and other tissues.
Bee-population declines are linked to nutritional shortages caused by land-use
intensification, which reduces diversity and abundance of plant species. Together
with the deficiency caused by adverse climatic changes and with the need to reduce
colony mortality and particularly to ensure good nutritional/health status of bees in
specific production moments, artificial supplementation of honeybee colonies
became a major issue in beekeeping, and now is a common and growing practice
within Portuguese beekeepers. This practice, in association with the reduced
regulation in this area is leading to the proliferation of commercial products based
on carbohydrates, protein and other substances of diverse origins and compositions.
The impact of these products on hives may enable the beekeeper to remedy colony
imbalances resulting from adverse or beekeeping conditions, but also may pose
risks to the bee’s health and the bee products quality, depending on the used raw
materials and the presence of harmful substances.
The present work, inserted within the project ApisCibus - Artificial food for
honeybees: quality survey, digestibility and performance on the bee hive, will have as
main objective to evaluate the quality of commercial honeybee artificial
supplementation through composition analysis of commercial supplements. The quality parameters evaluated are: minerals quantified through atomic absorption
spectroscopy, fatty acids analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) and amino acids which are analyzed by ultra-performance
liquid chromatography coupled with electro spray ionization mass spectrometry
(UPLC-ESI-MS). Food supplements that are analyzed are largely used by
beekeepers without knowing if they are benefic or not, toxic or not on the health of
bees.
Furthermore the results of the analysis shows that what is represented on the
labels of products could be not exactly the same amounts of the real product inside
the package. It shows also that some products may be considered as benefic or as
toxic depending on the amount of these micronutrients.
To continue this work in order to confirm these hypothesis, in vitro tests could
be done on honeybees using these products analyzed in this thesis.
Through the obtained results we could observe that the high amount of free
amino acids presented in the studied supplements does not necessarily reflect a
good source of nutrients, considering that for the bee it is important to have access
to a diverse set of amino acids. Bee's nutritional requirements require 10 essential
amino acids (Arg, Phe, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val). The supplement
P12 appears as the richest and most balanced, followed by P05. The C08
supplement, although containing an adequate proportion in most amino acids, has
an excessive amount of Arg, which may cause adverse effects.
Regarding fatty acids, the samples presented several compounds, among
which the most abundant were hexanoic acids, 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) and
9,12-octadecadenoic acid (linoleic acid).
Although the role of fatty acids in bee nutrition is not yet fully understood,
compounds such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid and dodecanoic acid
appear to play an important role in inhibiting some microorganisms that affect bees,
as Paenibacillus larvae larvae (American foulbrood). For this reason the sample P05 appears as the one with the highest nutritional quality, since it presented a higher
number of fatty acids. In the analysis of minerals, it was observed that protein foods
are significantly richer in micronutrients. In this work, the most common elements
were potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, while copper and manganese
appeared in some foods in small quantities. Cadmium, often an associated element
with heavy metal contamination appeared in only one of the products, P05, but in
very small quantities, lead was not detected in any of the supplements.
In general, there were discrepancies between the results obtained and the
description available on product labels, making clear the need for further quality
control of these commercial products.As abelhas melíferas (Apis mellifera L.) são os principais agentes
polinizadores de inúmeras plantas e árvores frutíferas e, portanto, desempenham um
papel fundamental na agricultura e, de maneira mais geral, na manutenção da
biodiversidade ecológica. Como a maioria dos organismos, as abelhas precisam de
uma dieta diversificada, composta de minerais, hidratos de carbono, lípidos e
aminoácidos (proteínas) para sobreviver e se reproduzir. A necessidade de hidratos
de carbono de uma abelha adulta é satisfeita pelo néctar produzido pelas flores e
também, ocasionalmente, por meladas segregadas por insetos, enquanto o pólen de
flores é a principal fonte de aminoácidos, principais constituintes das proteínas,
tendo um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento de larvas e abelhas jovens,
fornecendo elementos estruturais de músculos, glândulas e outros tecidos.
O declínio das populações de abelhas está ligado à escassez nutricional
causada pela agricultura intensiva, que reduz a diversidade e a abundância de
espécies de plantas.Juntamente com a deficiência causada por alterações climáticas
adversas e com a necessidade de reduzir a mortalidade de colónias, particularmente
para garantir um bom estado nutricional/saúde das abelhas, a suplementação
artificial de colónias de abelhas tornou-se uma questão importante na apicultura,
sendo uma prática comum e crescente entre os apicultores portugueses. Esta prática,
associada à escassa regulamentação existente para este tipo de produtos, está a
aumentar a oferta comercial destes produtos.O impacto destes produtos nas
colmeias pode permitir ao apicultor remediar desequilíbrios existentes nas colónias,
resultantes de condições adversas ou de apicultura, mas também pode representar
riscos à saúde da abelha e à qualidade dos produtos apícolas, dependendo das
matérias-primas usadas e da presença de substâncias nocivas.
O presente trabalho, inserido no projeto ApisCibus - Alimentos artificiais para
abelhas: levantamento de qualidade, digestibilidade e desempenho sobre a colmeia,
teve como objetivo principal avaliar a qualidade de suplementos artificiais de abelhas comerciais através da análise da sua composição química. Os parâmetros de
qualidade avaliados foram: minerais, quantificados por espectroscopia de absorção
atómica, ácidos gordos,
Analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas
(GC-MS) e aminoácidos analisados por cromatografia líquida de ultra-pressão
acoplada à espectrometria de massas por ionização por eletrospray (UPLC- ESIMS).
Através dos resultados obtidos pudemos observar que a elevada quantidade de
aminoácidos livres apresentada nos suplementos estudados, não reflete
necessariamente uma boa fonte de nutrientes, considerando que para a abelha é
importante ter acesso a um conjunto de aminoácidos diversificados. As exigências
nutricionais da abelha requerem 10 aminoácidos essenciais (Arg, Phe, His, Ile, Leu,
Lys, Met, Thr, Trp e Val).O suplemento P12 surge como o mais rico e equilibrado,
seguindo-se o P05. O suplemento C08, apesar de conter uma proporção adequada
na maioria dos aminoácidos, apresenta uma quantidade excessiva de Arg, o que
poderá provocar efeitos adversos. Relativamente aos ácidos gordos, as amostras
apresentaram diversos compostos, entre os mais abundantes os ácidos hexanóico,
ácido 9-octadecenóico (ácido oleico) e ácido 9,12-octadecadienóico (ácido
linoleico). Embora o papel dos ácidos gordos na nutrição das abelhas ainda não seja
totalmente compreendido, compostos
como o ácido linoleico, ácido linolénico, ácido mirístico e ácido dodecanóico
parecem ter um papel importante na inibição de alguns microorganismos que
afectam as abelhas, como Paenibacillus larvae larvae (Loque Americana). Por esta
razão a amostra P05 surge como a de maior qualidade nutricional, já que apresentou
um maior número de ácidos gordos. Na análise dos minerais, observou-se que os
alimentos proteicos são significativamente mais ricos em micronutrientes. Neste
trabalho, os elementos mais comuns foram o potássio, sódio, cálcio e magnésio,
enquanto cobre e o manganês surgiram em alguns alimentos em pequenas
quantidades. O cádmio, um elemento associado frequentemente com a
contaminação por metais pesados surgiu apenas num dos alimentos, P05, mas em quantidades muito reduzidas, já o chumbo não foi
detetado em nenhuma dos suplementos.
No geral, verificaram-se discrepâncias entre os resultados obtidos e a
descrição disponível nos rótulos dos produtos, tornando-se evidente a necessidade
de um maior controlo de qualidade destes produtos comerciais.The author thanks to Programa Apícola Nacional (2017-2019) for the funding to the
Apiscibus and to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and FEDER inside the
Program PT2020 for the finantial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019)
Riesz potentials of Radon measures associated to reflection groups
No full textFor a root system R on R d and a nonnegative multiplicity function k on R, we consider the heat kernel p k (t, x, y) associated to the Dunkl-Laplacian operator ∆ k. For β ∈]0, d + 2γ[, where γ = 1 2 ∑ α∈R k(α), we study the ∆ k-Riesz kernel of index β defined by R k,β (x, y) = 1 Γ(β/2) ∫ +∞ 0 t β 2 −1 p k (t, x, y)dt and the corresponding ∆ k-Riesz potential I k,β [µ] of a Radon measure µ on R d. According to the values of β, we study the ∆ k-superharmonicity of these functions and we give some applications like the ∆ k-Riesz measure of I k,β [µ], the uniqueness principle and a pointwise Hedberg's inequality
Modelisation numerique de la mise en forme des produits plastiques realises par soufflage
No full textAvailable at INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : AR 15035 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc
ORDONNANCEMENT DES BLOCS OPERATOIRES
No full textInternational audienceL'ordonnancement définit la dernière étape du processus de gestion du bloc opératoire. A partir du planning du bloc, il détermine l'ordre de passage des interventions dans chaque salle d'opérations. Il s'apparente à un ordonnancement d'ateliers. Le problème étudié est NP-difficile. Dans ce papier, nous proposons une nouvelle heuristique en O(N2). Les résultats obtenus par notre heuristique sont comparés à des développements précédents. La nouvelle heuristique semble être plus performante particulièrement dans les cas de nombres de travaux importants (dans plus de 79.77% des cas)
Modelisation prospective des couts de reduction des gaz a effets de serre. Test sur la France a l'horizon 2030
No full textAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : AR 16210 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEMinistere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, 75 - Paris (France)FRFranc
Somewhere and search of self in Le Clézio’s works
No full textLa problématique est de suivre comment Le Clézio, en faisant de l'espace une donnée fondamentale, parvient à en faire une donnée déterminante de l'altérité linguistique et à créer un style qui se construit au fil du changement. Cette caractéristique est aussi génératrice d'une identité particulière: grâce à ces espaces revisités tant par la fiction que par le déplacement, Le Clézio fait de l'écriture un espace d'autocréation et de quête de l'identité personnelle. Loin de s'abandonner à l'autobiographie directe et différente de l'autofiction, l'écriture leclézienne s'interroge sur un possible rapport entre le vivre et l'écrire. Elle se veut une possibilité d'exister et de revivre à chaque fois un passé ancestral que l'auteur n'a jamais connu. En cela, elle est réintégration de l'ailleurs dans une perspective de re-conquête de soi. Le Clézio a opté pour une esthétique du divers qui a fait du déplacement un principe fondamental, une sorte d' « errance sur la terre errante ». C'est pour cela que la langue se fait, elle aussi, mobile, une langue qui change à la frontière de l'Ici, là où le français se fait également voix de l'autre dans toute sa différence et voix de l'auteur. L'errance dont Le Clézio a renouvelé le sens depuis Le Livre des fuites touche tous les détails de la création littéraire. Nous assistons à une mobilité constante qui est plutôt "mobilisme" comme chez Bergson, là où la langue se fait parole écrite perpétuellement renouvelée. Ce choix esthétique a tout un soubassement philosophique qui s'inscrit dans la perspective de la rupture avec la pensée occidentale. Le Clézio revendique une nouvelle manière d'être au monde profondément liée à la circonstance. La mobilité appliquée à tous les détails de l'écriture, se trouve ontologiquement transposée en un devenir autre constant qui se présente comme trait définitoire d'un sujet qui vit mal la sédentarisation. Ainsi, le «je », libéré de toute historialité particulière, est toujours en quête d'un espace vital en perpétuel changement. En fait, l’Etre, dans la perspective leclézienne, est plutôt Etre-à. Loin de la conception cartésienne, Le Clézio fait de l'espace une des principales composantes d'un cogito qui est plutôt praxis dans le sens où le sujet doit quitter le cadre de la pensée, qui est aussi une prison, vers l'ouverture sur le monde. L'être-à leclézien est un passage du penser au vivre et du vivre à l'exister dans le sens d'une habitation poétique. C'est en dépassant l'autoréflexivité que le sujet se réalise en tant qu'entité non exclusivement cérébrale.The main question is to explain how Le Clézio, while considering space a fundamental dimension, manages to make it a determining factor in the linguistic otherness and thus creates a style that is built all the way through change. This feature generates a unique identity. In fact, thanks to these revisited spaces both by fiction and displacement, Clézio is writing a space of self-creation and quest for personal identity. Far from yielding to direct autobiography which is different from autofiction, Le Clézio’s writing questions a possible relationship between living and writing. His writing claims the possibility to live and relive whenever an ancestral past is evoked and that the author has never known. As such, it is the reintegration of the somewhere in the perspective of self re-conquest. Le Clézio opted for an aesthetic of diversity that has made of displacement a fundamental orientation, a kind of "errance sur la terre errante". That is why language is made mobile. It is a language that changes on the borders of “the Here” and where French itself becomes a voice for the other in all its differences and also a voice of the author. The Errand that Le Clézio has renewed its meaning in Le Livre des fuites affects the very details of literary creation. We are witnessing a constant mobility is rather "mobilism" as with Bergson, where language is rendered a perpetually-renewed written word. This aesthetic choice is a whole philosophical foundation that fits in the context of the break with Western thought. Le Clézio boasts a new way of being in the world profoundly related to circumstantiality. Mobility applied to all the details of writing is ontologically transposed into another constant becoming that delimits a subject who badly lives settlement. Thus, the "I", free of any particular historicity, is still in search of a vital space in perpetual change. In fact, Being, according to Le Clézio is rather Being. Away from the Cartesian conception, Le Clézio renders space a major component of a cogito which is rather praxis in the sense that the subject must leave the framework of thought, which is also a prison, to the opening of the world. The Le Clézien l’être-à is a passage from thinking to living and from living to existing in the sense of poetic dwelling. It is by going beyond self-reflexivity that the subject is self- realized as an entity that is not exclusively cerebral
